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1

Korelacja poszczególnych rodzajów sankcji a ukierunkowanie działań jednostki na określony typ zachowań

100%
Stęchły M.
Przegląd Prawa Publicznego
|
2012
|
issue 10
109-112
EN
The article is a reflection on the effectiveness of different types of sanctions and consequences connected with their application. It shows an idea, which may make changes in the legal system, with the use of awards, which can make a wider sphere of operation for the individual in society. This text is also an encouragement to think about the general idea of sanction itself, how it came into being and why we use it.
2

Unieważnienie umowy zawartej w trybie przetargu (art. 70[5] k.c.)

100%
Mazur K.
Kwartalnik Prawa Prywatnego
|
2016
|
vol. 25
|
issue 1
153-173
EN
Article 70[5] of the Civil Code gives an opportunity to invalidate a contract which was concluded as a result of a faulty tender or an auction, when someone affected a result of the tender or the auction contrary to a law or a a good will. There are three types of problems connented with the article 70[5] of the Civil Code. First: is the formulation of the article 70[5] proper? Second: is a range of an usage of article 70[5] accurate? Finally, third: is an invalidity of the contract an effective and proportional sanction? The article attempts to give an answer to foregoing questions.
3
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The war in Ukraine and the risk of low impact of Western sanctions imposed on Russia

100%
Pera J.
Central European Review of Economics & Finance
|
2023
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vol. 44
|
issue 3
99-124
EN
In 2022, the Russian Federation became the most sanctioned country on Earth due to its full-scale invasion of Ukraine. The aim of this article is to measure the effectiveness of the economic sanctions adopted against the Russian Federation. The research main hypothesis was the following: the impact of Western sanctions imposed on Russia caused by the war in Ukraine remains low.  The research methodology was based on literature research and a linear regression model with two variables: dependent and independent. The results of the study lead to the following conclusions: 1.Sanctions adopted on Russia since 2014 and since 2022 have a direct negative impact on Russian trade (imports and exports in value) with the EU countries and the US. 2.Sanctions adopted against Russia since 2014 and 2022 have a direct negative impact on its trade (imports and exports in value) with the trade partners that have a neutral position concerning the war.
4

Uwagi na tle kodeksowej regulacji kar administracyjnych

88%
Majczak P.
Prawo
|
2017
|
issue 323
67-76
XX
On 1 June 2017 an amendment to the Code of Administrative Procedure entered into force. The amendment introduced new legal solutions that will speed up administrative procedures and make procedures more efficient. The amendment introduces extensive changes, including administrative penalties. According to the new provisions, during making the decision on penalties, the body is obliged to take into account the circumstances of the case, such as gravity of the offence, fact of previous punishment for the same behavior or the personal conditions of party. It shall be noted that another regulations imposes mandatory withdrawal from punishment in case on occurring at least one of the premises indicated in the provision. This amendment introduces also 5-year limitation period for sentencing the party and its execution.
5
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The Impact of International Sanctions upon Iran’s Economy after the Revolution

88%
Salar F.
Polish Journal of Political Science
|
2015
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vol. 1
|
issue 4
64-83
EN
There has been a disambiguate question that how would be the futuristic developments and consequences of lifting the current sanctions from Iran since the successful negotiations of the P5+1 group with Iran over the country’s nuclear program. This paper strives to answer the raised question and demonstrate the starting point of the conflict as well as how the international community’s concerns escalated throughout the past decades which eventually led to imposing international sanctions on the country’s economy. In addition, the paper will offer a brief historical background about Iran’s nuclear activities and its developments in order to help readers a deeper understanding of the topic. At the end, the author will draw his conclusion about the impact of lifting sanctions from Iran’s economy both domestically and internationally.
6

Przestępstwa przeciwko ochronie informacji niejawnych i innych prawnie chronionych

