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Ships as ‘Total Institutions’. Acculturating Seafarers for a Global Political Economy

100%
Simons S. A.
Roczniki Socjologii Morskiej
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2013
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vol. 22
62-68
EN
Seafarers working in the 21st century global shipping industry are multi-national crew of migrant contract labourers, recruited by crewing agencies to work on a variety of ships for specific periods of time. Types of ships found today may include bulk carriers, container ships, tankers, gas carriers, heavy lift vessels, car carriers, ferries and passenger ships such as luxury cruise liners, among others. The voyages undertaken on board ships cover an expansive global maritime environment depending on where the goods are sourced, the destination, goods being transported, the type of ship, and if there are any designated ports of call for loading and offloading goods as well as boarding and disembarking passengers on the way. Typically, the greater proportion of the seafarers’ contract period is spent at sea, working in a maritime work environment on board different ships where he is assigned by his employer. During this time, crew interact with colleagues from a variety of nationalities, performing role-specific tasks in the same built environment and within a maritime mobile workspace. While conducting an empirical research on ship crew in the international fleet to harness their views on how maritime piracy in Eastern Africa may be affecting their health and wellbeing, the author observed that the ripple effects of structural changes in the shipping industry in the last few decades could be adversely influencing the seafarer work environment and social interactions, in ways that justify the description by Lane and Smith (2011) of ‘ships as jails’. The author has analysed the social adjustments that seafarers constantly make in order to fit into their evolving mobile workplaces. This discussion has been done using ideas espoused form Goffman’s ‘Total Institutions’ conceptual framework. This article therefore seeks to discuss the acculturation process that crew undergo within their mobile work built environment, as being comparable to some extent, to the social adjustments that Goffman’s subjects underwent in their institutions. Through ‘mortification processes’, the residents in Goffman’s studies were impacted psychologically by the regimented social life in the enclosed institution spaces interacting within limited social circles. Although a number of aspects have been identified that have the potential to adversely affect seafaring occupational health and safety regime (Walters, Bailey, 2013), this article will concentrate on highlighting some factors within the seafarers work place that in the author’s opinion, have directly influenced some psychological adjustments that seafarers make, in order to adapt the seafaring culture befitting their workplace. Three noteworthy influential factors discussed in this article include(a) the cumulative effect of living and working in an enclosed built environment (b) the seafarers’ limited social circle while onboard ships (c) the physical and social isolation of seafarers from colleagues while on-board ships, and from their families and land-based communities by the ship structure and the geographical maritime nature of their workplace. These features were selected as they could be discussed from Goffman’s theoretical framework as possible influences on the seafarers’ workplace socialization process. They are just a few comparable factors between the situation of modern seafarers and Goffman’s subjects. The scope of this paper will explore the potential for these three key factors to impact on psychological adjustments that seafarers make during their career working on ships. The author has based the discussion of ‘Ships as Total Institutions’ on the fact that there exists evidence of the cumulative effect of each of these three factors over time in the career of seafarers. The empirical studies provide the evidence upon which the author concludes that the ship is a ‘Total Institution’. This article has been written as the drafting of the author’s thesis is at an advanced stage. The intention of this paper is not prescriptive, rather as a catalyst for discussion of seafarers’ work environment and occupational health and safety from an additional social theoretical perspectives.
2

A Gloss for the Judgement of the Provincial Administrative Court in Rzeszów Dated August 7, 2012, File Ref. No. I SA/Rz 542/12

75%
Dworas-Kulik J.
Roczniki Nauk Prawnych
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2017
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vol. 27
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issue 1 English Online Version
109-116
EN
The Polish tax system includes a principle whereby the income obtained by a resident in Poland must be accounted for. However, agreements on the avoidance of double taxation to which Poland is a party may exclude this obligation because they constitute lex specialis in relation to the Polish legislation. The question of taxation of seafarers requires an in-depth analysis not only of national legislation, but also that of other states. When determining tax jurisdiction in respect of seamen it is easy to make a mistake owing to the complicated factual state in addition to the legal status. The presented gloss demonstrates difficulty arising when considering this issue.
3
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Mass casualty incidents during the ten years of telemedical maritime assistance service in Gdynia, Poland

75%
Paul P., Rucińska A., Páleníček L., Szafran-Dobrowolska J., Renke M.
Medycyna Pracy
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2023
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vol. 74
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issue 2
145-150
EN
Mass casualty incident (MCI) is one of the most difficult situation in emergency medicine. Due to the specific conditions, MCIs occurring at sea are usually far more demanding than those happening on land. In this paper the authors would like to describe the MCIs, which have happened during almost 10 years of functioning of the Polish Telemedical Maritime Assistance Service (TMAS). First incident concerned a group of migrants floating on a raft on the Gulf of Mexico. The cause of the second incident was acute organophosphate intoxication among the crew of the merchant ship. The third incident was triggered by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). It is important to emphasize, that triage system may help in proper management of MCIs. Cooperation of the medical services, such as TMAS, local emergency medical staff, Search and Rescue (SAR) service and military force seems to be crucial in MCI managements occuring at sea. In case of any doubts, change of a course and heading to the nearest port or immediate evacuation should be taken into consideration. The authors believe that analysis of these incidents may help TMAS personnel all over the world to handle MCIs in the future. Med Pr. 2023;74(2)
4
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Needs and possibilities for ship’s crews at high seas to communicate with their home

