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EN
This article discusses the ways in which the biblical Ark of the Covenant is presented in Marcin Bielski’s Kronika, to jest historyja świata (Chronicle, that is the history of the world). The analyses point to Bielski’s use of a loanword in the form of arka or archa, the word’s translations into skrzynia (chest), and a sequence of both these terms. Bielski’s ignoring of the biblical translations of this term is also emphasised by his choice of determiners for the Ark. A search for the sources that Bielski drew from for the names he used for the Ark of the Covenant in the Vulgate, P. Comestor’s Historia scholastica, the Hebrew Bible, and the known medieval and 16th-century translations of the Bible, allows for concluding that the author felt free and unrestricted in his choices and followed guidelines known to him alone.
EN
Idioms of biblical origin are used as the means of creation of the appropriate color and expression in journalistic texts. They work actively in the information, analytical and artisticjournalistic style. Their largest productivity is noticeable in the headlines of newspaper articles, reports and interviews. These idioms pursue nominative, emotive and advertising function in journalism.
PL
Frazeologizmy pochodzenia biblijnego są używane jako środek służący kreacji odpowiedniego kolorytu i ekspresji w tekstach publicystycznych. Aktywnie funkcjonują one w stylu informacyjnym, analitycznym i artystyczno-publicystycznym. Największa ich produktywność jest zauważalna w nagłówkach artykułów prasowych, reportaży i wywiadów. Omawiane frazeologizmy realizują w publicystyce funkcję nominatywną, informacyjną, emotywną i reklamową.
PL
This paper discusses linguistics methods for evoking the sacrum in Klementyna Hoffman’s of the Tańskis debut as a novelist, titled Pamiątka po dobrej matce. [Remembrance after a Good Mother]. The conducted analysis proved that in the novel in question, the sacrum had been equated with Christian religiousness.
EN
The article examines the linguistic ways of describing Orthodoxy by Marcin Bielski in the third edition of his Chronicle, dated to 1564. The analyses show that Bielski uses various names for this religion, distinguishing between the Greek and Ruthenian faith, that he names the Orthodox in many ways, provides details about the manner of baptism, the Eucharist, places of worship and the veneration of saints, and the mission of St. Cyril and Methodius, and evokes the reasons for the split of both churches or attempts to resolve it.
EN
This paper comments on the manner of describing the baptism of Poland in the third edition of Kronika, to jest historyja wszytkiego świata written by Marcin Bielski (1564). Presenting the textual contents of the specific passage of Kronika… has resulted in an analysis of the religious vocabulary and syntactical discriminants of Marcin Bielski’s text.
PL
Artykuł zawiera prezentację sposobu opisywania chrztu Polski w trzecim wydaniu (1564) Kroniki to jest historyi wszytkiego świata… Marcina Bielskiego. Przedstawienie zawartości treściowej właściwego fragmentu Kroniki stało się podstawą analizy słownictwa religijnego oraz wyróżników składniowych tekstu Bielskiego.
PL
The article identifi es peculiarities of the stylistic transposition of religious lexemes that are the members of metaphorical phrase nominations in modern Ukrainian mass media. Renewal of nominative phrase metaphors by replacing frequent lexemes with religious lexemes reinforces the semantics of these semantic-syntactic associations giving them expressiveness. Religious lexemes that update phrase nominations, already known and the new ones, undergo semantic shifts. Semantic transformations of religious lexemes in contextual nominations are likely to demonstrate ironic connotations and combinations of the incongruous in terms of style and stylistics. Overcoming traditional syntagmatics and recurrent actualizations of new meanings in diff erent contexts “strengthen” the new semantics transforming particular meanings into separate ones.
UK
На теренах славістики чи не найбільш активними в обстоюванні теолінгвістики як окремої наукової дисципліни виявилися польські вчені, в Україні донедавна глобальна проблема «Мова і релігія» перебувала на маргінесі. Однак українська теолінгвістикамає тривалу й складну історію, оскільки бере початок з ХІХ ст. Дослідження питань теолінгвістики здійснювалося насамперед представ-никами потебнянської школи та вченими діаспори, які зосередили увагу на аналізі давньої релігійної лексики. У радянські часи в Україні теолінгвістика розвива-лася завдяки працям з історії мови й загального мовознавства. На тлі українських радянських дослідників вивищується постать Булаховського, який наголошував на взаємозв’язку мови і релігії, аналізував вплив релігійних чинників на розвиток літературних мов, а також зворотний вплив мови на релігію.
