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Digital Subversion

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EN
The aim of this article is to review and identify main attributes of a new form of subversion, so called digital subversion. Digital subversion is relatively new phenomena frequently used as vital part of nowadays resistance movement and hybrid warfare tactics. The article looks at subversion from the point of history through resistance movement and current use of hybrid warfare tactics where digital subversion can be considered as a vehicle for the deployment and achievement of other elements, tools and objectives of hybrid warfare. Within the digital subversion operating concept can be identified such elements and tools like online trolling, digital and social media, digital activism, digital media and marginally also cyber operations. Conclusion is focused on strategic and institutional perspective of how to counter digital subversion. An article expands today view on subversion as a vital element of resistance movement and hybrid warfare fused with cyberspace to a digital subversion.
EN
Some European nations and countries stayed in the area of totalitarianism for a long time. This fact and various ways of transforming and self-identity in a totalitarian society require careful studying in a broad scientific spectrum. Studying of the dissident movement is one of the important aspects of this multifaceted research topic. Resistance movement against totalitarianism in the second half of the twentieth century on the territory of Ukraine is closely linked with the concept of Ukrainian sixties. The place and understanding of the role in the cultural and political opposition to totalitarianism, features and images of the sixties are considered through memoir texts as social, political and aesthetic phenomenon of sixties. Self-reception of representatives of the rebellious generation gives the important information about forms and manifestations of resistance for understanding the phenomenon of the sixties, its place in the spiritual coordinates of the twentieth century.
Dzieje Najnowsze
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2022
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vol. 54
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issue 1
103-119
EN
The article presents preliminary research results on the 71st transport with the deportees from France to Auschwitz-Birkenau. Statistical analysis was conducted on a sample of 1502 people. The paper analyses the criterion of age of deportees and the survival rate of women and men. For the research consistency, the situation in Auschwitz-Birkenau at that time and the attitude of the camp authorities towards prisoners in 1944 were outlined. The article also contains biographies of two deportees who managed to survive.
PL
W artykule zostały zaprezentowane wstępne wyniki badań nad 71 transportem z deportowanymi z Francji do Auschwitz-Birkenau. Analizę statystyczną przeprowadzono na próbie 1502 osób. Przeanalizowano kryterium wieku deportowanych, a także współczynnik przeżywalności kobiet i mężczyzn. Dla spójności badań została nakreślona ówczesna sytuacja w Auschwitz-Birkenau oraz stosunek władz obozowych do więźniów w 1944 r. Artykuł zawiera także biogramy dwóch deportowanych, którym udało się przeżyć.
EN
A native of Poděbrady, poet, editor of the socialist press, pedagogue and federal official, Josef “Joe” Martínek (23 March 1889 — 20 March 1980) lived in the United States from a young age and joined all three resistance movements. He took part in Masaryk’s foreign action during the First World War; as an official of the Czechoslovak National Council of America (ČSNRA), he was instrumental in fundraising for Edvard Beneš in the spring of 1939, thanks to which the former president was able to initiate the struggle for the liberation of the republic following the Nazi occupation of Bohemia and Moravia; and, finally, he also aided exiles who fled Czechoslovakia after February 1948 and found a new home overseas. This text is an as yet unpublished transcript of Martínek’s memoirs recorded by Zdeněk Hruban, founder of the Archive of Czechs and Slovaks Abroad at the University of Chicago.
EN
During the Second World War, the State Zoological Museum in Warsaw (PMZ) suffered severe losses. Many workers were killed, and parts of the zoological and book collections were stolen by the Germans as early as 1939. The Museum became an important centre of the resistance movement, as it became a storage for weapons, explosives, and chemicals used for sabotage. Despite the repressions, the Museum employees tried to continue their work under the occupation and developed a modern model for the functioning of this institution to be implemented after the war. In the archives of the Museum and Institute of Zoology, a folder was found containing the documentation of the surveys conducted in 1941–1942 on the organisation of work and the future structure of the PMZ. This article presents the first analysis of these documents, which turned out to be a valuable source of information on the functioning of scientific institutions during the occupation, as well as on the history of the PMZ itself.
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