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Innowacyjność sektora farmaceutycznego

100%
Nowicka K.
Gospodarka Narodowa. The Polish Journal of Economics
|
2006
|
vol. 212
|
issue 11-12
70-86
EN
The article discusses the involvement of pharmaceutical companies in the development of new drugs and therapies. The analysis shows that eight of the world’s 10 best-selling pharmaceuticals have originated in the United States, and two have been developed in Western Europe. Innovative brand-name drugs accounted for only 15 percent of the new pharmaceuticals registered in the United States in 1989-2000. All the other pharmaceuticals were generic drugs and modifications of pharmaceuticals already available on the market. Taxpayers and research institutes cover 85 percent of the costs of research into the development of new treatments. The role of generic drugs is growing-chiefly because f their more affordable prices compared with those of patented drugs. Not only private consumers, but also public sector institutions obligated to provide health services to citizens, have appreciated the attractiveness of generic drugs. After Poland’s accession to the European Union on May 1, 2004, Polish pharmaceutical producers have gained new opportunities to increase their competitive position. However, Poland is still far behind highly industrialized countries in the level of expenditure on research into the development of new pharmaceuticals and therapies. This means that decision makers in Poland must work to upgrade the legal system and encourage businesses to focus on pharmaceutical research, the author concludes.
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Spatial Development of Innovation Systems in Russia

75%
Arkhipova L. S., Jurievna G. J.
Olsztyn Economic Journal
|
2014
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vol. 9
|
issue 4
289-304
EN
While the development of the country's national innovation system as a whole is very important and should be prioritized, its regional aspect is even more important. The specifics of the Russian Federation's transition to an innovation-based economy is in that that, at the present time, prioritized is the need to ensure the effective development of those economy sectors that underlie the country's specialization and may provide regional and national competitive advantages. To such sectors belong the chemical industry, machine-building and power energetics. We would like to note that initial innovation awareness indicators in the regions are comparable and do not differ greatly but the growth of activity can be observed only in some of the regions. The problem of large differentiation among the constituent entities of the Russian Federation by their level of economic development remains important and has to be dealt with
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