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Meandry rekonstrukcji

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EN
The article discusses the restoration of historical objects as regards the problem of reconstruction of a tow e r and its finial. The problem stems from the conflict between theory and practice in historical object restoration. This conflict exists between the generally maintained principle of preserving a historical art object in its current, authentic shape and the effort towards its supplementation whenever the compactness and integrality of the artistic impression has been distorted. Even though the problem is timeless, the issue became particularly significant during the period of reconstruction after the last war. Tw o questions were considered: which reconstructions are not only tolerated today, but also accepted and considered ap p ro priate and needed, and have our views altered recently. In the iight of these questions a series of architectonic plans were examined, these being from the 19th and 2 0 th cent, from Italy (V en ic e ), Denmark and the northern regions of Germany and Poland. The subject was divided into chapters on the role of the tow e r as an element of the building's structure, its meaning in the interior of a tow n or city, in its outline and landscape. The role of towers is not insignificant, as they occupy an eminent position in the effect of architectonic forms on account of their vertical line and domination over the surroundings. Their loss from the town landscape of which they had been an element is therefore keenly felt by the observer and evokes a desire for recomposition. Aesthetic motivations for reconstruction are accompanied by emotional aspects, often deepened by patriotic feelings, as was the case in Poland after the war. Some of the reconstructions discussed in the article were generally a c cepted, others — such as the reconstruction of the campanile at St M a rk ’s Square in Venice and plans for recreating the church domes in Copenhagen (carried out in the beginning of the 20th cent.) — were heatedly discussed. In one case opponents of reconstruction were victorious (Copenhagen). There was, h ow e ver, a general desire to reconstruct towers and their finials also on the part of the restoration authorities — after the last war (e.g. the churches in Lubeck and the tow n hall in Gdańsk). The reason, apart from the earlier-mentioned motives for recomposition — was the fresh memory of the former appearance of the destroyed objects (whereas the distance of time makes one get used to the altered form) and a greater tendency than before to think in the categories of values of architectonic complexes. The last seems to be also the reason why reconstructions once considered very controversial, are evaluated favourably today.
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Problems of reconstruction are one of the most composite and difficult issues in the art of conservation, and should be examined individually in the case of each subject. The presented reconstruction solutions were conducted as part of diploma studies written in the Chair for the Conservation and Restoration of Old Prints and Graphic Works. The background of the discussion is composed of reflections inspired by the philosophy of Umberto Eco concerning the idea of the „open work” and the equal rights enjoyed by various interpretation conceptions, from the viewpoint of the conservation and restoration of a work of art. The examined conservation studies are divided into two categories, owing to the character of the reconstruction — those which restore exhibition merits to the art work, and those which additionally aim at restoring its utilitarian function.
EN
After the Second World War, in the years 1949—50, 1956—57, 1970—73 attempts were made at the conservation of the Racławice Panorama. None proved to be particularly successful. In 1981 the present Ateliers for the Conservation of the Racławice Panorama began to operate. The Panorama, being a unique work of art, required an altogether new method of conservation. The present programme for iits restoration was worked out and executed by the Ateliers. It was based on the solutions supplied by the author of this article which were supported with extensive cycles of laboratory research. It was proved that the work on the disassembled panorama sould follow three stages: 1. work on the reverse and front surfaces of the individual segments and the preparation for their suspension; 2. suspension of the segments; 3. integration of the segments into a complete picture ’’doubling”, reconstruction of the paintwork. More precisely, the following works were required: cleaning of the reverse, sewing up of craks and tears, patching up holes (torlene threads saturated with Lascaux Acrylemulsion D 498-M; needles and the rest of equipment were surgical); impregnation and disinfection — 2X10% Paraloid B-72 in acetone + 0,3% Raschit (in proportion to the whole solution); removal of the protective layer (Japanese tissue paper pasted with wax) from the surface of the painting; chemical removal of the secondary shellac varnish; smoothing out of the surfaces and local doubling — carrier; synthetic fabric (’’fizelina”), adhesive; Lascaux Acrylkleber 498 HV; facturai application of the putty based on Actylemulsiion D 498-M; vertical and horizontal adjustment of the segments; partial reinforcement; a strip three metre wide below the upper edge of the segments — carrier; glass fabric, adhesive; Acrylkleber 498 HV in a vacuum pocket on a special table (9 m X 3,5 m) at the temperature of 65°C, welding time ca 3 sec per surface unit; reinforcement with the supporting fabric, „Trevira”; suspension of the segments; adjustment of the segments and their permanent integration (into the shape of a circular hyperboloid); reinforcement of the remaining surface in a vertical position — by the analogous method as used in a horizontal position (mobile, suspended setting screens on the facing side); stencilling with acrylic paints made by Lascaux; final varnishing, acrylic — Lascaux Acryltranspaxentlak 575 Matt. When the conservation programme was under preparation it was necessary to resolve the problem of work organisation involving a large team (40 people) which such an unusual work of art required. Good organisation permitted a rapid pace of work whilst its high quality was maintained. At present the conservation work is coming to an end and with very good results, too.