88%
Depo J.
Zeszyt Naukowy Apeiron
|
2011
|
issue 6
171–186
EN
Author of this article, relying on the Classified Information Protection Act from 5th of July 2010, describes, that protected information are those, which disclosure may cause serious harm for the Republic of Poland (among other thing, threat to national security, disrupt of the functioning of the judiciary, adverse impact on the functioning of the national economy or interfere to current foreign politics of the Republic of Poland). Depending on the kind of harm, that disclosure of certain information may cause, specific data are accompanied by the relevant clauses – “secret”, “top secret”, “confident” or “restricted”. Disclosure or abuse (understood here as to use in unlawful manner) classified information implies sanction of law. They may vary depending on public function of the person. The Act provides penalties for offenses, which concern classified and other legally protected information, which are the result of unlawful obtaining of such information or obstructing to become acquainted with it. Author also draws attention to offenses associated with computerized data – their destruction or disruption of the entire system is liable to penalty. There is also illicit, to make computer programs, which are adjusted to commit offenses referred to Classified Information Protection Act. Other acts, which helps to protect safety of information, and which are mentioned by author, are: Banking Law, Personal Data Protection Act and Act on Counteraction Money Laundering and Terrorism Founding.
7
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Theorien zur sozialen Kontrolle und der geselschaftlichen Rolle derhelfenden Berufe

75%
Lenka Lachytova L.
Scientific Bulletin of Chełm - Section of Pedagogy
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2012
|
issue 1
113-120
EN
In this article, the terms used are discussed. This first is a survey requiring some significant theoretical approaches to the explanation of social control, the normative ideas of social integration, the dialectic of inclusion and exclusion or inclusion and exclusion as well as the social role of helping professions in which the social work – in relation to pedagogy, psychology, law, or medicine –has an increasingly important position. Social control in this article simply is not as a repressive instrument, which can lead to stigmatization and social exclusion, but also as a socially critical approach to the analysis of the functions of social institutions.
8
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The U.S. Economic War under the Donald Trump Administration

75%
Furgacz P.
|
2023
|
vol. XX
|
issue 2
79-100
EN
Though the use of economic war for realization of U.S. policy goals has a long history, it seems that the former U.S. president Donald Trump was definitely inclined to resort to this instrument of foreign policy more often and on bigger scale than his predecessors. The economic war appeared to be the favourite foreign policy tool of the Donald Trump. The Trump presidential administration clearly preferred economic over conventional war. The White House under the Trump was determined to withdraw its military involvement in the Middle East and other regions of the globe replacing it with severe economic pressure on its opponents and adversaries. The tools of economic war – primarily economic sanctions – were employed by Washington in recent years against the Russian Federation, the People’s Republic of China, the Islamic Republic of Iran, Turkey and Venezuela. Over the decades the U.S. intelligence community mastered the economic war tools to provoke bank runs, increased inflation, currency collapse, and shortages of crucial imported products or the combination of the above mentioned things for the purpose of destabilization of targeted economies and regimes. Washington particularly often takes advantage of the dominant position of U.S. dollar in the global economy and its control of the global dollar financial transfers system as a powerful economic weapon. However, the frequent usage of this weapon makes the targeted states inclined to de-dollarize as far as possible and as quickly as possible, which would be unbeneficial to the U.S. eventually.
9
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Stawka sankcyjna w podatku od spadków i darowizn

