Search results

1

Psychological Factors Affecting Driving as an Important Element in the Examining and Training of Professional Drivers

100%

Odachowska E.

Logistics and Transport

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2017

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vol. 35

83-88

EN

The article presents the psychological conditioning of working in the profession of a driver. Important features of the psychological tests described in the transport regulations and other aspects important for road safety are indicated. Being familiar with these conditions is necessary not only for transport psychologists but also for trainers, and drivers preparing themselves to work as professionals.

2

Results of a Study on Aggressive Offenders’ Behavior in Traffic

100%

Kuhlmey M.

Internal Security

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2010

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vol. 2(1)

175-182

EN

The issue of aggression and aggressiveness in road traffic becomes more and more important for the police to accomplish their tasks. So far, there are few findings concerning the study of aggression offender-oriented investigation in the field of road traffic. Ultimately, this is also to be attributed to the difficulty of uniformly defining aggressive behavior in traffic in the light of psychological, legal and police matters. The author of the article pays attention to the analysis of representative investigation procedures conducted in order to reveal the type of offenders and their criminal records and provide prognoses on victims and possible situations which expedite wrong conduct by individuals. The author provides the percentage of offenders who were already known to police in advance, emphasizing the fact that the perpetrators of offences of aggression are far more frequently defendants in criminal proceedings than the average population. The article shows the results of the research carried out by the author on aggression and aggressiveness in traffic displayed by the perpetrators bearing in mind their age sex and marital status. In the Federal Republic of Germany as well as in whole Europe the problem of aggressive behavior has been widely recognized and is reflected in a number of prevention campaigns. Actions in order to prevent aggression and aggressiveness in traffic should be taken with regard to all participants of road traffic.

3

Macro Models of Vehicle Kilometres Travelled

100%

Jamroz K., Wachnicka J.

Logistics and Transport

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2015

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vol. 27

17-24

EN

There are a number of ways to measure transport of which kilometres travelled is the most frequent macro indicator (at country level). It is used to estimate projected fuel consumption, potential number of vehicles, amount and type of exhaust fumes emissions and the number of road accidents and casualties. The paper presents macro models of vehicle kilometres travelled, built on the basis of data from some fifty countries worldwide. Next, the resulting model was calibrated for the conditions in Poland.

4

Vibration testing in buildings and safety of their operation

100%

Jakubczyk-Galczynska A., Siemaszko A.

Scientific Journal of the Military University of Land Forces

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2018

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vol. 50

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issue 3(189)

144-154

EN

The paper presents the issue of vibrations in residential buildings located near roads. It describes the measurement methodology and criteria for assessing the impact of vibrations generated by passing trucks. The article specifies a method to establish the impact on the operation of the examined facilities and it promotes the idea of employing a Bayesian network to determine probabilistically the level of risk to single-family houses.

5

Uprawnienie starosty do wydania decyzji administracyjnej o zatrzymaniu prawa jazdy lub pozwolenia na kierowanie tramwajem w określonych przypadkach

88%

Trochimiuk Ł.

Zeszyty Prawnicze BAS

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2022

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issue 3(75)

271-295

EN

The position of the Sejm regarding the motion of the First President of the Supreme Court stresses that the provisions of the Act on Vehicle Drivers and the Penal Code which are referred to the Constitutional Tribunal’s review are inconsistent with provisions of the Constitution. The challenged provisions concern the powers of the poviat (district) starost to issue an administrative decision to withhold a driving licence or a permit to drive a tram in specific cases. In its position, the Sejm shared the opinion of the proponent that the assessed norms deprive vehicle drivers accused of violating traffic regulations of the possibility to challenge the correctness of the actions of the control body. Such legal conditions violate the principle of loyalty of the state towards an individual, who, in such a case, is in practice dependent on the arbitrary judgement of the controlling body.

6

Diagnosis of the Optimum Location of the Police Vehicle Central Console — Oculometric Tests

88%

Łuka P., Urban A.

