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The use of chained two-point clusters for the examination of associations of air pollution with health conditions

100%
Szyszkowicz M., Burr W. S.
International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health
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2016
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vol. 29
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issue 4
613-622
EN
Objectives There are a few accepted and intensively applied statistical methods used to study associations of ambient air pollution with health conditions. Among the most popular methods applied to assess short term air health effects are case-crossover (using events) and time-series methodologies (using counts). A few other techniques for studying counts of events have been proposed, including the Generalized Linear Mixed Models (GLMM). One suggested GLMM technique uses cluster structures based on natural embedded hierarchies: days are nested in the days of a week (dow), which, in turn, are nested in months and months in years (< dow, month, years >). Material and Methods In this study the authors considered clusters with hierarchical structures in a form of < dow, 14-days, year >, where the 14-days hierarchy determines 7 clusters composed of 2 days (the same days) of a week (2 Mondays, 2 Tuesdays, etc.), in 1 year. In this work the authors proposed hierarchical chained clusters in which 2 days of a week are grouped as follows: (first, second), (second, third), (third, fourth) and so on. Such an approach allows determination of an additional series of the slopes on the clusters (second, third), (fourth, fifth), etc., i.e., estimation of the coefficients for other configurations of air pollutant levels. The authors considered a series of 2 point chained clusters covering a year. In such a construction each cluster has one common data point (day) with another one. Results The authors estimated coefficients (slopes) related to the ambient ozone exposure (mortality) and to 3 selected air pollutants (particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and ozone) combined into index and considered as health risk exposure (emergency department (ED) visits). The generated results were compared to the estimations obtained from the time-series method and the time-stratified case-crossover method applied to the same data. Conclusions The proposed statistical method, based on the chained hierarchical clusters (< dow, 14-days, year >), generated results with shorter confidence intervals than the other methods.
2
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Wpływ generacji na ryzyko wypadków drogowych

84%
Jackowska B., Wycinka E.
Wiadomości Statystyczne. The Polish Statistician
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2019
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vol. 64
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issue 2
64-82
EN
The paper deals with the widespread perception, popular since 2017, that millennials are the worst drivers. In motor insurance, it is commonly known that age and gender are significant determinants of accidents’ risk. Nowadays, millennials are the youngest drivers. Thus, the question arises whether, apart from the age, generation is a risk factor. The aim of this paper is to verify whether generation influences the level of the road accidents rate in Poland besides age and gender of drivers. Due to the downward trend of this rate, the relative risk of road accidents was analysed among licensed drivers in Poland in the years 2006-2017. For the analysis data of the Polish National Police, Polish Road Safety Observatory, Statistics Poland, Social Diagnosis as well as Public Opinion Research Centre were used. The percentage of licensed drivers was estimated for age and gender groups as well as the percentage of millennials in these groups, according to the generation theory. The results of the empirical study for age groups of both perpetrators of the accidents and drivers involved in accidents do not confirm the hypothesis about the impact of the generation on the risk of a road accident.
PL
W 2017 r. rozpowszechniano pogląd, że milenialsi (przedstawiciele generacji Y) są najgorszymi kierowcami. W ubezpieczeniach komunikacyjnych od dawna znana jest prawidłowość, że do najważniejszych determinant ryzyka spowodowania wypadku należą wiek i płeć kierującego. Obecnie milenialsi są najmłodszymi kierowcami. Pojawia się zatem pytanie, czy przynależność do pokolenia - oprócz wieku - stanowi czynnik ryzyka spowodowania wypadku. Celem podjętego badania jest zweryfikowanie wpływu wieku i płci kierowców oraz ich przynależności do generacji na poziom wskaźnika wypadków drogowych w Polsce. W związku z występowaniem malejącego trendu tego wskaźnika dokonano analizy ryzyka względnego wypadków drogowych wśród osób posiadających prawo jazdy w Polsce w latach 2006-2017. W analizie wykorzystano dane z Komendy Głównej Policji (KGP), Polskiego Obserwatorium Bezpieczeństwa Ruchu Drogowego (POBR), Głównego Urzędu Statystycznego (GUS), Diagnozy Społecznej i badań Centrum Badania Opinii Społecznej (CBOS). W grupach wieku i płci estymowano odsetki osób posiadających prawo jazdy. Oszacowano udział poszczególnych generacji w tych grupach, przyjmując założenia teorii cyklu pokoleniowego. Przeprowadzone badania według grup wieku kierujących pojazdami sprawców wypadków oraz kierujących pojazdami uczestników wypadków nie potwierdziły hipotezy o wpływie generacji na ryzyko wypadku.
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ДИНАМІКА РУХОВОЇ АКТИВНОСТІ МІСЬКИХ УЧНІВ СЕРЕДНЬОГО ШКІЛЬНОГО ВІКУ