EN
In the field of Slavic studies, Polish scholars were perhaps the most active in defending theolinguistics as a separate scientific discipline, until recently the global problem of “Language and religion” was on the margins in Ukraine. However, Ukrainian theolinguistics has a long and complex history, as it dates back to the nineteenth century. The study of theolinguistics was carried out primarily by the representatives of the Potebnya school and scholars of the diaspora, who focused on the analysis of ancient religious vocabulary. In Soviet times, theolinguistics in Ukraine developed through works on the history of language and general linguistics. Among Ukrainian Soviet researchers is the figure of Bulakhovsky, who emphasized the relationship between language and religion and analysed the influence of religious factors on the development of literary languages, as well as the reverse effect of language on religion.
EN
The article discusses the texts of eucharistic prayers from the perspective of recent religious vocabulary spelling rules approved by the Polish Language Council in 2010 and published in 2011. The article presents the characteristics of the most common linguistic errors that appear in the titles and texts of prayers. Both of them concern misspellings and punctuation errors. The first group of aberrations concern too frequent use of the capital letter and the wrong spelling of periphrases. The Author admit that although the writers may use capital letter by emotional reasons, nevertheless, they should use this consciously and responsibly as to not to obliterate the differences of meaning between words.
PL
Tematyka niniejszego artykułu oscyluje wokół problematyki przekazu w tekście przekładu specyfiki religijnej rzeczywistości Śląska czasów wojen husyckich. Badana problematyka obejmuje sposób oddania w tekście docelowym autorskiej wizji róż-nych sfer życia religijnego, takich jak: kwestie wyznaniowe, obrzędy religijne, podejście do problemu dogmatów chrześcijańskich, podejście do miejsc kultu religijnego, przedmiotów liturgicznych oraz organizacji życia religijnego na Śląsku w XV wieku. Obserwacje pro-wadzone są na podstawie porównania tekstu oryginalnego z przekładami na język rosyjski i ukraiński. Głównym założeniem danego tekstu jest pokazanie sposobów przekazu leksyki religijnej pomiędzy językiem polskim a językami rosyjskim i ukraińskim. Co więcej, niezwykle istotną kwestią staje się tu również problem transferu tego typu słownictwa na grunt kultur, w których dominują wpływy Kościołów wschodnich. Przeprowadzone badania pokazują, że tłumacz stosuje różne techniki przekazu leksyki religijnej. Można odnaleźć wśród nich: transkrypcję, a więc wprowadzenie zapożyczenia, uznane ekwi-walenty, zastąpienie realiów katolickich terminologią prawosławną czy też unicką, jak również nierzadkie przykłady opuszczania konkretnych elementów tekstu oryginalnego.
EN
This article revolves around the issue of Silesian religious life, specifically in a translated text during the Hussite wars. The studied issues include the way in which the target text reflects the author’s vision of various spheres of religious life, such as religious issues, religious rites, approach to the problem of Christian dogmas, approach to places of religious worship, liturgical objects and organization of religious life in Silesia in the 15th century. An analysis was conducted based on a comparison of the original text with translations into Russian and Ukrainian. The main premise of a given text is to show the ways of transmitting a religious lexicon between Polish, Russian and Ukrainian. Moreover, the problem of transferring this type of vocabulary to cultures dominated by the influence of Eastern churches is becoming an extremely important issue here. The conducted research shows that the translator uses various techniques of transmitting religious lexis. One can find among them: transcription, i.e. the introduction of borrowings, recognized equivalents, replacement of Catholic elements with Orthodox or Uniate terminology, as well as rare examples of omitting specific elements of the original text.
PL
The first layer of Aromanian Christian terminology is common for all the Balkan Romance languages. It contains a number of inherited Latin terms and some early assimilated Greek loanwords, due to the Oriental origin of Christianity. As for the later layer, the compound of terms related to ecclesiastical organisation and liturgy or to more sophisticated doctrinal concepts, the Balkan Romance languages substantially differ. In Romanian, it was formed on the basis of Slavonic (or Greek via Slavonic), which was used in the Romanian Orthodox Church by the 17th century. The liturgical language of the Aromanians was Greek (maybe except for Moscopole) and therefore, Aromanian mainly based its religious terminology on Greek, but also on Turkish and Albanian, which can be seen in the Aromanian Missal from the second half of the 18th century. In the next centuries, Aromanian religious vocabulary was strongly influenced by Romanian. The contemporary versions of religious texts, including the Bible (e.g. Caciuperi’s translations), introduce a series of Romanian terms instead of the old ones.
PL
The article is devoted to the study of the specifi cs of the formation of religious meanings with the help of the intraword hyponymic (genus-species) relations. It was revealed t hat in semantic structures of lexemes, this type of semantic derivation is capable of actively deploying stable specialized religious(specifi c, hyponymic) meanings from commonly used (generic, hypernymic) ones. It was also found that in times of Christianization, the fi xation of hyponyms often led to the disappearance of hypernyms. The process of transferring religious hyponyms without hypernyms from other languages into the Old Kyiv language was quite active. Forming a paradigm through hyponymic relations refl ects a variety of changes in the represented reality associated with the linguistically conservative religious sphere of Ukrainians: the names remained unchanged, while language objects, acquiring new functions, changed, and the speakers’ knowledge of the objects deepened.