Internal Security

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2018

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vol. 10(2)

9-17

EN

In the publication, the authors refer to the study carried out as a part of the research project: “Classification of the Police vehicles according to their destination, taking into account their purpose and standardization of the vehicle central console, in the field of arrangement and installation of ICT systems and the devices controlling special purpose signals”, implemented by a scientific consortium, funded by the National Centre for Research and Development. The described research involved the determination of the optimal location for the central console of the Police service vehicle. The first part of the publication contains partial results of the questionnaire surveys that were carried out among the users of Police vehicles. The second part discusses the research carried out with the participation of the Police officers driving the vehicles. The simulator was used to test vehicles in typical and extreme conditions, located at the Police Academy in Szczytno. The research consisted in the use of an oculometer, installed in the simulator. Conclusions from the conducted research allowed to propose an optimal location of the vehicle central console. The indicated location in the assessment of the research team allows to minimize the risk of the occurrence of hazards, related to the need to take the business vehicle away from the road, and is therefore appropriate to ensure the optimal level of safety for the driver and other road users. The results of the research carried out, after their confrontation with the results of the study conducted by other participants of the research consortium, will allow to propose a solution that can significantly improve safety, ergonomics and comfort of official duties performed by the drivers of the serivice vehicles.

7

Organizacja ruchu drogowego na obszarze samorządu terytorialnego – podstawowe zasady stanowienia i obowiązywania

75%

Makowski K.

Krakowskie Studia Małopolskie

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2013

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vol. 18

212-234

EN

The article presents issues related to road traffic organization in the territorial self-government units. The author analyzes such categories as: public roads, road traffic organization, the competences of local government. Considerations include an analysis of the practices to determine the rules of the road traffic, the fundamental principles of establishing and obeying the local law and the relationships between the self-government bodies: the Executive (Mayor, president) and the Legislature of the municipality (Municipal Council). The foundation of the statements made are the most important acts of law, comments of specialists and attitudes of the Supreme Court and administrative courts. The author also relates to the shortcomings in the regulation of this important area of local life.

8

Effect of residential proximity to traffic on respiratory disorders in school children in upper Silesian Industrial Zone, Poland

75%

Skrzypek M., Zejda J. E., Kowalska M., Czech E. M.

International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health

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2013

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vol. 26

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issue 1

83-91

EN

Objective: A number of studies show an association between traffi c-related air pollution and adverse respiratory health effects in children. However, most evidence relates to the regions with low or moderate levels of ambient air pollution. The study was undertaken to assess the impact of traffi c-related air pollution on respiratory health status in children living in the area of high levels of industrial and municipal ambient air pollution. Materials and Methods: Analyses involved data obtained from cross-sectional study on respiratory health in children (N = 5733), conducted between 2003–2004 in Bytom, one of the largest cities of Silesian Metropolis (Poland). Exposure to traffic-related air pollution was assessed by means of geographic information system and expressed as several measures of potential exposure to traffic-related air pollution, involving residential distance to major road and traffic density in the residential area. Logistic regression was used to examin association between reported respiratory health and traffic measures. Results: Statistically signifi cant association was found between doctor-diagnosed asthma and residential proximity to traffic. Results of multivariate logistic regression (logOR; 95%CI) confi rmed the effect of living in an area of a city with high-traffic-density on childhood asthma: 1.60 (1.07–2.39). Similar effects were found in case of allergic rhinitis and rhinitis symptoms, but the observed associations were not statistically signifi cant. Conclusion: The study fi ndings suggest that even in an area with poor regional ambient air quality, adverse respiratory health outcomes are more frequent in children living in a proximity to the high vehicle traffic flow

9

Thoughts on Road Traffic Control

75%

Major R., Mészáros G.

