Search results - CEJSH

1

Die Vergangenheitstempora im Deutschen und ihr semantisches Potential

100%

Schwenk H.-J.

Lublin Studies in Modern Languages and Literature

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2012

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issue 36

35-49

EN

The present article deals with the semantics of tense forms of Präteritum and Perfectum in German. The author questions all the widely known theories on the meaning of Präteritum and Perfectum, demonstrating that, on the one hand, the complex past tense (Perfectum) does not always express both temporality and aspectuality (perfectivity), but also only temporality itself. On the other hand, the simple past tense (Präteritum) always contains both temporality and aspectuality, except for lexically-conditioned cases.

2

Jack-Go-To-Bed-At-Noon and Lisi Ogon: The Analyzability and Compositionality of Plant Terms in English and Polish

100%

Mierzwińska-Hajnos A.

Lublin Studies in Modern Languages and Literature

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2008

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issue 32

191-211

EN

The present paper offers an analysis of common plant names appearing in English and Polish in the light of cognitive linguistics. Assuming, as cognitivists do that meanings of lexical items are partly decomposable, we use the notions of analyzability and compositionality in the sense of Langacker (1987, 1991) as a diagnosis for establishing the scale of semantic transparency of such expressions.

3

Garować – o pewnym mało znanym, a wieloznacznym czasowniku

80%

Osowski B.

Slavia Occidentalis

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2020

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issue 77/1

103-112

EN

Garować is a word which at present belongs primarily to the colloquial variety of the Polish language. Wielki słownik języka polskiego [The Great Dictionary of the Polish Language] mentions 6 meanings of the verb. However, this number does not exhaust the range. The goal of the article is to present the scope of the contemporary meanings of the word. To this end, an online questionnaire was distributed which produced 1,302 replies related to the subject of my interest. The article presents excerpted meanings arranged by prevalence (taking into consideration, if relevant, data of geographic and sociological nature). Next, a scheme of the meanings’ affiliation was suggested. Therefore, this text connects with the works using both the achievements of lexicography as well as empirical research into semantics, based on the ndata from the questionnaires.

4

"Myślisz, że jak to się robi?" O strukturze tematyczno-rematycznej pewnego typu zdań pytajnych

80%

Wójcicka A.

Linguistica Copernicana

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2016

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issue 13

201-216

EN

The aim of the paper is to present an analysis of the thematic-rematic structure of Polish equivalents of interrogative sentences such as What do you think he had done?, namely of questions about some component of subordinate clause. In Polish, an interrogative pronoun has to be placed within the subordinate clause (it can be moved to the beginning of the sentence, but such an operation is connected with the contrastive intonation of the pronoun). The author claims that questions of the given type are to be interpret just as other wh-questions. She cites the theory of thematic-rematic structure of questions of A. Bogusławski and modifies this theory in order to account for interrogative sentences with counter-factive predicates, such as to lie.

5

O językowej naturze istot nienarodzonych (na tle właściwości walencyjnych implikujących je czasownikowych predykatów)

80%

Nowak T.

Linguistica Copernicana

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2016

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issue 13

217-237

EN

The term used in the title has, so far, not been the subject of a more extensive linguistic reflection. The author of the paper aims at providing a description of lexical units implying the argument 'unborn being (child)' with respect to their structure and meaning. The method of analysis is based on proposing hypotheses in the form of analytical implications and subjecting them to falsification by bringing them down to contradiction. The content of the paper focuses on issues relating to the reconstruction of the form of lexical units (verbs). In a close reference to the content of the analysed terms, the discussion considers also the following notions: 'żyć', 'wiedzieć', 'robić' and many others. The author tries to prove that those components belong to the semantic structure of the examined phrases with the term child (unborn).

6

Kolory w opowiadaniach Vladimira Nabokova: barwa zielona

80%

Ginter A., Uniwersytet Łódzki Z. J. I. R. P.

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Linguistica Rossica

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2014

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vol. 10

EN

The paper aims at presenting the set of vocabulary from the field of green colour and analysing its semantic value. The selected lexical material represents ten short stories by Vladimir Nabokov: The Wood-Sprite, Russian Spoken Here, Sounds, Wingstroke, Gods, Word, The Seaport, Revenge, Beneficence and A Matter of Chance. In the article, the main attention is focused on describing the way in which the writer creates the world in his literary texts. As it is shown, colours are indispensable part of Nabokov’s prose. The distribution of the green colour and modification of its shades as well as the use of green colour in metonymic expressions testify to the Nabokov’s idea that there is no “generic difference between poetry and artistic prose”.

7

Kim (czym) jest zwierzę i kto (co) jest zwierzęciem? Garść uwag językowych

80%

Nowak T.

Linguistica Copernicana

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2013

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issue 1(9)

183-202

EN

So far the term used in the title has not been an object of a more extensive linguistic reflection. The author of this paper aims at providing a thorough description of the lexical unit zwierzę with respect to its meaning and collocations. In the opinion of the author, the results obtained indicate the location of animals on the scala naturae.