75%
Oldenburg M., Jensen H.-J.
International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health
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2019
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vol. 32
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issue 6
805-815
EN
Objectives Good communication between seafarers and their families at home is essential to compensate for the work-related strain experienced on board ships. This paper presents the needs and possibilities for communication with home in seafaring. Material and Methods In total, 323 seafarers were interviewed during their work assignments on board (the participation rate of 88.5%). The results were stratified by cultural background, family ties, rank groups and shipping routes. Results The average stay of the officers on board the current vessels lasted 4 months and that of the ratings 9 months (p < 0.001). About a third of the officers and a half of the ratings evaluated these lengths of stay as too long. In the study, only 50 participants (15.5%) mentioned that the Internet on board their previous vessel was available for private use. Only 40.6% of these crew members stated that they had used it on a daily basis. Particularly the seafarers assigned to worldwide destinations and crew members without children experienced the insufficient possibilities for telecommunication as work-related strain (OR 1.87, 95% CI: 1.15–3.04 respective OR 2.00, 95% CI: 1.03–3.88). The average amount of time spent on telecommunication amounted to more than 2.5 h/week (which equals approximately 20 min/day). The average cost of about USD 30/week for telecommunication was considered by 24.7% of the seafarers as “much too high.” Conclusions The fact that several crew members considered the time spans of their assignments as too long should lead to certain adjustments. In view of the importance of good options for shipboard telecommunication, this study makes an essential contribution to understanding the crews’ needs. Measures should be taken to improve communication by allowing an easier access to information and communication technology (ICT) (on board and ashore), by offering cheaper fees, and by providing Internet access in their cabins. The study results show a substantial need to improve the means of communication on board ships. Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2019;32(6):805–15
5
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Współcześni polscy marynarze – kręgi izolacji.

63%
Kołodziej-Dunaś A.
Przegląd Zachodniopomorski
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2014
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issue 4
213-228
EN
Since the 1960s Polish sociologists have been carrying out research on seaside communities, maritime professions and maritime industry companies. Fishermen and seamen constituted a particularly interesting subject of study. The author refers to the issues of isolation which is the result of several months’ long stay on an oceangoing vessel. In the article after describing the ‘therapeutic’ (for respondents) function of research discovered during in-depth interviews with seamen, the author analyses various kinds and degrees of isolation they experience.
6
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Hera and the Sea. Decoding Dedications at the Samian Heraion

63%
Ringheim H. L.
Studia Hercynia
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2019
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vol. 23
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issue 1
11-25
EN
The paper examines the Near Eastern and Greek dedications at the Sanctuary of Hera in Samos during the 8th to 6th centuries BC. Contextualising the types of dedications and their origins indicate the identity of the dedicators, and whether they were Samians, other Greeks or from the Near East. Much scholarship has been devoted to the Samian Heraion and this paper contributes to these discussions by tracing the socio -economic and political objectives of the dedicators and bringing different theories into a single narrative. The paper presents a selection of votive dedications that embody broader exchanges: firstly as a political act between states; as a display of social power; the growing trade routes and role of sanctuary markets; and finally, the other modes of contact that emerged, such as mercenaries and pirates. Overall, the Samian Heraion played an essential role as a timely crossroads between the East and West, where the dedication practices shed light on the various groups of dedicators.
7

Miejsce kultury bezpieczeństwa w organizacji pracy na morzu – perspektywa marynarzy

51%
Kołodziej A.
Zarządzanie Zasobami Ludzkimi
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2019
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issue 3-4(128) „Nowe trendy i różnorodność w bezpieczeństwie pracy&#034;
11-27
PL
Artykuł ukierunkowany jest na osiągnięcie dwóch podstawowych celów. Pierwszym z nich jest osadzenie określenia „kultura bezpieczeństwa” w szerszym kontekście pojęciowym wyznaczonym przez studia nad współczesnymi problemami pracy. Druga część tekstu zawiera wyniki badań prezentujących problematykę bezpieczeństwa z perspektywy samych marynarzy. Analizy te naświetlają potencjał dwóch strategii kreowania bezpieczeństwa pracy na statku, bazujących na ideach No-Blame Culture i Just Culture. Artykuł jako całość ma być wkładem w dyskusję nad problematyką bezpieczeństwa pracy na morzu.
EN
The article addresses two basic issues. The first is presenting the term safety culture in the broader conceptual context as delineated by studies on contemporary work problems. The second part of the text presents the results of research into questions of safety from the point of view of the seamen themselves. These analyses highlight the potential for two strategies aimed at enhancing safety on a ship—strategies based on ideas of the No–Blame Culture and the Just Culture. The article as a whole is meant to contribute to the discussion on work safety at sea.
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