Internal Security

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2020

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vol. 12(2)

313-319

EN

The safety of travel on public roads is one of the most important issues to be developed in Hungary and in the European Union. The authors conducted a survey on the current state of the topic in Hungary. They examine the actions undertaken in traffic safety and traffic control in the past years in the country. Vehicle drivers consider regulations on speed limits and overspeeding to be less respectable and acceptable. The absolute transgression of the speed limit, also known as overspeeding, significantly increases the risk of accidents, and also adds to the severity of accidents, considering the majority of the traumas and the occurrence of fatalities in these accidents. Overspeeding is the greatest problem point in road traffic safety issues such as speeding, drunk driving and the use of passive road traffic safety gear. Considering the fatal road accidents in Hungary, it has become evident that the number of absolute overspeeding cases is significantly increasing. Overspeeding plays a significant role in the severity of the accident, especially in cases of unprotected travellers, pedestrians and cyclists. Traffic control is part of influencing the awareness and education of safe travelling. Police traffic control and accident prevention programmes aim to decrease the number of victims of road traffic accidents.

10

Road traffic safety analysis on the example of selected national roads in the Lubelskie Voivodeship

75%

Stefaniak R.

Scientific Journal of the Military University of Land Forces

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2021

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vol. 53

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issue 3(201)

572-584

PL

W artykule ukazano istotę bezpieczeństwa w ruchu drogowym w województwie lubelskim na przykładzie dwóch z najdłuższych oraz najbardziej niebezpiecznych dróg krajowych o numerach 19 i 74, które przebiegają przez wymienione województwo. Celem artykułu jest diagnoza aktualnego stanu bezpieczeństwa w ruchu drogowym w województwie lubelskim oraz określenie szans poprawy tego bezpieczeństwa. Do analizy bezpieczeństwa wykorzystano dane statystyczne Głównego Urzędu Statystycznego w Lublinie, Raporty roczne o wypadkach drogowych Komendy Głównej Policji w Warszawie, Raporty Krajowej Rady Bezpieczeństwa Ruchu Drogowego oraz dokumenty Generalnej Dyrekcji Dróg Krajowych i Autostrad Oddział w Lublinie. Po przeprowadzeniu analizy dokumentów statystycznych, można stwierdzić, że przez województwo lubelskie przebiega dziesięć dróg o zasięgu krajowym. Najdłuższymi drogami są te o numerach 19, 17 i 74. Jednak w skali kraju duże znaczenie jeśli chodzi o bezpieczeństwo w ruchu drogowym mają poddane analizie drogi 19 i 74. Zaobserwowano, że w województwie lubelskim liczba wypadków drogowych z roku na rok spada, zatem liczba ofiar wypadków również ulega zmniejszeniu. Najbardziej niebezpieczną pozostaje droga krajowa 19. Wypadki drogowe najczęściej spowodowane były przez kierujących samochodami osobowymi, poprzez niedostosowanie prędkości do warunków panujących na drodze oraz nieprzestrzeganie pierwszeństwa przejazdu. W Wojewódzkim Programie Poprawy Bezpieczeństwa Ruchu Drogowego w Lublinie zakładano znaczne obniżenie liczby ofiar zabitych i rannych na drogach, niestety po analizie danych statystycznych z przestrzeni lat stwierdzić można, że nie udało się osiągnąć założonego celu, jednak wskaźnik ofiar wypadku uległ poprawie.

EN

The article shows the essence of road safety in the Lubelskie Voivodeship on the example of two longest and most dangerous No. 19 and 74 national roads running through the voivodeship. The article aims to diagnose the current state of road safety in the Lubelskie Voivodeship and identify opportunities for its improvement. The statistical data of the Central Statistical Office in Lublin, annual reports on road accidents of the Police Headquarters in Warsaw, reports of the National Road Safety Council, and documents of the General Directorate for National Roads and Motorways Branch in Lublin were used to analyze the safety. The analysis of the statistical documents allowed the conclusion that ten national roads run through the Lubelskie Voivodeship. Roads No. 9, 17, and 74 are the longest ones. However, on a national scale, roads No. 19 and 74 are of great importance to road safety. It has been observed that the number of road accidents in the Lubelskie Voivodeship is decreasing year by year; thus, the number of accident victims is also falling. The national road No. 19 remains the most dangerous. Passenger car drivers most frequently caused road accidents since they did not adopt the speed to road conditions or obey the right of way. The Provincial Road Safety Improvement Program in Lublin assumed a significant reduction in the number of victims killed and injured on the roads. Unfortunately, after analyzing the statistical data over the years, it can be stated that even though the assumed goal was not achieved, the accident victim rate improved.

