Search results

1

Mocenská rétorika panovníků Nové říše ve 2. polovině 18. dynastie

100%

Šichan D.

Pražské egyptologické studie (Prague Egyptological Studies)

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2014

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issue 12

51-55

EN

The text follows a previous article, published in this journal under the title “The rhetoric of power of the rulers of the New Kingdom in the first half of the 18th Dynasty”. The main aim is to conclude the topic and provide an outline for the second half of the 18th Dynasty (about 1400–1300 BC) which represents the peak of the ancient Egyptian foreign policy and particularly diplomacy as one of its tools, as well as the following gradual decline in Egyptian influence in the Near East towards the end of the Dynasty.

2

King, Prophet or Priest? The Charisma of a Consecrated Ruler in the Ottonian Miniatures: Ideological Contents and the Functions of Presentations of the Saxon Dynasty Emperors

100%

Tabor D.

Roczniki Humanistyczne

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2018

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vol. 66

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issue 4: Historia sztuki - Selected Papers in English

7-35

EN

The Polish version of the article was published in “Roczniki Humanistyczne,” vol. 64 (2016), issue 4. The article focuses on miniatures of an enthroned emperor. These are: the miniature showing Otto II from the Registrum Gregorii (Chantilly, Musée Condé, MS 14), two miniatures from the so-called Gospels of Otto III (Munich, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Clm. 4453)—one showing Otto III and the other one showing the allegories of the provinces of the empire, two miniatures (Otto II and the provinces) contained in the Gospels bound in the code also containing works by Flavius Josephus (Bamberg, Staatsbibliothek, Class. 79) and the miniature with the figure of Otto III found in the Liuthar Gospels, also called the Aachener Evangeliars (Aachen, Domshatz). The pictures were studied by Percy Ernst Schramm, Piotr Skubiszewski, Henry Mayr-Harting, Wolfgang Christian Schneider, Ludger Körntgen, Hagen Keller and Eric Palazzo. Exaltation of the emperor has its precedents in the Carolingian art. Placing the royal space in the upper gallery of the Palatine Chapel in Aachen and the miniature showing the exalted Charles the Bald in the Count Vivian Bible witness to the Carolingian approach to the person of the ruler. The sources of the consecration of an exalted ruler over bishops and princes in miniatures should be looked for in the theological-political views of the epoch. Hincmar, Archbishop of Reims, Smaragdus, Alcuin and Thietmar of Merseburg define the ruler as one chosen and anointed by God for ruling the people. However, the exaltation of the ruler should be looked for in the liturgy of the consecration of the king that is documented in the Pontifical Romano-Germanique. The most important act of this liturgy is the anointing, unction, practiced during the consecration prayer. The image of the enthroned emperor mirrors the moment of the liturgy in which the consecrated one, after being anointed and handed the regalia, ascends the throne in the apse, led there by the metropolitans and princes. The anointing is derived from the Old Testament consecration of kings, prophets and judges. However, the consecration of a king is different from the consecration of a bishop, presbyter or deacon, so defining the anointed king as a sacerdos is unjustified. The image of the bishop consecrated and exalted on the pattern of a ruler also appears in the Ottonian art—in the Psalterium Egberti and the Codex Egberti. The analysed and interpreted pictures are put in the context of the set of Christological miniatures found in liturgical books where the mentioned miniatures appear. It follows from the above statements that the figure of the ruler as one who listens to God’s Word, and the figure of the ruler who is not a type of Christ, but should be shaped on the pattern of Christ, are the basic features of the contents of all the four miniatures.

3

Spolubratr císař : Habsburští panovníci v matrikách barokních náboženských bratrstev v českých zemích

88%

Mikulec J., Reischlová D.

Folia historica Bohemica

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2019

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vol. 34

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issue 2

279-319

EN

The study deals with the topic of inscribing the Habsburg Monarchy rulers and their family members into registers of the members of religious confraternities which existed in the Bohemian Lands during the period 1620–1750. The study follows from a sample of 26 confraternities in the registers of which there is evidenced at least one entry made personally by the ruler. It studies the reasons why the heads of the Habsburg Monarchy made these entries. It also discusses the importance of their entries in the registers for the individual confraternities as well as the circumstances under which these entries were made. The study also deals with the question of whether the rulers’ membership in the given religious confraternities, which ensued from the inscription into the given registers, was only symbolic and purely formal, or if it could practical implications as well. The cases when the confraternities claimed that they were protected by the ruler, although no evidence of the ruler being inscribed in the register existed, are discussed as well.