63%
Drzewiecki R.
Doradztwo Podatkowe Biuletyn Instytutu Studiów Podatkowych
|
2023
|
vol. 12(328)
9-12
EN
Donation is a legal tool often used between immediate family members, and undoubtedly facilitates the movement of wealth within the family circle, especially since for the immediate family such an operation is completely taxneutral (provided the donation is reported to the head of the relevant tax office). However, during tax audits, some taxpayers, in order to demonstrate the source of their assets, decided to refer to the donation received and thus show where the received assets came from, with a common practice being to refer to donations that were supposed to have been made many years before the audit. This solution was „cheaper” for taxpayers than paying tax on income from undisclosed sources. In order to counteract these practices, the legislator decided to introduce into the Inheritance and Gift Tax Law an institution commonly referred to as a criminal sanction for referring during a tax inspection to a donation received. The intention of the legislature was to curb the practice invoked earlier. However, the provision introducing the so-called criminal sanction still raises some doubts today, which also had to be resolved by administrative courts. For this reason, the article discusses not only the current state of the law and the resulting interpretative doubts, but also presents the author’s de lege ferenda postulates.
PL
Darowizna to narzędzie prawne często stosowane przez członków najbliższej rodziny, które bez wątpienia ułatwia przepływ majątku pomiędzy nimi, zwłaszcza że taka operacja jest dla nich całkowicie neutralna podatkowo (pod warunkiem zgłoszenia darowizny naczelnikowi właściwego urzędu skarbowego). Jednakże podczas kontroli podatkowych część podatników jako źródło pochodzenia majątku wskazywała otrzymaną darowiznę, przy czym częstą praktyką było powoływanie się na darowizny, do których dokonania miało dojść wiele lat przed przeprowadzaną kontrolą. Rozwiązanie to było dla podatników „tańsze” niż płacenie podatku od dochodów z nieujawnionych źródeł. Aby przeciwdziałać tym praktykom, ustawodawca zdecydował się na wprowadzenie do ustawy z dnia 28 lipca 1983 r. o podatku od spadków i darowizn1 instytucji nazywanej potocznie sankcją karną za powołanie się w toku kontroli podatkowej na otrzymaną darowiznę. Intencją ustawodawcy było ukrócenie wspomnianych wcześniej praktyk. Jednakże przepis wprowadzający ową sankcję karną do dzisiaj wzbudza pewne wątpliwości, które musiały być także rozstrzygane przez sądy administracyjne. Z tego też względu w artykule omówiono nie tylko obowiązujący stan prawny i wynikające z niego wątpliwości interpretacyjne, ale również przedstawiono postulaty de lege ferenda autora.
10
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Kształtowanie się pojęcia przestępstwa w systemie prawa kanonicznego

63%
Burchard Ł.
Łódzkie Studia Teologiczne
|
2014
|
vol. 23
|
issue 2
39-65
EN
A fundamental issue in every system of criminal law is establishing the concept of crime. Law investigations above the nature of ecclesiastical crime appear first in Decretum Gratiani and then in decretals of Pope Innocent III. Ecclesiastical legislator constructs the definition of crime which consists of three basic elements: objective, subjective and legal in the previous code of the 1917 as well as the one that is valid currently of the 1983. The objective element is defined as an external contravention of law or criminal warrant. The subjective one is defined as an accountability of committing an illegal act. Whereas the legal element is expressed in penal sanction relatively undetermined.
11

Protection of creditors and the imposition of sanctions against assets and property in the Slovak Republic

63%
Kurilovská L., Kordík M.
Internal Security
|
2016
|
vol. 8(1)
101-110
EN
This contribution deals with the low number of punishments imposed confiscating the property of those convicted. One of the hypotheses for this given below may relate to the alleged legal risks of the interference with the rights of third parties, mainly creditors. The contribution shows that the Slovak legal system provides both sufficient legal certainty and the tools to avoid such a conflict. In the paper the authors present the issue of creditor protection and the imposition of sanctions on the assets and liabilities owned by debtors in the context of legal regulations in force in the Slovak Republic. Moreover, it will acquaint the reader with dispositions of the fundamental legal act regulating Slovak criminal proceedings – the Code of Criminal Procedure. The article was prepared within the context of an interdepartmental research project (No APVV-15-0740) funded by the Slovak Research and Development Agency. The outcomes achieved as a result of the research have been the subject of many discussions in the international legal community and several research papers (published not only in Slovak Republic) have been dedicated to them. This article, written by employees of Academy of the Police Force in Bratislava, is a continuation of the analytical assessment of the result of the research connected with the problem of creditor protection of and support of debt collection proceedings by the Slovak judicial system. The entire article is based on interpretations of juridical proceeding, parts of which focus on the issue of investigation of due compensation to creditors.
12