11

Searching for alternative possibilities for improving the living conditions of city residents through modifications to traffic flow

63%

Simiński P., Płochocki P., Kravcov A.

Zeszyty Naukowe UPH seria Administracja i Zarządzanie

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2023

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vol. 61

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issue 134

115-122

EN

The identification of best practices in traffic organization and road infrastructure in urban agglomerations indicates their low effectiveness in terms of traffic flow. Through the acquisition and synthesis of available knowledge, this article aims to foreground effective organizational and technical concepts that will help efficiently reduce traffic congestion in urban agglomerations. A modern city or urban area is a system of interconnected elements that influence people’s quality of life; influenced, among other things, by the accessibility of amenities or urban space related to the effort required for mobility, often involving emotional, temporal, and financial costs. People’s movement encounters many limitations related to urban area management. The conducted theoretical research indicates that any effective reduction of traffic congestion in urban agglomerations would require a combination of different organizational and technical solutions. Best practices in traffic organization and road infrastructure include the development of public transport networks, the implementation of intelligent transport systems, variable road pricing, and urban planning that considers traffic flow. Of course, radical restrictions on road traffic in cities are also possible through the utilization of various technical and organizational solutions, such as promoting alternative means of transportation.

PL

Zidentyfikowanie najlepszych praktyk w zakresie organizacji ruchu i infrastruktury drogowej w aglomeracjach miejskich wskazuje na niską ich efektywność w zakresie przepływów w ruchu drogowym. Pozyskanie i synteza dostępnej wiedzy ma na celu opracowanie efektywnych koncepcji organizacyjnych i technicznych rozwiązań, które pomogą w zmniejszeniu występowania korków drogowych w aglomeracjach miejskich. Nowoczesne miasto lub obszar zurbanizowany jest systemem “połączonych naczyń", które wpływają na komfort życia ludzi. Jeden z głównych czynników determinujących satysfakcję z życia w miastach to jakość życia. Podlega on wpływom m.in. dostępności udogodnień lub przestrzeni miejskiej związanej z podejmowaniem wysiłku w celu przemieszczenia się, co często wiąże się z wysiłkiem emocjonalnym, czasowym i kosztowym. Przemieszczanie się ludzi napotyka wiele ograniczeń wynikających z zarządzania obszarem zurbanizowanym. Przeprowadzone badania teoretyczne wskazują, że skuteczne zmniejszenie korków drogowych w aglomeracjach miejskich wymaga kombinacji różnych koncepcji organizacyjnych i technicznych rozwiązań. Najlepsze praktyki w zakresie organizacji ruchu i infrastruktury drogowej obejmują między innymi rozwijanie sieci transportu publicznego, wdrożenie systemów inteligentnego transportu, stosowanie opłat drogowych zmiennych w czasie i planowanie przestrzenne uwzględniające ruch drogowy. Oczywiście autorzy zdają sobie sprawę, że radykalne ograniczenie ruchu drogowego w miastach jest możliwe dzięki wykorzystaniu różnych rozwiązań technicznych i organizacyjnych, takich jak: promowanie alternatywnych środków transportu.

12

Wpływ środków transportu na śmiertelność uczestników ruchu drogowego w Unii Europejskiej

63%

Nepelski M.

Nowa Polityka Wschodnia

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2021

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vol. 4(31)

