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Dziewiąta faza w cyklu życia – propozycja rozszerzenia teorii psychospołecznego rozwoju E. H. Eriksona

100%

Bugajska B.

EXLIBRIS Biblioteka Gerontologii Społecznej

2015

issue 1(9)/2015 Duchowość jako kategoria egzystencji i transcendencji w starości

19-36

In the article, I analyze Erik H. Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development, including the ninth stage proposed by J. M. Erikson. I present the author’s understanding of the ninth stage. I try to prove that integrity versus despair is still the crisis of the last stage of life – i.e. with the addition of a ninth stage. Th e crisis of stage eight takes place in the continuum of involvement – resignation. Th e term involvement I understand as the choice of one’s own way of life in the world, in view of a personal development oriented towards the realization of universal values, in accordance with the ethical dimension of the social ethos, with a sense of acceptance of the changes that are the result of the human aging process. Resignation I understand as the second pole dynamizing the confl ict of stage eight, which manifests itself in the fact that no new activities are undertaken or old ones continued by an individual out of the conviction that it is senseless to undertake any activities for his/her own development. Th is crisis is the confrontation with one’s own old age within the dimensions soma, psyche and ethos, when the changes caused by the aging process and the change in the conditions of activity render the previous way of life in the world inadequate and require involvement in form of the search for a new place for oneself. Th e strength that can be engendered by the struggle of the elderly between involvement and resignation is courage. In this acquisition of courage, the elderly should be supported by the geragogy of courage, which I associate with critical gerontology. Society needs the courage of the elderly and their involvement in the ethical preservation of the world.

Transgresja – czy człowiek potrafi siebie przekraczać?

80%

Szewczyk W.

Teologia i Moralność

2014

vol. 9

issue 2(16)

155-165

The development of a man, both the biological but also mental and spiritual one is accom-plished via the impact of genetic, environmental factors, and self-activeness. It is mainly the third of the mentioned factors that determines the direction and the quality of development. However, a question arises – to what extent man can guide himself and go beyond himself, that is overcome biological conditioning and social pressure. According to Professor Józef Kozielecki’s theory, going beyond oneself, that is transgression, is possible. The Author singles out four levels of transgression: the objective one – towards things, the social one – towards people, the symbolic and religious one – towards sym-bols and the self-developmental one – towards oneself. The transgression theory has its practical applications with reference to upbringing, self-upbringing, psychotherapy, spiritual development and religious transcendence.

Rozwój człowieka zarówno na poziomie biologicznym jak i psychicznym dokonuje się w wyniku współdziałania czynników genetycznych, środowiskowych i aktywności własnej. Zdolność i wysiłek transgresji czyli przekraczania siebie w trakcie pokonywania trudności jest znaczącym przejawem dojrzałości osobowościowej.Prof. Józef Kozielecki w swoich opracowaniach na temat transgresji wyróżnia jej czteryformy: transgresja: ku rzeczom, ku ludziom, ku symbolom i ku sobie. Uzasadnia też jej zastosowania praktyczne w wychowaniu i samowychowaniu, w psychoterapii, w życiu etycznym i religijnym.

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1 EXLIBRIS Biblioteka Gerontologii Społecznej

1 Teologia i Moralność

1 Bugajska B.

1 Szewczyk W.

1 2015

1 2014

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Dziewiąta faza w cyklu życia – propozycja rozszerzenia teorii psychospołecznego rozwoju E. H. Eriksona

Transgresja – czy człowiek potrafi siebie przekraczać?