4

Sny oświeconych o szczęśliwym społeczeństwie (z zawartości czasopism rosyjskich drugiej połowy XVIII – początku XIX wieku)

75%

Dąbrowska M.

Studia Interkulturowe Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej

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2018

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vol. 11

140-153

PL

The article presents the literary descriptions of dreams, which were published in the Russian periodicals of the Enlightenment period: 1. The happy society: a dream by Alexander Sumarokov (“Trudolubivaya pchela”, 1759), 2. A dream by Sergey Domashnev (“Poleznoye uveselenye”, 1761), 3. A dream by Ivan Bakhtin, A dream by Timofey Voskresensky and A dream by Ivan Trunin (“Irtysh, prevrashchaiushchiisia v Ippokrenu”, 1789–1790). The works present an image of a good ruler, a happy society and an educational role of poetry.

5

Ferdinand I. und seine erste Begegnung mit dem Königreich Böhmen und Prag 1527 im Spiegel der zeitgenössischen Flugblätter und Flugschriften

75%

Hubková J.

Historie – Otázky – Problémy (History, Issues, Problems)

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2015

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vol. 7

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issue 2

42-59

EN

The author examines leaflet publicity and the relationship between Ferdinand I and the city of Prague. Her prime focus is on most of German leaflets concerning the journey of Ferdinand and Anne Jagiello from Vienna to Prague (1527), acceptance of the royal pair by the Crown towns and estates in Bohemia and Moravia, the entry into the capital, the King’s and Queen’s coronation, and the subsequent festivities. She briefly mentions other relevant types of leaflet publicity concerning the ruler, documenting events in Prague, and the city’s transformations under his rule.

6

Król, prorok czy kapłan ? Charyzmat konsekrowanego władcy w miniaturach ottońskich: treści ideowe i funkcje przedstawień cesarzy dynastii saskiej

63%

Tabor D.

Roczniki Humanistyczne

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2016

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vol. 64

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issue 4: Historia sztuki

5-32

PL

Przedmiotem artykułu są miniatury przedstawiające cesarza w majestacie. Są to: miniatura z przedstawieniem Ottona II z Registrum Gregorii (Chantilly, Musée Condé, MS 14),dwie miniatury z tzw. Ewangeliarza Ottona III (Monachium, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Clm. 4453) – przedstawiająca Ottona III oraz przedstawiająca alegorie krain, dwie miniatury (Otto II i krainy) znajdujące się w ewangeliarzu oprawionym w kodeksie zawierającym również dzieła Józefa Flawiusza (Bamberg, Staatsbibliothek, Class. 79) oraz miniatura z postacią Ottona III, umieszczona w Ewangeliarzu Liutara, zwanego ewangeliarzem akwizgrańskim (Aachen, Domschatz). Obrazy te były przedmiotem badań Percy Ernsta Schramma, Piotra Skubiszewskiego, Henry'ego Mayr-Hartinga, Wolfganga Christiana Schneidera, Ludgera Körntgena, Hagen Keller oraz Erica Palazzo. Wywyższenie cesarza ma swoje precedensy w sztuce karolińskiej. Usytuowanie miejsca cesarskiego w drugiej kondygnacji na emporze kaplicy pałacowejw Akwizgranie oraz miniatura z przedstawieniem wywyższonego Karola Łysego w Biblii Viviana dają świadectwo karolińskiemu podejściu do osoby władcy. Źródeł konsekracji władcy wywyższonego ponad biskupów i książąt w miniaturach należy szukać w poglądach teologiczno-politycznych epoki. Hinkmar z Reims. Samaragdus, Alkuin oraz Thietmar z Merseburga określają władcę jako wybranego i namaszczonego przez Boga do rządzenia ludem. Wywyższenia władcy należy jednak upatrywać w liturgii konsekracji króla, udokumentowanej w Pontifical Romano-Germanique. Najważniejszym aktem tej liturgii jest namaszczenie, unctio, dokonywane w kontekście modlitwy konsekracyjnej. Obraz tronującego cesarza odzwierciedla moment liturgii, w którym konsekrowany po namaszczeniu i wręczeniu insygniów zasiada na tronie w absydzie, zaprowadzony tam przez metropolitów i książąt. Namaszczenie wywodzi się ze starostementowej konsekracji królów, proroków i sędziów. Konsekracja królewska różni się jednak od konsekracji biskupa, prezbitera i diakona, tak wiec nieuzasadnione jest określanie namaszczonego króla sacerdos. Obraz konsekrowanego i wywyższonego na wzór władcy biskupa pojawia się również w sztuce ottońskiej – w Psalterium Egberti oraz Codex Egberti. Analizowane i interpretowane obrazy są osadzone w kontekście zbioru miniatur chrystologicznych występujących w księgach liturgicznych, w których pojawiają się wymienione miniatury. Wynika z tego, że zasadniczymi rysami treści wszystkich czterech miniatur jest postać władcy jako słuchacza słowa Bożego oraz postać władcy, który nie jest typem Chrystusa, lecz ma być kształtowany na wzór Chrystusa.

