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PL
The aim of this paper is to analyze the ways in which religious symbols are present in non-religious spheres of contemporary European culture. It is widely known that, as a result of secularization, religious symbolic language is no longer present in the public sphere and culture of contemporary European societies in the same way as it was in the past. At first sight, it seems that it has lost its relevance for other fields of culture as well as for everyday communication, and that religion has become a relatively closed system of communication. However, more thorough investigation shows that various religious symbols are widely used in many fields of secular culture. The fundamental question concerning religious symbols is whether and, if yes, in what particular way, they change their meaning as a result of being used in non-religious cultural activity. What is the reason that previously marginalized religious symbols reappear in secular culture? It may be hypothesized that religious symbols are not culturally contingent, but they constitute a universal dimension of culture and are deeply rooted in the human mind.
EN
Philip Pullman retells mankind’s archetypal memories of the Fall in his fantasy trilogy, His Dark Materials. I aim to prove that the age-old religious desire for the oneness of the sacred and the profane, as well as of spirit and matter is manifested in Pullman’s fictional mythology in a way that religion and love also turn out to be one.
Nurt SVD
|
2022
|
issue 2
129-143
PL
Artykuł przedstawia jeden z ważniejszych aspektów duchowości buddyzmu tybetańskiego. Jest nim dakini, zasada żeńska wykraczająca poza tradycyjnie pojmowane kategorie płci. Tekst omawia kilka zagadnień związanych z tą problematyką. Prezentuje wpierw rozumienie zasady żeńskiej w buddyzmie tybetańskim. Następnie próbuje określić istotę dakini i ukazać jej manifestacje. Analizuje również symbolikę, którą ona wyraża. Wymienia także rodzaje dakini oraz charakteryzuje język, jakim posługuje się ona podczas przekazywania tantrycznych nauk.
EN
The article presents an aspect of Tibetan Buddhism spirituality, which is considered as an important one. Namely it is dakini, a female principle that goes beyond traditionally conceived gender categories. The author discusses several issues related to this subject. First, he presents the understanding of the female principle in Tibetan Buddhism. Then, he tries to determine the essence of dakini and shows its manifestations. The author also analyses the symbolism it expresses. He also mentions the types of dakini and characterizes the language used when communicating tantric teachings.
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