108-124

RU

комиссии, на что обращается внимание в стратегических документах Европейского Союза. На протяжении многих лет ставились амбициозные цели по сокращению количества дорожно-транспортных происшествий и их смертельных случаев. Годовая статистика подтверждает их постепенное снижение, но не в предполагаемых объемах. Целью исследования, направленного на решение практической задачи, выводы которого вошли в статью, было продемонстрировать влияние транспортных средств на смертность участников дорожного движения в Европейском Союзе. Основная исследовательская проблема, которую предстоит решить с помощью количественного и качественного анализа дорожно-транспортных происшествий в ЕС за 2010-2019 гг., заключалась в следующем: какое влияние оказывают транспортные средства на смертность участников дорожного движения в Европейском союзе? Были расследованы дорожно-транспортные происшествия, произошедшие в 2010-2020 годах во всех государствах-членах. Тем не менее, для детального исследования были использованы статистические сводки о дорожно-транспортных происшествиях за 2010-2019 годы. Причиной того, что в анализе не были учтены данные за 2020 год, была их недостаточная достоверность. По оценкам Европейской комиссии, более низкие объемы движения, связанные с пандемией COVID-19, могли способствовать меньшему количеству дорожно-транспортных происшествий и смертей. Для исследования были отобраны семь основных категорий транспортных средств, попавших в дорожно-транспортные происшествия со смертельным исходом. К ним относятся велосипеды, мопеды, мотоциклы, легковые автомобили, автофургоны, грузовики (<3,5 т), автобусы и междугородние автобусы. В связи со значительной долей пешеходов, пострадавших в ДТП от общего числа погибших, данная категория также была исследована. Проведенное исследование подтвердило, что количество ДТП с участием анализируемых транспортных средств прямо пропорционально влияло на количество погибших, сохраняя процентное соотношение на практически неизменном уровне. Результаты показывают, что цели по сокращению числа погибших на дорогах, поставленные Европейской комиссией, неверны, в частности, перспектива довести до нуля число погибших на дорогах к 2050 году.

EN

Road safety is one of the priorities of the European Commission, which is referred to in strategic documents of the European Union. For many years, ambitious goals have been set to reduce the number of road accidents and their deaths. Annual statistics confirm their gradual decline, but not in the amounts assumed. The aim of the research aimed at solving a practical problem, the conclusions of which were included in the article, was to demonstrate the impact of means of transport on the mortality of road users in the European Union. The main research problem to be solved by the quantitative and qualitative analysis of road accidents in the EU for 2010-2019 was included in the question: What impact do means of transport have on the mortality of road users in the European Union? Road accidents that occurred in 2010-2020 in all Member States were investigated. Nevertheless, statistical data on road accidents for 2010-2019 were used for detailed research. The resignation from the presentation of data for 2020 was caused by the lack of their reliability. The European Commission estimated that lower traffic volumes related to the COVID-19 pandemic could have contributed to fewer road accidents and fatalities. Seven main categories of vehicles that were involved in fatal road accidents were selected for the study. They include bicycles, mopeds, motorcycles, passenger cars, delivery vans, trucks (<3.5t), buses and coaches. Due to the significant share of pedestrians as victims of road accidents in the total number of fatalities, this category was also examined. The conducted research confirmed that the number of road accidents with the participation of the analyzed means of transport had a direct proportional influence on the number of fatalities, while maintaining the percentage ratio at an almost unchanged level. This statement shows that the goals of reducing the number of road fatalities set by the European Commission are incorrect, especially the vision of zero road fatalities by 2050.

13

The importance of the vehicle driver's cognitive processes in shaping road safety

63%

Krzewniak D.

Scientific Journal of the Military University of Land Forces

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2021

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vol. 53

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issue 2(200)

285-302

PL

Przedmiotem artykułu jest bezpieczeństwo ruchu drogowego. Problematyka ta stanowi współcześnie aktualny i niezwykle ważny problem społeczny. Wynika to z faktu, iż rocznie na świecie śmierć na drogach ponosi ponad 1,3 mln ludzi, zaś w samej Polsce ginie ok. 3 tys. osób. Celem artykułu jest omówienie czynników kształtujących bezpieczeństwo ruchu drogowego, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem czynnika ludzkiego i jego złożoności. Postawiono hipotezę zakładającą, że sprawność i charakter procesów poznawczych wpływa na aktywność człowieka podczas ruchu drogowego. Weryfikacji tak sformułowanej hipotezy posłużyły metoda analizy literatury przedmiotu i dostępnych danych statystycznych oraz metoda syntezy. W tekście przedstawiono charakterystykę najważniejszych procesów poznawczych oraz podjęto próbę analizy ich znaczenia dla właściwego funkcjonowania osoby kierującej pojazdem. Jest to kwestia, która wymaga szczególnego wyeksponowania w procesie budowania bezpieczeństwa ruchu drogowego. Badania naukowe i społeczna praktyka wskazują bowiem, że znaczna część zdarzeń drogowych stanowi konsekwencję niewłaściwego odbioru bodźców z otoczenia, przechowywania, przekształcania i wykorzystywania informacji, czyli szeroko rozumianych zaburzeń procesów poznawczych.