EN

The miniatures showing the enthroned emperor are the subject of the article. These are: the miniature showing Otto II from the Registrum Gregorii (Chantilly, Musée Condé, MS 14), two miniatures from the so-called Gospels of Otto III (Munich, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Clm. 4453) – one showing Otto III and the other one showing the allegories of the provinces of the empire, two miniatures (Otto II and the provinces) contained in the Gospels bound in the code also containing works by Flavius Josephus (Bamberg, Staatsbibliothek, Class. 79) and the miniature with the figure of Otto III found in the Liuthar Gospels, also called the Aachener Evangeliars (Aachen, Domshatz). The pictures were studied by Percy Ernst Schramm, Piotr Skubiszewski, Henry Mayr-Harting, Wolfgang Christian Schneider, Ludger Körntgen, Hagen Keller and Eric Palazzo. Exaltation of the emperor has its precedents in the Carolingian art. Placing the royal space in the upper gallery of the Palatine Chapel in Aachen and the miniature showing the exalted Charles the Bald in the Count Vivian Bible witness to the Carolingian approach to the person of the ruler. The sources of the consecration of an exalted ruler over bishops and princes in miniatures should be looked for in the theological-political views of the epoch. Hincmar, Archbishop of Reims, Smaragdus, Alcuin and Thietmar of Merseburg define the ruler as one chosen and anointed by God for ruling the people. However, the exaltation of the ruler should be looked for in the liturgy of the consecration of the king that is documented in the Pontifical Romano-Germanique. The most important act of this liturgy is the anointing, unction, practiced during the consecration prayer. The image of the enthroned emperor mirrors the moment of the liturgy in which the consecrated one, after being anointed and handed the regalia, ascends the throne in the apse, led there by the metropolitans and princes. The anointing is derived from the Old Testament consecration of kings, prophets and judges. However, the consecration of a king is different from the consecration of a bishop, presbyter or deacon, so defining the anointed king as sacerdos is unjustified. The image of the bishop consecrated and exalted on the pattern of a ruler also appears in the Ottonian art – in the Psalterium Egberti and the Codex Egberti. The analyzed and interpreted pictures are put in the context of the set of Christological miniatures found in liturgical books where the mentioned miniatures appear. It follows from the above statements that the figure of the ruler as one who listens to God’s Word, and the figure of the ruler who is not a type of Christ, but should be shaped on the pattern of Christ, are the basic features of the contents of all the four miniatures.

7

Imagistyka społeczno-kulturowa w średniowiecznej Serbii, czyli o strategii budowania wizerunku serbskich panujących

63%

Lis-Wielgosz I.

Przegląd Wschodnioeuropejski

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2020

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vol. 2

31-46

EN

In the article, a phenomenon of promotion and marketing in the medieval Serbia was discussed, as well as the strategies of creating a specific, desired and functional image of the ruling dynasties. Due to this, the basic communication practices were recalled that is, a management of impression, building the so-called brand (social, political, cultural property of the dynasty, its family pattern), and also specifically conceived branding itself (that is, a management of consciousness and value of the dynastic brand), what ultimately proved that the lineage of social-cultural usage of images, along with the models and devices serving the politics of public relations is deeply rooted in the middle ages. The phenomenon of promotion and marketing in the medieval Serbia was presented on the basis of the medieval Serbian literature, hagiography, hymnography, historiography, and iconographic implementations were also included. The article presents images of rulers and dynasties prevailing in the historical, religious and ideological context, the phenomenon of promotion and marketing in the context of characteristic ideological structures, such as state and church tradition, imperial-monastic tradition, charismatic dynasty, sanctity of the ruling family, land and the Serbian nation e.t.c. The timeless phenomenon of promotion and marketing has been presented as a lasting component of shaping the culture model of the medieval Serbia.

