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EN
The article aims to answer several questions: can Polish national anniversaries (from the 19th Century to 1914) be treated as a medium of cultural memory? To what extent can the concept of cultural memory be a useful tool for analysing anniversaries? Do societies remember the national anniversaries, and how do they remember them? The starting point are the concepts of the cultural memory studies researchers. The discussion refers to the ideas on, inter alia, the ways in which cultural memory operates (including the concepts of Aleida Assman and Astrid Erll, as well as the analyses by Paul Connerton). Utilising these studies has enabled an illustration of the issues related directly to the conventions and indicators of anniversaries (here, especially: collective memory, cultural memory and canon, media of collective memory, myth and ritual, ceremonies of remembrance, cultural performances, popular literature / culture and the memory of cultures). Theoretical discussions have been based on examples from the second half of 19th Century and early 20th Century (the press, anniversary pamphlets, anniversary handbooks, printed annotations for transparencies, and finally series of slides). The proposed chronological framework has allowed a depiction of the constancy of commemorative rituals and an examination of specific displays of anniversary celebrations (for example, the cult of heroes of the sword – text dated 19th Century to early 20th Century; among others, Sobieski, Kościuszko, Mickiewicz, Słowacki).
EN
Polish-Russian relations seem to be heavily burdened by historical experience. History in- fluences the present not only indirectly, via historical facts, but also via the ways of commem- orating them. Referring to their memories, social groups strengthen the sense of their own uniqueness and cultural identity. One of the ways to commemorate events are anniversary celebrations accompanied by a certain political rhetoric. The author analyzes the texts, press releases, commentaries and an- niversary speeches given by politicians to commemorate the Katyñ massacre published by the „Gazeta Wyborcza” and „Rzeczpospolita” daily in April 1990, 2000 and 2010. Among the figures of memory identified in the analyzed texts which are typical of the Pol- ish-Russian dialogue concerning the Katyñ issue over the period of 1990–2010, there prevails a certain group of topoi appropriated by the language of politics from Christianity, and pre- cisely from the sacrament of confession. These topoi are based on reconciliation and compen- sation. Other topoi involve those of a victim, righteous Russian or a common field of memory.
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