EN
Many monumental objects, especially older ones, were made of stones which, contrary to their proverbial durability, with time and in various environmental conditions can decay. The speed of this process and the resistance of stone depend not only on environmental conditions but also to a great degree on the quality of material used for building the object considered today as “monumental”. Degradation processes often lead to such stone loss that conservator work requires making proper refills. Smaller damages are refilled with appropriate mineral masses, whereas in case of bigger damages refilling with natural stone is necessary. In some cases after many years the refilled parts, which are more or less resistant to atmospheric conditions than the monument’s stone, differ not only by color but also by surface texture and presence of secondary mineral efflorescence, etc. This is caused by improper choice of stone material for reconstruction. The stone used for refill should be exactly the same or as much similar as possible. It can be done only after previous detailed petrographic analysis allowing to determine unequivocally the type of stone which the monument is made of. If there is no information about the source material in the monument’s documentation, the only solution is to choose material most similar to the original one in respect of mineral composition and structural characteristics. Only then the stone material used for refills will be appropriate and stonework performed properly will not leave marks or marks will be completely harmless for the object.
PL
Aleksander Gieysztor (1916–1999) był bez wątpienia jednym z najwybitniejszych przedstawicieli humanistyki polskiej XX wieku. Uważał się za historyka, a jego podstawowym miejscem pracy był Instytut Historyczny Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego, zaś zainteresowania badawcze koncentrowały się wokół zagadnień kultury średniowiecznej. Muzealnikiem stał się, trochę wbrew własnej woli, w ostatnich dziesięcioleciach swojej aktywności zawodowej, obejmując w 1980 r. stanowisko dyrektora odbudowanego Zamku Królewskiego w Warszawie. Choć uważał się za historyka, Gieysztor był dobrze przygotowany do pełnienia tej funkcji, zawsze bowiem darzył wielkim zainteresowaniem źródła artystyczne, równie dlań ważne i czytelne jak narracja dziejopisa, akt prawny, czy zapiska kronikarska. Dał tym zainteresowaniom wyraz w licznych publikacjach, a także tworząc program i kierując w latach 1948–1955 pracami Zespołu Badań nad Początkami Państwa Polskiego. Zamek warszawski – ze względu na doniosłą rolę historyczną i symboliczną – zajął szczególne miejsce w działalności Gieysztora. Od samego początku wspierał on Stanisława Lorentza w staraniach o odbudowę Zamku, zaniechaną przez komunistyczne władze Polski. W 1971 r. został członkiem Obywatelskiego Komitetu Odbudowy Zamku, w którym kierował Komisją Archeologiczno-Historyczną. Od 1973 r. wszedł w skład zarządu tzw. Kuratorium Zamkowego – zespołu pełniącego kolegialnie funkcje dyrekcji. Wrażliwość estetyczna i erudycja artystyczna, a także głęboka znajomość kultury staropolskiej pozwoliły Gieysztorowi znakomicie odnaleźć się w gronie uczonych decydujących o kształcie i programie edukacyjnym odbudowywanego Zamku. Potem zaś – już samodzielnie – spełniać się w roli dyrektora kierującego jego urządzaniem. Była to – jak sam przyznawał – największa jego przygoda intelektualna w ostatnich dziesięcioleciach działalności naukowej. Traktował ją jako swą powinność – służbę wobec społeczeństwa złaknionego symboli kształtujących tożsamość historyczną.