8

Kuningavoim ja kuninglik templipoliitika Sumeris ja Akkadis 2500–2154 eKr

51%

Sazonov V.

Mäetagused

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2015

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vol. 60

71-94

EN

In this article, the author has raised a few questions concerned with the relations of rulers and temples: temple politics of the rulers of the Late Presargonic period (the Early Dynastic III, ca. 2500–2335 BCE) and the Sargonic period (2334–2154 BCE) in Sumer and Akkad. The first written records of the subdual of the main temples and sanctuaries by Sumer rulers date back to not earlier than ca 2500–2400 BCE, but this politics of subjection still remained irregular until the end of the Early Dynastic Period and it was not yet a strong ruling instrument used by kings. It seems that during this period these politics were not yet regularly applied by rulers and only some Early Dynastic kings sometimes used them. However, the situation changed dramatically when Sargon of Agade established the Akkadian Empire in the late 24th century BCE. The Akkadian kings (Sargonids) were the first rulers in the Mesopotamian region who had established a large territorially centralised state with its own administrative system and a relatively complex bureaucracy. On the hierarchical top of the state administration was a strong and powerful king with unlimited power, who was sometimes even deified (e.g. the case of Narām-Su’en of Akkad). The unifying politics of the Akkadian kings were carried out in all spheres of statehood, ideology, and, of course, cult. For that reason, the Sargonic kings tried to unify the calendar systems and rituals. They also tried to create a unified Sumero-Akkadian pantheon that was meant to be universal for all the inhabitants of the empire. Undoubtedly, the Akkadian kings wished to control the peripheral regions of their kingdom. This was the time when the unification of the measurement system also took place. Certainly some important changes occurred in the state’s religious politics – the subjection of priesthood and the most influential temples of the Akkadian state. Sargon and his successors – kings of Akkad – systematically assigned their daughters and sons or other relatives to key positions in temple hierarchies as top administrators, or high priests or priestesses. They wanted to keep the main cults of their state entirely under control, but also to control temples economically, because some temples were quite rich and owned treasuries, slaves, cattle, and land. This became part of the new centralised political course or, to be more exact, the political programme of the Sargonic kings.

9

O cnocie w Ikones książąt i królów polskich Jana Głuchowskiego

51%

Słomka vel Słomiński K.

Meluzyna. Dawna Literatura i Kultura

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2019

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vol. 2 (11)

35-52

EN

“Vitae Regum Polonorum” by Klemens Janicki (Clemens Ianicius) (1516–1543) based on the Polish tradition of describing Polish rulers. This genre flourishes at the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries. The numerous translations and paraphrases of the Ianicius’ cycle were created then, including published in 1605, “Icones of Polish princes and kings” (“Ikones książąt i królów polskich”) by Jan Głuchowski (?–1604), who, based on the various rhetorical measures, repeatedly emphasized the role of virtue in the system of ruler’s values, and also formulated its definitions. It appears in the enumeration alongside other monarch attributes, but in different configurations. It also functions in the description of the ruler’s qualities as the culmination of other values. The definitions of virtue were built by Głuchowski using comparisons where he made tendecious associations, such as identification with a jewel. The highest value also appears in apophthegm formulations. Głuchowski most often drew on the proverbs that were popular in the literature at that time, modifying them to emphasize the content.

10

Moncu – válečník v době 18. dynastie

51%

Šichan D.

Pražské egyptologické studie (Prague Egyptological Studies)

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2019

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issue 22

81-94

EN

The article deals with the role of the warlike god Montu within the framework of the power ideology of Eighteenth Dynasty rulers based on the interpretation of written as well as iconographic sources. According to the author, the preserved testimony calls for a more detailed evaluation of Montu’s position as a warlike deity in close connection with the military enterprises of Eighteenth Dynasty rulers. The current combat character of Montu acquires a new dimension, which logically derives from the New Kingdom warfare. Although the direct references to Montu as a combative deity are surprisingly not numerous for the discussed period, these examples provide clear evidence of the unprecedentedly varied expression apparatus in written and iconographic form relating to this god. In this respect, the Eighteenth Dynasty represents an imaginery peak which later undoubtedly served as an inspirational source for the expressive means, not only in the case of Montu. The sovereign as a warrior no longer accepts passively the abilities of the deity but becomes Montu himself. The cultic and ideological interaction between Montu and the dynastic god Amun is also discussed which directly leads to effort to adequately describe their common features and, above all, to emphasize the differences in capturing their militant qualities. Moreover, the author contemplates the possible impact of the cult of Montu’s bull in Armant, Tod, Medamud and Waset on the development of the royal titulary at the very beginning of the Eighteenth Dynasty (the appearance of the new element kA nxt, “the winning bull”, in the Horus name). Remarkable is the absence of Montu’s combative role in textual as well as iconographic sources concerning the first five rulers of the Dynasty (from Ahmose II to Hatshepsut). It is the question whether this new element in the titulary of these monarchs, who were very active militarily, did not reflect the aforementioned cult of the bull in some way and if the worship of Montu’s warlike character figuratively adverts to their actually waged wars.