8

Wstęp do analizy semantycznej przysłówków kolektywnych (na przykładzie razem)

80%

Rosalska P.

Linguistica Copernicana

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2013

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issue 1(9)

165-181

EN

The present article constitutes a semantic analysis of the adverb razem (pl. together), the most representative unit in the set of the so-called collective adverbs. While rejecting the definitions presented in dictionaries, in which the meaning of the unit is expressed through the notions of 'place' and 'time', the author considers its sense as based on the sender's holistic perception of object in the extralinguistic reality. The state of mind is always conditioned by the specificity of actions of a collective agent or an agent operating on a given set.

9

Zmiany znaczeniowe leksemu pomocnik

80%

Jabłońska M.

Poradnik Językowy

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2022

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vol. 791

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issue 2

80-92

EN

The paper shows the changes in the meaning of the word pomocnik (a helper). This lexeme has always existed in the Polish language, but it referred only to people in Old Polish. In later times, it started to be used as the name of plants and the animals that helped the police or disabled people. Now the meaning is much broader. Additionally, the word pomocnik can refer to any object which helps us do something.

10

Zum Stereotyp der alten Jungfer

80%

Guz M.

Prace Językoznawcze

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2007

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issue 9

27-49

EN

A survey concerning the stereotype of an old maid, conducted among students, provided the basis for this study. The questionnaire form included 18 questions. The respondents were asked about the connotations of this term, its definition and the characteristic features of a spinster. They could provide open answers to the questions. The questions referred to the topicality and relevance of the term and its synonyms as well as to the external appearance, personality traits, behaviour of an old maid and professions most frequently performed by old maids. The students were also asked whether the figure of an old maid had its place in culture (literature, film), and whether this term was established in the language (idioms, proverbs, sayings). In addition, information was collected on the reasons for becoming a spinster, the disadvantages and advantages of being a spinster and social attitudes towards old maids as well as the age at which a single woman is considered to be an old maid.

11

DNA — księga życia. Jak metafora wpływa na znaczenie wyrazów?

80%

Zawisławska M.

Język a Kultura

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2015

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vol. 25

177-188

EN

The main purpose of the present paper is to describe some chosen metaphors which are used in the field of genetics. In my analysis I use the cognitive definition of a metaphor, which is described in most general way as understanding one conceptual domain in terms of another conceptual domain. I concentrate on the following lexemes: DNA (acronym for deoxyribonucleic acid), gene, genetic, genome. Another problem described in the article is how a particular way of thinking about the DNA and its metaphors affects the understanding of other concepts, which are connected with it directly or indirectly, and therefore also affects the definitions of corresponding lexical items. In the present article I focus on the analysis of the concept of ‘man’.

12

Kilka pytań o definiowanie błędu

80%

Wołk M.

Linguistica Copernicana

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2015

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issue 12

123-135

EN

This paper aims at determining the semantic representation of the expression błąd ('mistake'). The presented deliberations focus on a few questions that need to be answered in order to fulfil this aim. The first one relates to the isolation of linguistic units that represent the notion of błąd, and additionally, the issue of the characteristic lack of summetry between the functioning (including semantic funtioning) of the expressions błąd and błądzić / zbłądzić (błądzenie / zbłądzenie) ('to make a mistake / to have made a mistake (making a mistake / having made a mistake)'). The second question is associated with, as it appears, a commonly held differentiation into systemic mistakes (spelling mistakes, calculation mistakes, etc.), and mistakes made in life (mistakes relating to the decision resulting in someone's specific behaviour, e.g. undertaking a traineeship, resigning from work, taking out a loan) that - in the light of the hetero conclusions - seem neither necessary, nor needed. The third question refers to the basic issues in determining the meaning of the expressions, that is determining the obligatory features, and at the same time, sufficient ones so that one can say about something: to (jest) błąd ('it is a mistake'). According to the presented interpretation, błąd is the result of someone's controlled, intentional activity, leading to negative consequences. A readiness to evaluate something done by someone as błąd implies the possibility of choosing a particular action by someone who makes a mistake. The fourth question develops the idea of being aware of making a mistake, introduced earlier. Acknowledging the effect of someone's action as błąd is related to the perception of the doer as someone who may know that what he is doing may lead to an adverse result. The final question is in fact a synthesis of the solutions adopted with regards to the previous questions. This synthesis proposes an explication of the expression under discussion.

13

Inclusion, Contrast and Polysemy in Dictionaries: The Relationship between Theory, Language Use and Lexicographic Practice

80%

Koskela A.

Research in Language

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2014

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vol. 12

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issue 4

319-340

EN

This paper explores the lexicographic representation of a type of polysemy that arises when the meaning of one lexical item can either include or contrast with the meaning of another, as in the case of dog/bitch, shoe/boot, finger/thumb and animal/bird. A survey of how such pairs are represented in monolingual English dictionaries showed that dictionaries mostly represent as explicitly polysemous those lexical items whose broader and narrower readings are more distinctive and clearly separable in definitional terms. They commonly only represented the broader readings for terms that are in fact frequently used in the narrower reading, as shown by data from the British National Corpus.