EN

The article addresses road traffic safety. The issue constitutes a contemporary and fundamental social problem. That is because over 1.3 million people die on roads annually globally, while in Poland alone about 3,000 people. The article aims to discuss the factors influencing road safety, emphasizing the human factor and its complexity. A hypothesis was made that the efficiency and nature of cognitive processes affect human activity during road traffic. The method of analyzing the subject literature and the available statistical data and the method of synthesis were used to verify the formulated hypothesis. The text presents the characteristics of the most important cognitive processes and attempts to analyze their significance for the proper functioning of the person driving the vehicle. It is an issue that requires particular emphasis in the process of building road safety. Scientific research and social practice indicate that a significant proportion of road accidents result from inappropriate reception of stimuli from the environment and storage, transformation, and use of information, i.e., broadly understood disorders of cognitive processes.

14

Alkohol a wypadki drogowe w Polsce w latach 1975-1984

55%

Gaberle A.

Archiwum Kryminologii

|

1987

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issue XIV

151-200

EN

The basic aim of the study was to investigate the influence of alcohol consumption on the road traffic safety in Poland. For this purpose, statistical data were used, published. by the Road Traffic Department of the Civic Militia Headquarters in the years 1975-1984, as well as the data published in Statistical Yearbooks of the Central Statistical Office for these years. It was impossible to include earlier periods in the analysis as in 1975 the rules of statistical registration of traffic accidents were changed, making the data from before 1975 uncomparable. When analysing the problem of the influence the extent of alcohol consumption has on road traffic safety, attention should be drawn to two problems. Firstly, accidents are caused not only by drunk drivers of vehicles but also by drunk pedestrians. Secondly, the drunkenness of the participants of traffic is not an isolated factor but it acts in correlation with other factors, such as e.g. faulty configuration of the road or wrong organization of road traffic. The taking into account of the above problems complicates the analysis of the discussed subject; however, they should not be left out of consideration. A collision of a car with a pedestrian has for many years now been the most frequent type of a traffic accident in Poland, amounting to 43-45 per cent of all traffic accidents. Moreover, traffic accidents caused by drunk pedestrians constitute 43-50 per cent of all accidents caused by drunk persons. Therefore, the contribution of drunk persons to traffic accidents in Poland is considerable; yet it is very difficult to find out how many drunk pedestrains participate in traffic and, in this connection, what is the relation between the number of such persons and that of accidents they cause. For that matter, such difficulties arise also , when one tries to find out the number of drunk drivers of vehicles as in Poland there are no data available which would make such an estimation possible. In spite of these difficulties, the basic hypothesis has been confirmed, according to which the greater the extent of alcohol consumption, the. Higher the frequency of traffic accidents caused by drunk persons. As shown by a statistical analysis by means of the correlation coefficient, there is a strong direct correlation between the two phenomena (r =0.680). This correlation was true for the years 1975-1980 only, while for the years 1981-1984 the smaller was the extent of alcohol consumption, the greater was the frequency of traffic accidents caused by drunk persons. It should be assumed that this absurd result was caused by the lowering of the official figures on the extent of alcohol consumption in Poland in the years 198l-1984 which did not take into account the consumption of illegally distilled alcohol. An estimation was made of the above figures and thus the approximate actual extent of alcohol consumption in Poland in the years 1981-1984 was established. Also the results of traffic accidents caused by drunk persons were studied. Judged by the number of deaths per accident, they .appeared to be much more serious than those caused by sober participants of traffic. The difference between the results of accidents caused by drunk as compared with sober persons was also found to vary according to whether the drunk perpetrator was a pedestrian or a driver, and what vehicle he was driving in the latter case. For instance, while 0.114 persons per accident died in traffic accidents caused in 1979-1984 b sober pedestrians, the ratio was 0.156 in the case of drunk pedestrians; the respective ratios were 0.116 and 0.191 in the case of sober vs. drunk drivers of passenger cars, and 0.132 and 0.320 in the case of sober vs. drunk drivers of