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Rekonstrukcja a dokument

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The article discusses non-stereotype conservation solutions, presented upon the example of two paintings from the sixteenth and seventeenth century, which reveal numerous joint workshop features. Despite many similarities in the manner of painting, the technique of the underpainting and the state of preservation, it was decided to pursue different conservation premises. The authors present reasons decisive for the type of conduced conservation, the choice between a full reconstruction of the painting layer, on the one hand, and purest conservation which consists of the least possible intervention into the work of art. The decision about a given conservation manner is usually determined by the actual needs of the damaged painting and its future destination. The object can comprise a historical, costumological or didactic document, and does not have to serve as a museum exhibit.
EN
House no 8 is one of the oldest houses in the Market Square in Wrocław. In 1672 a new eastern facade was added with a figurai composition depicting the Emperor Leopold I and seven electors. During the eighteent and nineteenth century the illusionistic polychromies were supplemented and to a considerable extent repainted due to the poor state of their preservation. In the 1960s the surviving fragments of the paintings were secured. Scattered on the wall, darkened and illegible, they ceased to fulfil their original function. A decision made in 1991 to continue conservation also recognised the necessity of reconstructing the unique painting upon the basis of iconographie material obtained from Marburg. Conservation work was completed in 1993
EN
This characteristic of the damage incurred to sandstone applied in nineteenth-century shrines in Tychy emphasises the particular susceptibility of the non-compact and even crumbling sandstone to changes produced by anthropogenic processes. The conducted examination comprised a foundation for conservation intent on reducing the rate of the damage to the objects and the restoration of their original appearance by means of supplementing the gaps with mineral masses. The studies took into consideration the textural varieties and colour of sandstones as well as their physical and mechanical properties. At the same time, the discussed material is easy to use in normal atmospheric conditions, and does not cause harm to the environment and the health of the conservators.
PL
Praca w oparciu o wiedzę historyczną oraz współczesne rozwiązania techniczne jest próbą wskazania technologii wykonania tynku podczas rekonstrukcji pochodzących z XVI wieku fresków cerkwi Zwiastowania NMP w Supraślu. Jest to pierwsze podjęcie tematu technologii koniecznej do zastosowania przy rekonstrukcji. Wcześniejsze badania naukowców głównie skupiały się na ustaleniu autora fresków oraz analizie programu fresków bez próby odniesienia się do współczesnej rekonstrukcji.
ELPIS
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2016
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vol. 18
171-175
PL
Rekonstrukcja pochodzącej z XVI wieku cerkwi Zwiastowania NMP znajdującej się w Supraskiej Ławrze wchodzi obecnie w okres odtwarzania jej wnętrza. Z powodu sprzeczności i braku wystarczającej liczby materiałów historycznych decyzje projektowe należy podjąć na podstawie hipotez i analizy porównawczej. W pracy zaproponowano rozwiązania dotyczące programu fresków części ołtarzowej oraz ołtarza.
EN
Reconstruction of the XVI century church of the Annunciation of the Mother of God of the Suprasl Laura enters now the period of the reconstruction of the interior décor. Due to the lack of sufficient number of historical materials decisions concerning the design must be taken based on hypotheses and comparative analysis. In the work, solutions of the question of the program of frescoes in the sanctuary as well as the altar were suggested.
EN
The building which housed the pre-war „Gazeta Olsztyńska" is situated in the General K. Świerczewski Square, i. e. the north-west corner of the Old Town in Olsztyn, and was completely reconstructed in the years 1981-1991. Up to 1945 this area was built up and included the Fish Market. The edifice which subsequently included the „Gazeta Olsztyńska" offices was erected at the end of the nineteenth century. Single-storey, unplastered and decorated with cornices, it was covered with a high two-tiered roof. From 1920 the building belonged to the Union of Poles in Eastern Prussia, and was the headquarters of the editorial board of the „Gazeta". It is mentioned in address books from 1926 do 1937 as being located on 2 Młyńska Street. The premises in the square and the edifice in question survived the war. On 22 January 1945 Olsztyn was liberated by the Red Army which already in February set fire to the town. More than a third of all the buildings which managed to remain intact were devastated. In the 1949-1959 period the Old Town was reconstructed but actually the work was conducted up to 1969. The large General K. Świerczewski Square was established in 1949 and became the favourite place where the local residents met and spent their leisure time. Already in January of that year as a result of a statement made by the Voivodship Conservator of Monuments, the Ministry of Culture and Science declared that the square had been created with the official permission of the authorities. Once again, during the construction of the square, the Voivodship Conservator of Monuments protested, demanding that the town walls on 7 and 8 Podwale Street be exposed. The square was completed in the 1960s, extending beyond the line of the former buildings. In 1978 work began