Aggravated murder and proposed changes to the Penal Code

63%
Kokot R.
Nowa kodyfikacja prawa karnego
|
2014
|
vol. 34
11 - 27
EN
The elaboration looks into the problems of aggravated murder in the context of the latest project of changes within the Penal Code. In view of the content of the expected amendment, which aims at eliminating such akind of crime from the domestic legal order and at returning to a“traditional” model of criminal law protection of life, this is not, however, the analysis or judgment of the proposed, “new” legal solutions, but rather an attempt to settle accounts with those currently in force and remonstrated the legal state, its advantages and disadvantages which have revealed themselves for several years of its functioning within the legal area. The article focuses on searching for the answer to the question about the justification and the purposefulness of the proposed direction of modification. It is interesting and because of this — apart from the significance of the matter which the change concerns — that the attempt to “return to the past” is not being taken for the first time. The distance towards this crime of the major part of the Polish criminal law scientific environment is commonly known. It is worthwhile to refer to the causes of such astate of affairs, recapitulating the argumentation of the opponents of this form of crime. In order to objectify the judgments, the arguments of the opponent side were also presented, the side which notices rational reasons for maintaining the status quo.
13
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Effectiveness of the Anti-Money Laundering and Counter-Terrorist Financing Legislation as a Determinant for Asset Confiscation and Freezing Sanctions

63%
Kurilovská L., Kordík M.
Internal Security
|
2017
|
vol. 9(2)
119-135
EN
The paper deals with a  national risk assessment. The subject of  the risk assessment is money laundering and terrorism financing. This is the first time it has been conducted in the Slovak republic. The contribution shows what are the decisive criteria in evaluating the national system of anti-money laundering and terrorism financing. The  first variable that needs to be taken in account is measures examining the legal framework. The second variable is the institutional framework. The competency of personnel represents the third variable. The infrastructure creates the fourth variable in order to prevent, avoid and respond to such a threat. The other variables are strongly related to the effectiveness of the sanctions. The infrastructure belongs to the other variables. The contribution deals also with data sources and lists those that should be used as a source for further evaluation. The outcome of the NRA will be a comprehensive report.
14
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SPECYFIKA OZNACZANIA PRZEDSIĘBIORCÓW W SEKTORZE OCHRONY ZDROWIA- WYKORZYSTYWANIE W FIRMIE PRZEDSIĘBIORCY NAZWY KLINIKA

63%
CZAPLICKI P.
Acta Scientifica Academiae Ostroviensis. Sectio A, Nauki Humanistyczne, Społeczne i Techniczne
|
2016
|
issue 8(2)/2016
336-350
PL
W niniejszym artykule autor pochyla się nad problematyką oznaczania przedsiębiorców w sektorze ochrony zdrowia. Analizie zostało poddane uprawnienie do posługiwania się przez przedsiębiorców nazwą klinika. Autor ocenia regulację prawną wprowadzającą ograniczenia w tym zakresie oraz ratio legis ich funkcjonowania w systemie prawnym. Ponadto analizie zostały poddane metody stosowane przez przedsiębiorców zmierzające do obejścia przepisów ustawy o działalności leczniczej. Podsumowanie opracowania stanowi prezentacja możliwych rozwiązań wynikających z braku dostatecznych instrumentów wymuszających na przedsiębiorcach przestrzeganie prawa w tym zakresie.
EN
In this article the author describes the issues of entrepreneurs’ indications in the healthcare sector. The author analyzes which companies are able to use legally the name of a clinic in their indication. The author reviews the legal regulation which restricts this rights and considers purposes of this situation. Moreover, in this article the author analyzes the methods which entrepreneurs useto circumvent the law of medical activity. The author also tries to deliberate if they are safe for companies. To sum up the problem, the author tries to present possible solutions which will make easier to enforce compliance with the law in this area.
15
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National Anti-Money Laundering/Counter-Terrorist Financing Risk Assessment as a Partial Tool for Creditor’s Protection

63%
Kurilovská L., Kordík M.
Internal Security
|
2017
|
vol. 9(1)
47-57
EN
This paper deals with a national risk assessment. The subject of the risk assessment is money laundering and the financing of terrorism. This is the first time it has been conducted in the Slovak republic. The contribution shows what are the decisive criteria in evaluating the national system of terrorism financing. The first variable that needs to be taken in account is the number of cases. The second variable is the qualitative aspect of the cases. The competency of the personnel constitutes the third variable. The infrastructure generates a fourth variable in order to prevent, avoid and respond such a threat. The other variables are strongly related to the directions and channels of the terrorism financing. The infrastructure belongs to the category of other variables. The paper also deals with data sources and lists those that should be used as a source for further evaluation. The outcome of the NRA will be a comprehensive report.
16
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Odpowiedzialność karna za naruszenie ochrony danych osobowych

