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EN
The article concerns the transfer of ownership of forest property, nationalized after World War II. It covers the subject matter of the process of property acquisition by way of nationalization decrees, in particular in the area of the so-called Regained Territories and dilemmas related to the issue of reprivatization. The work includes issues proposed over the years and existing statutory solutions, as well as case law affecting the interpretation of legal norms.
EN
In its judgment of February 9, 2007 (Ref. No. III CSK 411/06), the Supreme Court formulated a narrow interpretation of the concept of a Jewish religious legal entity based on a formal criterion. In practice, the position of the Court has limited on a permanent basis the reprivatization of real estate to the benefit of Jewish communities and the Association of Communes. This reprivatization has been conducted in a narrow scope for over twenty years by the Regulatory Commission for Jewish Religious Communities. The restrictive interpretation that was adopted for the concept of a Jewish religious legal entity is inconsistent with the principle of correct legislation, with the principle of public trust in the state and its law, and in fact with the principle of social justice. Jewish religious communities in a number of areas are treated worse than the largest or oldest Christian churches. This applies in particular to the issue of membership of Jewish religious communities, tax matters or religious foundations. In addition, the interpretation of the Supreme Court does not take into account the historical forms of the organization of Judaism in Poland. On the other hand, the interpretation adopted on a consensus basis by the Regulatory Commission for Jewish Religious Communities in June 1999 is correct. It is functional. The Supreme Court should weigh constitutional principles and opt for this functional interpretation, instead of adopting a formal interpretation.
EN
The article discusses issues related to the revendication of the property of the Evangelical-Union Church. The regulatory proceedings initiated in connection with the real property located in the territory of the Wielkopolska Province serve as an example. To this end, the author analyzes the issue related to the succession of the powers of the Evangelical-Union Church for the benefit of the Evangelical-Augsburg Church, and the possibility of asserting claims against the State Treasury and local governments. In addition, the article presents an analysis of the existing practice and case-law designated for conducting the regulatory proceedings of the Regulatory Commission, as well as of common courts and administrative costs. The author also draws attention to the consequences of provisions that regulate this issue not being precisely formulated by the legislator, thereby posing significant problems in their interpretation and application.
PL
W artykule omówiono problematykę dotyczącą rewindykacji mienia Kościoła Ewangelicko-Unijnego. Jako przykłady posłużyły postępowania regulacyjne wszczęte w stosunku do nieruchomości znajdujących się na terenach województwa wielkopolskiego. W tym celu autor przeanalizował zagadnienie związane z sukcesją uprawnień Kościoła Ewangelicko-Unijnego na rzecz Kościoła Ewangelicko-Augsburskiego oraz możliwością występowania z roszczeniami w stosunku do Skarbu Państwa i samorządów. Ponadto zaprezentowano analizę dotychczasowej praktyki i orzecznictwa wyznaczonej do prowadzenia postępowania regulacyjnego Komisji Regulacyjnej, a także sądów powszechnych i administracyjnych. Autor zwrócił również uwagę na konsekwencje nieprecyzyjnie uregulowanych przez ustawodawcę przepisów, które regulują przedmiotową materię i stwarzają istotny problem w ich interpretacji oraz stosowaniu.
PL
Autor podjął się próby krótkiego ujęcia zagadnienia reprywatyzacji w Polsce oraz zaproponowania swojego stanowiska. Niewątpliwie zjawisko to jest jedną z licznych patologii państw postkomunistycznych. Funduje poważny konflikt wartości zarówno z punktu widzenia prawnego, jak i aksjologicznego między interesem kolektywu z indywidualnymi podmiotami. Co więcej, Polska jest jedynym krajem, który ostatecznie nie rozstrzygnął na korzyść żadnej ze stron — w porównaniu do swoich geograficznych sąsiadów. Autor proponuje rozwiązanie zagadnienia reprywatyzacji z zastosowaniem instytucji dawności.
EN
In his paper, the author made an attempt at briefly presenting the issue of reprivatization in Poland and at proposing his own solution regarding this issue. Undoubtedly, this phenomenon is one of the many pathologies of post-communist countries. It is a difficult conflict of values between the interests of the collective and individual entities, both from the legal and axiological point of view. What is more, Poland is the only country that has not finally decided in favour of either side — in comparison to its geographical neighbours. The author proposes a solution to the issue of reprivatization based on prescription.
EN
The study discusses another statutory attempt to partially and ad hoc solution of the problem of claims of the former owners of the so-called Warsaw land. The main objective of the Act of 17 September 2020 amending the Act on the special rules for removing the legal effects of reprivatization decisions regarding real-estate in Warsaw, issued in violation of the law, and the Real-estate Management Act is to significantly reduce the scale of restitution of Warsaw real-estate by extending the list of grounds for refusing to grant the right of perpetual usufruct to the entitled entity and protection of tenants living in premises in reprivatized buildings. The act does not, in any way, end the process of settling accounts with the former owners.
PL
Opracowanie omawia kolejną ustawową próbę fragmentarycznego i doraźnego rozwiązania problemu roszczeń byłych właściciela tzw. gruntów warszawskich. Zasadniczym celem ustawy z 17 września 2020 r. o zmianie ustawy o szczególnych zasadach usuwania skutków prawnych decyzji reprywatyzacyjnych dotyczących nieruchomości warszawskich, wydanych z naruszeniem prawa oraz ustawy o gospodarce nieruchomościami jest istotne ograniczenie skali restytucji nieruchomości warszawskich poprzez rozszerzenie katalogu przesłanek odmowy ustanowienia prawa użytkowania wieczystego na rzecz uprawnionego podmiotu oraz ochrona lokatorów zajmujących lokale w reprywatyzowanych budynkach. Ustawa w żadnym razie nie kończy procesu rozliczania się państwa z byłymi właścicielami.
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EN
The possessional transformations have mainly subjective character, depending first of all on “replacing” the definite subjects of right of property by other subjects. The forms of possessional transformations are nationalization and its consequences, and so to say reverse: reprivatization, affranchisement, municipalisation and privatization. Each of these forms is connected with undertaking legal and actual actions, the aim of which is the induction of suitable change of subject of the property right. The basis of these actions are acts of law with legal ranks introducing the obligation — being actualized in the course of a suitable procedure — taking over of the property right from the existing owner (owners). In each case of performing the possessional transformation, formulated — in clear way or inferred — the premise or the aim of transformation, in peculiarity is then the public business which is given diverse content and the meaning. Not only however generally comprehended and not always identified public business is the premise of making of possessional transformations. The basis of those transformations are different kind of values of the character both legal and economic as well as social and as a consequence there were and still are different motives (premise) of their making.
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