on a project for the restoration of the Old Town and in 1988, upon the initiative of PRON, there arose the idea of reconstructing the offices of the „Gazeta Olsztyńska" as a symbol of the struggle for Polishness in that part of the country. In accordance with a statement of the Voivodship Conservator of Monuments, the building was to initiate a reconstruction of all the premises formerly standing in the square. During a meeting attended by the Voivodship Conservator of Monuments, the municipal authorities, representatives of the newspaper, the Museum of Varmia and Mazuria and PROM, as the author of the historical documentation I presented in the name of the State Enterprises - Workshops for the Conservation of Monuments the historical aspect of the reconstruction indicating the correctness (within the context of the adopted conservation doctrines) of placing in the square a commemmorative monument e. g. an obelisk: the additional argument was the small artistic and architectonic value of the former offices of the „Gazeta". The decision concerning the reconstruction, however, had been already made. In May 1988 the square was invaded by bulldozers which destroyed the entire structure of the old foundations and cellars. This first stage of work was commissioned by the Town Office and carried out by the Voivodship Office of Investments in Olsztyn in accordance with a project prepared by the State Enterprises-Workshops for the Conservation of Monuments, which also undertook the realization of the further stages of the reconstruction and conducted archeological supervision. The building was ultimately situated in a place other than the original one, making it difficult to recreate the Fish Market. In wonder whether the expression „reconstruction" is adequate in this instance? Perhaps one should say that we are dealing with a copy or even a model, on a 1:1 scale. Thanks to the reconstruction the Old Town received a collector and was attached to the water mains situated outside its boundaries. The digs underneath the walls were executed along the line of the former defensive town walls and in several places disturbed the course of the foundations, extant under the surface of the soil. With all certainty, we have received a symbol of Polishness, greatly important for the history of Varmia and Mazuria, which for almost 180 years (in the case of Varmia) constituted part of Eastern Prussia. The building, however, was not the only seat of the Polish newspaper which could have been commemmorated in a different manner, and certainly by applying methods more concurrent with the principles of conservation.
EN
The question as to the place the modern knowledge of cultural property conservation occupies among the other knowledges cannot be simply answered by m e ans o f knowledge classification prepared by UNESCO nor by that of National Sciences Foundation, USA or classification used by the USSR Central Statistics Office. Through the highlighting of evolution the concept of cultural property conservation itse lf has underwent in course of time, the motives and incentives tending the people to undertake conservation, the tasks and demands, methods and means applied as well as the professional and ethical requirements and those connected with the conservator’s training level the author makes an attempt to define specific features of the conservation itself. He comes to conclusion that it cannot be considered as an entirely humanistic field of knowledge though it deals with products of the man’s mind and culture neither as art, 'though some creative elements are apparently present in it, nor as a typica lly technical discipline even at the cost of its considerable shares of experience, observation and so on. From the author’s considerations a final conclusion could be drawn that conservation of cultural property in its actual state represents one o f practical knowledges c losely related to several other disciplines but under no condition aligning with them.
EN
The St. Anne Chapel was built during the enlargement of the High Castle in 1334-1344. From the moment of its erection it was treated as the burial site of the Grand Masters of the Teutonic Knights Order — eleven highest monastic dignitaries were buried here. From 1457 it probably no longer fulfilled religious functions and as a result was slowly forgotten. In the 1895-1912 period conservation of the chapel was conducted under the supervision of Konrad Steinbrecht, an architect. In accordance with his conceptions, the interior was re-Gothicised and turned into a mausoleum commemorating the men buried there. This purpose was served by numerous decorations i. a. coats of arms hung on the walls, a polychromy depicting homage made to the Virgin and Child by monastic dignitaries who fell on the battlefield of Grunwald, and stained glass windows with motifs portraying the good deeds of the knights-monks. The restored object witnessed many ceremonies: in 1901 wreaths were placed on the tombs of the Grand Masters upon the anniversay of the Battle of Grunwald and thirteen years later the funeral of Konrad Steinbrecht took place here. During the inter-war period, the chapel was one of the most attractive parts of the castle. The neo-Gothic decorations, discussed in this article, introduced into the interior an air of solemnity and reflections on the past history of the Order. At the end of the second world war they were seriously damaged. At the moment, construction work (the plastering of the vaults) is almost completed. After indispensable conservation of the remnants of the medieval and nineteenth-century decorations, the interior will be open to visitors. Once again, it has an opportunity to become one of the most interesting displays in the castle.