PL
W artykule podjęto problematykę desakralizacji leksyki religijnej. W leksykograficznych sposobach ujmowania słownictwa religijnego jak w zwierciadle odbijają się dzieje Kościoła katolickiego w Polsce, a także przemiany zachodzące w świadomości samych wiernych. Postępująca laicyzacja życia pociąga za sobą zeświecczenie języka Podstawą zawartych w tekście spostrzeżeń jest materiał językowy wyekscerpowany z pięćdziesięciotomowego Praktycznego słownika współczesnej polszczyzny pod redakcją Haliny Zgółkowej, wydawanego w Poznaniu w latach 1994-2005. Nawet z pobieżnego oglądu badanego słownictwa widać, że bardzo bogaty zbiór leksyki religijnej zmienia wraz z przekształceniami roli religii w życiu współczesnego Polaka. Słowa będące pierwotnie nośnikami religijnych treści zaczynają funkcjonować w znaczeniach nowych, niezwiązanych z życiem religijnym, niekiedy zachowując jedynie swój sens metaforyczny. Następujący zanik składnika sakralności w rezultacie prowadzi do zaniku właściwego rozumienia danego wyrazu, a nawet staje się przyczyną jego niezrozumiałości.
EN
The article addresses the question of desacralization of religious lexis. A lexicographic manner of discussing religious vocabulary, like in a mirror, reflects the history of the Catholic Church in Poland, and also the changes occurring in the awareness of believers. A progressing laicization of life entails the secularization of language. The observations included in the text are based on linguistic material excerpted from the fifty-volume Praktyczny słownik współczesnej polszczyzny (“Practical Dictionary of Modern Polish”) edited by Halina Zgółkowa, which was published in Poznań in the years 1994-2005. Even a superficial evaluation of the studied vocabulary shows that a very extensive collection of religious lexis becomes modified as the role of religion in the life of a modern Pole changes. The words which had originally been carriers of religious content began to function in new meanings, unrelated with religious life, sometimes preserving only their metaphorical significance. Observable disappearance of the element of sacredness finally prevents proper understanding of a given word, or even becomes the reason for its being ununderstandable.
EN
We came to the conclusion that narrowing of meaning and metonymy are two main types of semantic derivation of all thematic fields of religious vocabulary (52% and 42%, respectively). Metaphor (6%) as a form of semantic derivation and an empirical classifier of the objects of observation is counterproductive in the religious sphere, since for the religious vocabulary empiricalness is not the main source of spiritual knowledge. Active narrowing of well-known and specialized meanings is the result of linguistic conservatism, the emergence of new functions of objects and changes in the knowledge about them. The disappearance of many of the primary meanings was induced by sustainable consolidation of religious narrowings, and frequent replacement of considerable part of them with synonymic equivalents made their functioning to be just a temporal phenomenon. Metonymy in the religious vocabulary as an effective means to achieve economy of speakers’ efforts is well-developed by local, temporal, causal, attributive and synecdochic types. Metaphors created directly by individuals in their religious activities and those from the Bible that underwent terminologization were created in different ways, namely according to the similarity of features (such as function, external feature, relation of subordination, unreal [but desirable] feature, associative characteristics of emotive evaluative nature).
EN
Conventional quasi-religious interjections with the component Bóg [God], Jezus [Jesus], Matka Boska [Mother of God] etc. in writings by Władysław Orkan
PL
Artykuł jest próbą porównania współczesnego białoruskiego słownictwa religijnego na przykładzie oficjalnych przekładów Ewangelii wg Świętego Jana w wersji prawosławnej i katolickiej. Porównanie to pokazuje mechanizm tworzenia leksyki konfesyjnej na potrzeby Kościoła Katolickiego i Cerkwii Prawosławnej na Białorusi. Zagadnienie unifikacji słownictwa religijnego we współczesnym języku białoruskim jest tematem chętnie podejmowanym przez badaczy. Szczególnie często naukowcy zajmowali się przekładami Biblii. Tłumacze wszystkich epok wkładali wiele wysiłku w przyswojenie językowi białoruskiemu słownictwa biblijnego oraz nazw własnych. Wyraźnie widoczna jest w nich przynależność konfesyjna każdego przekładu. To samo zjawisko obserwujemy w najnowszych oficjalnych przekładach.