CS

Text se pokouší přiblížit jedinečnou úlohu boha Moncua v rámci mocenské ideologie panovníků 18. dynastie. Z písemných a ikonografických pramenů vyplývá, že v souvislosti s přelomovou zahraniční politikou, doprovázenou zaznamenanými válečnými operacemi, nebývale vzrostl válečnický význam Moncua a to především z hlediska jeho vnímání v rámci panovnické ideologie a propagandy. Ačkoliv přímé odkazy na bojovného Moncua nejsou v daném kontextu pro pojednávané období překvapivě početné, přesto podávají jednoznačné svědectví o nebývale pestrém výrazovém aparátu v písemné a ikonografické podobě, který se k válečnickému Moncuovi vztahuje. 18. dynastie v tomto směru představuje pomyslný vrchol, který později nepochybně sloužil jako inspirativní zdroj vyjadřovacích prostředků, a to nejen v případě Moncua. Na základě pramenné analýzy lze konstatovat, že dosavadní bojovný aspekt božstva byl značně rozvinut a že nově pojímaný Moncu je v podstatě logickým výsledkem novoříšského válečnictví. Panovník na bitevním poli či na tažení již nepřijímá pouze pasivně schopnosti bojovného božstva, nýbrž se stává aktivně jednajícím samotným Moncuem. Autor se vzhledem k výše uvedenému také zamýšlí nad komparací rolí Moncua a dynastického boha Amona coby božstev s obsahově analogickými bojovnými aspekty a pokouší se pojmenovat jejich společné rysy a především zdůraznit odlišnosti v zachycení jejich bojovných vlastností. V závěru je v hypotetické rovině načrtnuta (doposud archeologicky přímo neprokázaná) možnost vlivu kultu býka jakožto Moncuovy animální pozemské personifikace, existujícího v jeho kultovních centrech v Armantu, Tódu, Medamúdu a Vesetu, na vznik nového prvku v Horově jméně na počátku 18. dynastie (kA nxt, „vítězný býk“). Nápadná je také dosavadní absence textových a ikonografických odkazů k válečnickému Moncuovi u prvních vládců 18. dynastie. V této souvislosti je otázkou, zdali v případě těchto panovníků, kteří byli vojensky velmi činorodí, nově přijatý element v panovnické titulatuře nějakým způsobem nereflektoval zmíněný kult býka a přeneseně také uctívání Moncuova bojovného charakteru.

11

Geneza hegemoni – implikacja terminu na podstawie Machiavellego oraz analiza hegemoni wybranych państw na przestrzeni wieków

51%

Brysiak K., Elak L., Zygo K.

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2022

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vol. 17

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issue 19 (2)

63-87

EN

The analysis of Niccolò Machiavelli’s The Prince allowed the Authors to draw conclusions regarding the hegemony and its main factors such as lands, the army and the ruler which, under the influence of time and changing conditions on the international arena, turned into power and military, economic, technological as well as information development, and arrangements and alliances in the international arena. The assessment of the reign of Ancient Rome, Sparta, the Ottoman Empire, Spain, France and Great Britain, in the times when these countries had strong international positions, allows to support the analyzed hegemonic factors with examples. Concluding, the Authors also show how the intensity of the discussed geopolitical factors affects the duration of hegemony of these countries. Learning from the experience of previous hegemons makes it possible to exclude mistakes that lead to the weakening of the country’s position. Exercising power over the whole world requires the hegemon to be constantly prudent and vigilant to crisis situations inside and outside the country in order to ensure a sense of security for citizens.