EN
The article states that the interpretative approach is universal in political sciences, and especially in political theory. This universality of interpretative approach exists on both objects and meta-object levels. The object level is developed in empirical and normative-hermeneutics approaches. The meta-object level relates to determinants of theories: ontology (philosophy), axiology, theoretical approaches, ideologies. Further, the analysis focuses on reconstructive approach, when the object is both political thought and social phenomenon. In the last part, the author analyses reconstruction in anthropology of dignity approach which is a contemporary variant of personalist approach.
PL
Artykuł uzasadnienia tezę o powszechności interpretacji w naukach o polityce, w szczególności w teorii polityki. Ukazuje powszechność interpretacji zarówno na poziomie przedmiotowym, w nurcie badań empirycznych, jak i normatywno-hermeneutycznych oraz na poziomie metaprzedmiotowym. Ten ostatni stanowią uwarunkowania formułowanych teorii, jakimi są ontologia (filozofii), wartościowania, perspektywy badawcze, ideologie. Następnie przybliża podejście, jakim jest rekonstrukcja, stosowana, gdy przedmiotem badań jest zarówno myśl polityczna, jak i zjawisko społeczne. W ostatniej części analizuje rekonstrukcję jako charakterystyczny sposób badania właściwy dla perspektywy teoretycznej antropologii godnościowej, będącej współczesną odmianą personalizmu.
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In the first textbook on Roman law published in Polish language, The Principles of Roman Common Law [i.e. Civil Law] based on the Institutions of Justinian, containing also a brief excursus on the historical development of Roman legislation, Franciszek Maciejowski quoted several provisions of the Law of the Twelve Tables, without however providing their translation. Not all the provisions quoted by him came from Gothofredus’ Palingenesis, as declared by the author, but some of them originated from an earlier work constituting an attempt to systematise the work of Decemvirs, i.e. Oldendorp’s work, which passed unnoticed by Maciejowski.
PL
W pierwszym napisanym w języku polskim podręczniku prawa rzymskiego Zasady prawa rzymskiego pospolitego [tzn. cywilnego] podług Instytucji Justyniańskich wraz z krótkim wywodem dziejowego rozwoju prawodawstwa rzymskiego Franciszek Maciejowski zacytował kilka przepisów Ustawy XII Tablic, ale ich nie przetłumaczył. Nie wszystkie przytoczone przez niego przepisy pochodzą z palingenezji Gothofredusa, jak podaje autor, ale z wcześniejszej próby usystematyzowania tego źródła, czyli z pracy Oldendorpa, czego autor nie zauważa.
PL
Artykuł bazuje na wynikach mojej pracy nad sformułowaniem wytycznych dla English Heritage pn. Zasady konserwacji i wytyczne dla historycznych parków i ogrodów w Anglii. Przedstawiam w nim krótki zarys zmieniających się w ciągu ostatniego stulecia koncepcji; wyjaśniam tło filozoficzne i praktyczne jednego z istotnych okresów kształtowania się myśli konserwatorskiej – lat 80. XX w., a następnie przeciwstawiam je podejściu 1. dekady bieżącego stulecia. Podejście to różni się od poprzedniego w definiowaniu celów restauracji, formułowaniu urzędowych zaleceń, akceptowaniu zmian oraz postawach wobec nowych rozwiązań. Podczas gdy rozwój terminologii i technik następuje stale, kontekst czasów obecnych wymaga bardziej holistycznego podejścia, uwzględniającego całokształt procesu konserwatorskiego, czyli określenia celów działań, kryteriów dobrych praktyk i prawidłowej dokumentacji.
EN
This paper derives from work on writing guidance for English Heritage on ‘Conservation Principles and Guidance for Historic Parks and Gardens in England’. The changing conceptions of conservation and restoration over the last century will be briefly charted. The philosophical and practical background to one formative period – the 1980s – is explained and then contrasted to the approach of the 2010s. The changes resulted in differences in defining the aims of restoration, the formulation of official advice, acceptance of change, and attitudes to new work. Whilst the advances in terminology and technique remain, the concerns of today relate as much to the process, viz. in the definition of objectives, criteria for good practice and proper documentation.
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