EN
The aim of the article is to compare contemporary Belarusian confessional vocabulary on the basis of official translations of The Gospel of John in the Orthodox and the Catholic version. This comparison shows the matter of mechanisms behind creating religious lexisfor the purposes of Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Church, which is currently an important topic for those faithful to both of those religions, as well as for linguists dealing with the Belarusian language. The unification of religious vocabulary in contemporary Belarusian languageis the motif which frequently appears in linguistic works. A special consideration is givento the analysis of the translations of the Bible. Bible translations into Belarusian have their origins in the activities of Skaryna. Translators had put a lot of effort into implementing religious vocabulary and the names of Holy Land into Belarusian language. The confes‑ sional affiliation is clearly visible in each of those translations. The same phenomenon can be seen in the contemporary Bible translations.
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2014
|
vol. 12
|
issue (2)23
285-312
EN
The article is regarding the process of passing the sacred vocabulary to the colloquial Polish. Date „profanation” („secularization”) was used for indicating secularizing, the gap with the sacred (of desacralization), the exempting the language from stiff religious-ethical norms. In the article secondary meanings and semantic functions of three adjectives were described: divine (boski), angelic (anielski), saint (święty). The historical-linguistic prospect allowed to notice the progressing debasement of senses of these lexemes. Notations appearing in general dictionaries of Polish are observed material (so historical, as well as contemporary) and individuals excerpted from press, literary texts and statements placed on internet forums. Such a scope of sources enables the wide inspection of the issue just enough, because corresponds to the theory of the popular style as the stylish centre of the Polish. The applied analysis method is referring to anthropological linguistics and the sociolinguistics.
RU
Статья посвящена исследованию некоторых аспектов вербализации концептос- феры ‘религия’, в частности анализируется специфика вербализации концептов ‘христианство’, ‘священник’, ‘церковь’ в дискурсе дневника Тараса Шевченко, что позволяет более полно и объективно изучить специфику его восприятия религии. Диарист исповедует христианскую религию, целиком воспринимая свойственные ей идеи милосердия и всепрощения, а вербализатор соответственного концепта, лексема христианский, выступает в его дискурсе контекстуальным синонимом к прилагательному свободный, внедряя в текст смыслы ‘братолюбие’, ‘человечность’, ‘равенство’. Поэт по-своему понимает значение слова христианин, актуализируя прежде всего такие его смыслы, как ‘порядочность’, ‘доброта’, ‘чистота помыслов’, ‘искренность’. Высоко оценивая религию, веру, христианство, Шевченко критически относился к русскому православию, считая его одним из механизмов царской внутренней политики, поэтому лексема православный употребляется с коннотацией иронии и вербализацией смыслов ‘несовершенство’, ‘немилосердие’, ‘жестокость’. Шевченко неоднозначно оценивает религиозные сооружения, которые вызывают в его душе широкий спектр чувств – от восторга до разочарования. Для номинации храмов используется определенная система лексем, однако, употребляя некоторые из них, Шевченко вербализует отрицательные смыслы (‘ненастоящий’, ‘наигранный’, ‘чужой’, ‘противоречивый’, ‘недопустимый’), что связано с его восприятием имперского значения византийства. Дневник Шевченко изобилует наименованиями священников с актуализацией иронично-отрицательных коннотаций, что абсолютно не противоречит сложившимся в украинской лингвокультуре представлениям о традиционном образе священнослужителя.
EN
The article is devoted to the chosen aspects of the verbalization of the concept sphere ‘religion’ in Taras Shevchenko’s diary. Such concepts as ‘Christianity’, ‘priest’ or ‘church’ are analyzed, which allows to draw conclusions about Shevchenko’s attitude towards religion. The diarist respects the Christian religion for its ideas of charity and forgiveness, which is verbalized by the usage of the lexeme христианский (Christian) as a contextual synonym to the adjective свободный (free) introducing meanings of ‘brotherly love’, ‘humanity’ and ‘equality’ in the text. The poet understands the word христианин (a Christian) in his own way and associates it with ‘decency’, ‘kindness’, ‘purity of thoughts’ and ‘sincerity’. Even though Shevchenko highly estimated religion, faith and Christianity, he was critical of the Russian Orthodox Church. He considered it one of the tsar’s tools in internal policy and therefore used the lexeme православный (orthodox) with irony in order to verbalize such senses as ‘imperfection’, ‘mercilessness’ and ‘cruelty’. Shevchenko’s attitude towards religious practices is ambiguous – the poet experiences a wide range of feelings – from delight to disappointment. The diarist uses certain lexemes to nominate temples. Sometimes they are employed to verbalize negative meanings such as ‘unreal’, ‘histrionic’, ‘unfamiliar’, ‘contradictory’, ‘intolerable’, which is connected with the imperial meaning of Byzantinism. Shevchenko’s diary abounds in names of priests used with ironic-negative connotation, which resembles the traditional image of the clergy in the Ukrainian linguistic culture.
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