63%
Kawecka M.
Roczniki Administracji i Prawa
|
2021
|
vol. 2
|
issue XXI
101-114
EN
The article contains an analysis of the issue of criminal liability for breach of personal data protection in the Personal Data Protection Acts of 1997 and 2018, as well as in the Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council (EU) 2016/679 of April 27, 2016 on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data. The author has compared the most important issues related to criminal liability for violation of personal data protection on the basis of the above regulations, because data protection is nowadays a necessary element for us, and violations related to the extortion of personal data should be quickly and effectively enforced by judicial authorities.
PL
Artykuł zawiera analizę problematyki odpowiedzialności karnej za naruszenie ochrony danych osobowych w ustawach o ochronie danych osobowych z 1997 r. oraz z 2018 r., a także w Rozporządzeniu Parlamentu Europejskiego i Rady (UE) 2016/679 z dnia 27 kwietnia 2016 r. w sprawie ochrony osób fizycznych w związku z przetwarzaniem danych osobowych i w sprawie swobodnego przepływu takich danych. Autorka dokonała porównania najistotniejszych kwestii dotyczących odpowiedzialności karnej za naruszenie ochrony danych osobowych na gruncie powyższych regulacji, ponieważ ochrona danych w dzisiejszych czasach jest dla nas kwestią konieczną, a naruszenia związane z wyłudzeniem danych osobowych powinny być szybko i skutecznie sankcjonowane przez organy wymiaru sprawiedliwości.
17
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PECUNIARY PENALTY AS AN ALTERNATIVE CONCEPT OF PUNISHMENT IN THE CRIMINAL LAW SYSTEM IN SLOVAKIA

63%
Gejdoš M.
International Journal of Legal Studies (IJOLS)
|
2018
|
issue 3(1)
113-122
EN
In this expert contribution, the author deals with the description of alternative penalties in a broader sense and with their meaning. In particular, the author focuses on the issue of pecuni-ary penalty by its definition and position in the criminal law system in Slovakia. The contribu-tion professionally explains the execution and imposition of this alternative penalty in the conditions of the Slovak Republic as well as a comparison with the Czech Republic. The role of the pecuniary penalty is to keep the convict out of prison and to impose such a type of penalty that will prevent the convict from committing further criminal offences, will protect the society and, last but not least, will meet demands of the victims of the crime. The aim of the alternative concept of punishment is to consolidate the perpetrator’s habits and attitudes neces-sary for leading a proper life.
PL
W niniejszym opracowaniu autor opisuje problematykę stosowania alternatywnych kar. W szczególności autor koncentruje się na kwestii kary pieniężnej poprzez jej definicję i pozy-cję w systemie prawa karnego Republiki Słowackiej. Autor wyjaśnia wykonanie i nałożenie kary alternatywnej w warunkach prawnych Republiki Słowackiej w porównaniu z prawem Republiki Czeskiej. Rolą kary pieniężnej jest zatrzymanie skazanego przed osadzeniem w więzieniu i nałożenie takiego rodzaju kary, która uniemożliwi skazanemu popełnienie kolej-nych przestępstw, będzie chronić społeczeństwo i zaspokoi żądania ofiar przestępstwa. Celem alternatywnej koncepcji kary jest utrwalenie pozytywnych i społecznie akceptowanych nawy-ków i postaw sprawcy, niezbędnych do prowadzenia właściwego życia w społeczeństwie.
18
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An Outline History of the King’s Veto in Spain