PL

Analiza dzieła Niccolò Machiavellego Książe pozwoliła Autorom na wysnucie wniosków odnoszących się do hegemoni i jej głównych czynników, jakimi są ziemie, wojsko oraz władca, które pod wpływem czasu i zmieniających się warunków na arenie międzynarodowej przeistoczyły się we władzę, rozwój militarny, ekonomiczny, technologiczny i informacyjny oraz układy i sojusze na arenie międzynarodowej. Ocena panowania Starożytnego Rzymu, Sparty, Imperium Osmańskiego, Hiszpanii, Francji oraz Wielkiej Brytanii w czasach, w których państwa te posiadały silną pozycję, pozwala na oparcie przykładami czynników hegemonicznych przeanalizowanych przez Autorów. Wnioskując Autorzy również pokazują, w jaki sposób intensywność omawianych czynników geopolitycznych wpływa na czas trwania hegemonii przez te państwa. Czerpanie wiedzy z doświadczeń poprzednich hegemonów daje możliwość wykluczenia błędów, które doprowadzają do osłabienia pozycji kraju. Sprawowanie władzy nad całym światem wymaga od hegemona nieustannej roztropności i czujności na występujące sytuacje kryzysowe wewnątrz, jak i za granicami państwa, aby zapewnić poczucie bezpieczeństwa obywatelom.

12

About the terms concerning the ruler and the state in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the epoch of Mindaugas` reign

38%

Ryier Y.

Wschodni Rocznik Humanistyczny

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2020

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vol. XVII (2020)

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issue 3: Dwór w Rzeczypospolitej i państwach ościennych, pod red. Artura Goszczyńskiego i A. Selina

31-44

EN

The article deals with the terminology that can characterize the image of the ruler and the state in the epoch of Mindaugas` reign. The controversial character of the problem is pointed out. The necessity of the complex methodological approach to the investigation is highlighted. The terms found in the narrative sources relating Mindaugas and his state are analyzed. The synthesis of traditions of the ideas of the power and of the state as well as their unfixed character in the early Grand Duchy of Lithuania is shown

RU

Статья посвящена терминологии, характеризующей представления о правителе и государстве в период правления Миндовга. Указывается дискуссионный характер проблемы. Подчеркивается необходимость комплексного методологического подхода к изучению вопроса. Анализируются понятия, используемые в нарративных источниках в отношении Миндовга и его государства. Показывается синтез представлений о власти и государстве и неоформленный характер терминов, используемых в отношении монарха в раннем Великом Княжестве Литовском.

PL

Artykuł poświęcono problemom terminologii, stosowanej dla określenia władcy i państwa w okresie rządów Mendoga. Podkreśla się w nim złożoność problemu oraz potrzebę interdyscyplinarnych badań nad nim. Przeanalizowana została terminologia, występująca w źródłach narracyjnych dla określenia Mendoga i jego państwa. Przeprowadzono także syntezę sformułowań odnoszący się do władzy i państwa oraz ukazano luki w terminologii wykorzystywanej dla charakterystyki monarchy w Wielkim Księstwie Litewskim na początkowym etapie jego istnienia.

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Mocenská rétorika panovníků Nové říše ve 2. polovině 18. dynastie

King, Prophet or Priest? The Charisma of a Consecrated Ruler in the Ottonian Miniatures: Ideological Contents and the Functions of Presentations of the Saxon Dynasty Emperors

Spolubratr císař : Habsburští panovníci v matrikách barokních náboženských bratrstev v českých zemích

Sny oświeconych o szczęśliwym społeczeństwie (z zawartości czasopism rosyjskich drugiej połowy XVIII – początku XIX wieku)

Ferdinand I. und seine erste Begegnung mit dem Königreich Böhmen und Prag 1527 im Spiegel der zeitgenössischen Flugblätter und Flugschriften

Król, prorok czy kapłan ? Charyzmat konsekrowanego władcy w miniaturach ottońskich: treści ideowe i funkcje przedstawień cesarzy dynastii saskiej

Imagistyka społeczno-kulturowa w średniowiecznej Serbii, czyli o strategii budowania wizerunku serbskich panujących

Kuningavoim ja kuninglik templipoliitika Sumeris ja Akkadis 2500–2154 eKr

O cnocie w Ikones książąt i królów polskich Jana Głuchowskiego

Moncu – válečník v době 18. dynastie

Geneza hegemoni – implikacja terminu na podstawie Machiavellego oraz analiza hegemoni wybranych państw na przestrzeni wieków

About the terms concerning the ruler and the state in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the epoch of Mindaugas` reign