tractors. The distribution of traffic accidents caused by drunk persons according to the time of the day, day of the week and month of the year was also analysed. The yearly distribution of accidents caused by drunk pedestrians appeared to shape differently as compared with accidents caused by drunk drivers. Drunk drivers of vehicles cause the greatest number of accidents in the period from July till October. and drunk pedestrians - from October till January. Also the analysis of the territorial distribution of traffic accidents caused by drunk persons brought interesting results, Drunk pedestrians cause traffic accidents first and foremost in towns (about two thirds of such accidents), in big cities in particular, whereas drunk drivers cause accidents mainly on roads out of towns (about 60 per cent of such accidents). The lack of data concerning the extent of alcohol consumption in the separate voivodships greatly complicated the analysis of the territorial distribution of traffic accidents caused by drunk persons. However, it was possible to arrive at the following conclusion: the number of accidents caused by drunk participants of road traffic per 10.000 of the population of a given voivodship (the index of occurrence of such accidents) depends not only on the extent of alcohol consumption in the voivodship but also to some degree on its urbanization and development of road transport. Particularly in voivodships where a high level of urbanization (measured by the size of the urban population) and a highly developed road transport (measured by the number of persons per one passenger car) is not accompanied by an adequate quality of roads and good organization of road traffic; the large number of accidents caused by drunk persons cannot be explained by a high level of alcohol consumption. Bad road conditions exert the greatest influence on those of the participants of traffic who find it difficult to adapt their behavior1r to the complex situation on the road, i.e. on drunk persons, among others, whose intellectual and psychomotoric efficiency is handicapped due to the effects of alcohol. Bad road conditions may ,,produce" errors committed by drunk participants of traffic, and lead to traffic accidents caused by these persons, thus making the number of such accidents larger than that expected when considering the .number of drunk' participants of road traffic. However. there are voivodships where the factors leading to traffic accidents caused by drunk persons do not seem to be major and yet the number of such accidents is considerable. These are probably the voivodships where the extent of alcohol consumption is particularly high. It should be added that the taking up of the subject included in the title was justified by the seriousness of the problem. In the years 1975-1984, the number of traffic accidents caused by drunk persons was on a constant increase in Poland. While accidents caused by drunk persons constituted 21.5 per cent of all accidents in 1975, their respective share was 26.5 per cent in 1984. Therefore, it is imperative to apply measures that could stop a further growth of this dangerous tendency.

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Daniny publiczne związane z użytkowaniem dróg publicznych i ruchem drogowym w ustroju demokratycznym odrodzonej Polsk

51%

Antonów D.

Studia nad Autorytaryzmem i Totalitaryzmem

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2019

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vol. 41

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issue 4

183-203

EN

The article is devoted to public levies connected with the use of public roads and the road traffic in the democratic system of reborn Poland (i.e. after regaining independence). Problems connected with public roads (first of all financing of building and maintaining the roads) as the elements of politics of democratic Poland in range of its economic restoration in the capitalist economic system after many years of annexation are described in the article. During that period the state collected different charges and other levies from participants of the road traffic and other subjects using public roads in different ways (e.g. industrial companies located by the roads, which use the roads in other way than normal users, that means they often transport heavy things by big vehicles). Takings from the levies were allocated for building and maintenance of public roads. The most important kinds of levies are shown and discussed in the article. An assessment of the politics of Poland in the field of road infrastructure during the first years after regaining independence is also conducted in the article.

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Results of a Study on Aggressive Offenders’ Behavior in Traffic

Macro Models of Vehicle Kilometres Travelled

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Alkohol a wypadki drogowe w Polsce w latach 1975-1984

Daniny publiczne związane z użytkowaniem dróg publicznych i ruchem drogowym w ustroju demokratycznym odrodzonej Polsk