84%
Гозак С., Єлізорова О., Парац А.
Педагогічні науки: теорія, історія, інноваційні технології
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2016
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issue 3(57)
93-104
EN
The aim of this research was to study the dynamics of motor activity of urban pupils of secondary school age from 2010 to 2015. With the help of questionnaire «My physical activity», which included 12 questions about the physical activity both at school and outside school hours in adapted for secondary school age children form, two surveys with a five-year interval were conducted in Kyiv. To establish the common patterns of physical activity assessment, the integral indicator of the level of physical activity has been calculated. The quantitative characteristics of the influence factors have been assessed by calculating the relative risk. It is determined that in the process of the study the integral estimation of the average value of physical activity is decreased by 16,4 % (p<0,001). In the 2010-2015 period we have determined (p<0,05) the following increase: the proportion of the pupils that do not do morning exercises - in 1,7 times, the proportion of children who do not come to the school yard during the break - in 2,7 times, the proportion of children who are not engaged in the lessons of physical training in full force - in 3 times; significantly, the proportion of children walking 1,5 hours or more in the open air decreased by 1,3 time; the proportion of children who are engaged in «physical activity minutes» in the classrooms decreased by 1,4 times and the proportion of children attending sports/dance clubs decreased by 1.8 times. The probability of diseases of the pupils with low physical activity increased significantly by 20% in comparison with average and high (p<0,01). The diseases, in turn, increase the likelihood of low physical activity almost in 2 times. That’s why the sufficient physical activity as an important criterion for a healthy lifestyle of the middle-aged pupils is decreasing by increasing the popular types of non-physical activity (computer games, social networks) and shows a lack of motivation for responsible enhancing of their physical activity. In addition, a dramatic progression of non-communicable diseases among schoolchildren (scoliosis, obesity, neurosis) makes this problem an issue for further study, as well as development and implementation of hygiene measures to promote physical activity among the pupils.
4
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Związki przyczynowo-skutkowe między błędami w świadczeniu opieki medycznej i skutkiem śmiertelnym

67%
Hovsepyan A., Hovhannesyan R., Mkhitaryan K., Nogacka E.
Problemy Kryminalistyki
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2020
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issue 310
34-37
PL
W artykule omówiono problematykę rozpoznawania i określania związków przyczynowo-skutkowych między błędami w świadczeniu opieki medycznej a skutkiem śmiertelnym na podstawie materiałów zleconych ekspertyz z zakresu medycyny sądowej. W odniesieniu do wystąpienia błędów w świadczeniu opieki medycznej w 30,3% przypadków stwierdzono związek przyczynowo-skutkowy między częstością błędów medycznych a prawdopodobieństwem śmiertelności. Największy wpływ na prawdopodobieństwo wystąpienia zgonu miały błędy w rozpoznaniu (RR = 2,41) i leczeniu (RR = 15,65).
EN
The article discusses the issues of identifying and determining the cause-effect relations between defects in the provision of medical care and lethal outcome based on the materials of commission forensic medical expertise. In the presence of defects in the provision of medical care in 30.3% of cases a cause-effect relation was detected between the frequency of defects in medical care and the likelihood of lethal outcome. The likelihood of the occurrence of lethal outcome was most influenced by defects in diagnosis (RR = 2.41) and treatment (RR = 15.65).
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