51%
Dankowski M. Z.
Przegląd Prawa Konstytucyjnego
|
2020
|
issue 6 (58)
545-556
EN
Although the current Constitution of 1978 does not include the right to a legislative veto among royal prerogatives, this institution has a rich tradition in Spanish constitutionalism. In the 19th century, despite the clash between conservative and liberal ideas, the King almost continuously had the right to refuse to sanction law projects. Only the political changes of the 20th century finally deprived the monarch of the right to intervene in the legislative process. However, under the current Constitution, all laws must be sanctioned by the King, which often causes political and legal controversy.
PL
Choć obecna Konstytucja z 1978 r. nie przewiduje wśród prerogatyw królewskich prawa do weta legislacyjnego, instytucja ta posiada bogatą tradycję w hiszpańskim konstytucjonalizmie. W XIX w. pomimo ścierania się ze sobą idei konserwatywnych i liberalnych, Król niemal nieprzerwanie posiadał prawo do odmowy sankcjonowania projektów ustaw. Dopiero zmiany ustrojowe XX w. pozbawiły ostatecznie monarchę prawa do ingerencji w proces legislacyjny. Jednakże pod rządami obecnej Konstytucji wszystkie ustawy muszą być obligatoryjnie sankcjonowane przez Króla, co nierzadko wywołuje polityczne i prawne kontrowersje.
19
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Stosowanie przepisów o administracyjnych karach pieniężnych do opłat podwyższonej I dodatkowej uregulowanych prawem geologicznym I górniczym

51%
Radecki G.
Roczniki Administracji i Prawa
|
2020
|
vol. 3
|
issue XX
167-180
EN
Section IVa of the act of 14 June 1960 – Code of Administrative Procedure refers to administrative financial penalties, introducing some general rules in that subject. Author considers possibility and scope of application of the rules to that fees governed by the act of 9 June 2011 – Geological and Mining Law, which are administrative sanctions, namely to increased fee and additional fee. The increased fee is applicable to activity carried out without the required concession, whereas the increased fee is charged for activity performed in flagrant violation of the conditions determined in the concession. The author came to the conclusion that an impact of the provisions of section IVa on the legal status of the fees was minimal and unsatisfactory
PL
Dział IVa ustawy z dnia 14 czerwca 1960 r. – Kodeks postępowania administracyjnego dotyczy administracyjnych kar pieniężnych, wprowadzając generalne zasady w tym przedmiocie. Autor rozważa możliwość i zakres stosowania tych zasad odnośnie do tych opłat uregulowanych ustawą z dnia 9 czerwca 2011 r. – Prawo geologiczne i górnicze, które są sankcjami administracyjnymi do opłat podwyższonej i dodatkowej. Opłata podwyższona jest wymierzana za działalność prowadzoną bez wymaganej koncesji, natomiast opłata dodatkowa za działalność wykonywaną z rażącym naruszeniem określonych w niej warunków. Autor doszedł do wniosku, że wpływ przepisów działu IVa na prawny status tych opłat jest nieznaczny i niesatysfakcjonujący.
20

Podstawy stosowania kar wolnościowych w kodeksie karnym z 1997 r. po nowelizacji z 20 lutego 2015 r.

51%
Kokot R.
Nowa kodyfikacja prawa karnego
|
2015
|
vol. 37
39-70
EN
The article is devoted to selected issues of the statutory principles of applying non- custodial penalties introduced into the Polish criminal law system by the amendment of 20th of February 2015. In the preliminary part of the article the basic assumptions of the directions of the reform are presented, together with the aims and the tasks that it is to accomplish.The expression of the essential revaluation in penal policy are regulations of Art. 37a c.c., Art. 37b c.c. and Art. 75a § 1 c.c. discussed in the paper, which in the science of law are believed to be the pillars of that reform and are, according to the legislator’s intentions, to realize the rule of the primacy of non-custodial penalties better than the previous normalizations. The author’s attention is drawn to the most arguable issues in the field of these regulations. Among those issues the most crucial seems to be the matter of their legal nature, the controversies and the doubts arising from the interpretation of the elements of their statutory structure, the premises of implementation and predictable results they can cause in the realm of the justice. The final part of the article comprises comments and reflections devoted to the evaluation of the introduced changes, their validity and purposefulness and to the perspectives of their functioning within the legal system.
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