The article presents preliminary research results on the 71st transport with the deportees from France to Auschwitz-Birkenau. Statistical analysis was conducted on a sample of 1502 people. The paper analyses the criterion of age of deportees and the survival rate of women and men. For the research consistency, the situation in Auschwitz-Birkenau at that time and the attitude of the camp authorities towards prisoners in 1944 were outlined. The article also contains biographies of two deportees who managed to survive.
PL
W artykule zostały zaprezentowane wstępne wyniki badań nad 71 transportem z deportowanymi z Francji do Auschwitz-Birkenau. Analizę statystyczną przeprowadzono na próbie 1502 osób. Przeanalizowano kryterium wieku deportowanych, a także współczynnik przeżywalności kobiet i mężczyzn. Dla spójności badań została nakreślona ówczesna sytuacja w Auschwitz-Birkenau oraz stosunek władz obozowych do więźniów w 1944 r. Artykuł zawiera także biogramy dwóch deportowanych, którym udało się przeżyć.
Artykuł traktuje o dziejach Myszyńca w okresie II wojny światowej i okupacji. Ukazuje walki toczone we wrześniu 1939 r. w tym regionie, terror okupanta oraz działalność partyzancką, głównie żołnierzy Armii Krajowej, w osadzie i gminie. Szczególnie wyeksponowana jest rola Kazimierza Stefanowicza – głównego organizatora zbrojnego oporu.
EN
The article deals with the history of Myszyniec during the Second World War and occupation. It shows the battles fought in September 1939 in this region, the terror of the occupant and the guerrilla activity of mainly soldiers of the Home Army in the settlement and the commune. Particularly prominent is the role of Kazimierz Stefanowicz, the main organizer of armed resistance.
During the Second World War, the State Zoological Museum in Warsaw (PMZ) suffered severe losses. Many workers were killed, and parts of the zoological and book collections were stolen by the Germans as early as 1939. The Museum became an important centre of the resistance movement, as it became a storage for weapons, explosives, and chemicals used for sabotage. Despite the repressions, the Museum employees tried to continue their work under the occupation and developed a modern model for the functioning of this institution to be implemented after the war. In the archives of the Museum and Institute of Zoology, a folder was found containing the documentation of the surveys conducted in 1941–1942 on the organisation of work and the future structure of the PMZ. This article presents the first analysis of these documents, which turned out to be a valuable source of information on the functioning of scientific institutions during the occupation, as well as on the history of the PMZ itself.
The Geheime Staatspolizei (Gestapo) – Secret State Police – is considered one of the most criminal formations of the Nazi German state. In the years 1939–1945, it formed a department at the Sicherheitspolizei und SD (Security Police and Security Service) headquarters in Radom, which was the capital of one of the districts of the General Government. Extremally brutal extermination activities carried out by Gestapo officers against the Polish and Jewish population were accompanied by duties related to office work. Completing the fi les as well as creating and systematically supplementing fi les of various types was supposed to ultimately lead to obtaining the complete knowledge of the structures of the Polish resistance movement, and then to its annihilation. The guidelines for offi cial activities issued in 1940 were to systematize the work of Gestapo offi cers, making it more eff ective. Said guidelines cover a range of policing issues, from clerical activities to dealing with agents.
PL
Geheime Staatspolizei (Gestapo), czyli Tajna Policja Państwowa uznawana jest za jedną z najbardziej zbrodniczych formacji nazistowskiego państwa niemieckiego. W latach 1939-1945 tworzyła ona wydział w komendzie Sicherheitspolizei und SD (Policji Bezpieczeństwa i Służba Bezpieczeństwa) w Radomiu, będącym stolicą jednego z dystryktów Generalnego Gubernatorstwa. Prowadzeniu przez funkcjonariuszy Gestapo skrajnie brutalnych działań eksterminacyjnych wobec ludności polskiej i żydowskiej, towarzyszyły obowiązki związane z pracą biurową. Kompletowanie akt oraz tworzenie i systematyczne uzupełnianie kartotek o najróżniejszym charakterze miało doprowadzić docelowo do całkowitego rozpoznania struktur polskiego ruchu oporu, a następnie do jego unicestwienia. Wydane w 1940 r. wytyczne dla czynności służbowych miały usystematyzować pracę funkcjonariuszy Gestapo, czyniąc ją bardziej efektywną. Wytyczne obejmują szereg zagadnień pracy policyjnej, począwszy od czynności kancelaryjnych, a skończywszy na kontaktach z agentami.
Occupation and Gender: New Research Perspectives on German Occupation in Poland World War II radically changed Polish society. Brutal occupation politics and farreaching deportations destroyed social structures and relations. This affected society as a whole and individuals in their social roles. Hence, the occupation of Poland in World War II also had an impact on gender roles and relations. The aim of this article is to re-examine the German occupation of Poland with a focus on the experiences of women and men during occupation. Firstly, I will resume the state of research regarding the experiences of female German occupiers, then looking at (sexual) power relations between the occupied and the occupiers, and then ask for the intrusion of German occupation in the established societal order in regard to gender. The paper aims at resuming the state of research and to open up a panorama of still under-researched questions.
The history of Lutsk underground was created in times of USSR, which is widely used with the ideological aim. The main leaders of this organization were V. Izmailov and P. Savelieva. Soviet underground workers helped prisoners of war and carried out scouting and sabotage work. Intensification of their activities came in 1943. At this time Lutsk underground established a link with partisan platoons of D. Medvedev, M. Prokopyuk, A. Brynskyj and others. According to the official Soviet version, P. Savelieva was arrested by the German secret services and burned alive in the yard of Lutsk prison. This episode was quite widely used by Soviet historians and propagandists. After the collapse of the USSR it was found that documents about Lutsk underground actually were not preserved or they were not put to scientific use. New source base makes radically change not only the opinion, but also highlight the quite different story of the Soviet underground in Lutsk during the Nazi occupation.
Biblijne Księgi Królewskie opisują Izebel, córkę Etbaala, króla Sydonu, która poprzez małżeństwo z królem Achabem stała się królową Izraela. Według Biblii ta cudzoziemska monarchini postawiła sobie za cel przetrącić kręgosłup społeczeństwa izraelskiego, jakim była wiara w Boga JHWH. To w rezultacie zrodziło dwie formy opozycji. Pisząc do Żydów, którzy w tym czasie żyli pod okupacją, autor Ksiąg użył Eliasza i Elizeusza – dwóch proroków przeciwstawiających się Izebel – do dyskusji nad dwoma odmiennymi modelami walki z obcym najeźdźcą. Interesujący jest fakt, iż te same dwa modele są widoczne także w literaturze i filozofii Polski podczas zaborów – jest to podejście romantyczne i pozytywistyczne. Artykuł pokrótce omawia dwa rodzaje walki patriotycznej i przedstawia, jaki model był preferowany przez autora biblijnego, a jaki przez polską elitę pod zaborami.
EN
Biblical Books of Kings depict Jezebel, daughter of Ethbaal, king of Sidon, who through the marriage with King Ahab became a queen over Israel. According to the Bible, the foreign monarch had, as her goal, destroying Yahwistic religion that was the backbone of the Israelite society. Such an attempt raised two forms of opposition. Addressing Jews, who at that time lived under foreign occupation, the author used Elijah and Elisha, two prophets opposing Jezebel, to discuss two different models of fight against foreign invaders. What is interesting, the very same models are present in Polish literature and philosophy of the time when Poland was ruled by foreign powers. It is a romantic and positivistic approach. The article shortly discusses the two models and then shows which model was preferred by the biblical author and which by the Polish elite.
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