14

Substantivní neurčitá zájmena s předponou ně-/ne- v češtině a slovinštině

80%

Stankovska P.

Kształcenie Językowe

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2014

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vol. 12 (22)

73 - 83

EN

A semantic classification of indefinite pronouns in Slavic languages is quite complex. Striking differences can be found when comparing Czech and Slovene substantive indefinite pronouns with prefix ně-, in Slovene ne-. While formally these pronouns are similar in Czech and Slovene, their distribution and function in both languages differ greatly. In Czech the meaning of specific and non-specific indefinite reference in the prefixed pronouns coalesce, Slovene still uses prefixed indefinite pronouns (nekdo, nekaj) to express specific reference, while the expression of indefinite non-specific reference is delegated to non-prefixed pronouns (kdo, kaj). The current Slovenian system is well documented also for the old Czech language of the 14th–15th century and, apparently, the distribution of both types of indefinite pronouns was in the old Czech similar to that in modern Slovene.

15

"Nie tak i tak dalej, ale tak i nie tak dalej...", czyli o tym, czym jest nielogiczność

80%

Wołk M.

LingVaria : Półrocznik Wydziału Polonistyki UJ poświęcony zagadnieniom języka i językoznawstwa

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2013

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issue 15

27-39

EN

The article discusses the linguistic unit coś jest nielogiczne (‘something is illogical’), aiming to provide a description of its meaning, and an explicative formula which consists of indefinable expressions of the natural language. The semantic description of the unit is influenced by the issue of its reference, which is two-fold: the unit can refer to what someone said, as well as to what someone did. In order to pinpoint the distinctive features of the given expression, which is what determines its distinguishability, it is compared to a semantically close predicate, nonsens (‘nonsense’). Conclusions that flow from the analysis of nonsens had to be verified after a comparison with those obtained from the analysis of illogicality.

16

Techniki ustanawiania ekwiwalencji w wybranych tekstach stylu urzędowego z XVII i XVIII wieku

80%

Osowski B.

Poznańskie Studia Polonistyczne. Seria Językoznawcza

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2021

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vol. 28

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issue 1

101-108

EN

Equivalence may be interpreted as the relationship between units of the same language or two different languages. The article analyses the equivalence between units of the same linguistic system, with the assumption that equivalence is the relationship between words/phrases with a common referent. This is a semantic relationship strongly dependent on context; one which is fully realised only on the level of parole, a specific use. The analysed material comprises inventories, surveys and testaments from the seventeenth and (mostly) eighteenth centuries. The aim of the article is to present the methods for determining equivalence between the units present in the text. Seven of such methods are highlighted.

17

Co to jest życie? Preliminaria semantyczne

80%

Nowak T.

Linguistica Copernicana

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2012

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issue 1(7)

191-208

EN

The term used in the title has not so far been the subject of a more extensive linguistic reflection. The author of the paper aims at providing a disciplined description of lexical units containing the segment żyć with respect to their structure and meaning. The method of analysis is based on putting forward hypotheses in the form of analytical implications and subjecting them to falsification by bringing them down to contradiction. The content of the paper focuses on issues relating to reconstruction of the form of lexical units (on the basis of segment and supra-segment signals) and reconstruction of the hierarchy of meaningful components. In close relationship with the content of the analysed terms, also the notions wiedzieć ('to know') and robić ('to do/make') are discussed. The author tries to prove that those components belong to the semantic structure of the examined phrase; he also proposes a preliminary explication of meanings in the terms of natural semantic meta-language.

18

Prehistoric ornamentation: possible directions in research and aspects for interpretation as suggested by analysis of Tripolye-Cucuteni pottery

80%

Palaguta I. V.

Sprawozdania Archeologiczne

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2016

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vol. 68

65-80

EN

The paper proposes an interpretation of ornamental patterns in Tripolye-Cucuteni pottery. In the past decades, abstract and geometric ornamental motifs have often been viewed quite subjectively as images of the ‘moonfaced Goddess’, the ‘world egg’, ‘shells’, etc. The meaning of the ornamentation has been reconstructed on the basis of various ethnographic analogies, usually rather distant from the material under study. Within the framework of the structural-semiotic approach, the ornamentation has been analysed as a sign system or proto-writing where each element or motif is supposed to have a particular meaning. However, careful study of the dynamics inherent in the development of ornamental patterns shows that such interpretation cannot really be substantiated. Most signs seem to have been elements of technical design. The patterns were mostly created by dividing ornamented areas and not by building whole sequences of signs as it is done in texts. What was meaningful was the ornament itself as an integrated whole, not its elements. Ethnographic evidence shows that interpretation of identical motifs may vary considerably even within the same society. This has been confirmed by the author’s study of variation in the Tripolye patterns, which seem to have no unambiguous meaning. The main areas of future research lie in paleo-ethnological and paleo-cultural studies, where ornamental patterns are regarded as specific markers which reflect changes in the ethnic composition and social structure of prehistoric communities, and which provide information about interactions between different human groups.

19

Towards a Semantically Organized Meaning List for Cognate Searches

80%

Urban M.

Academic Journal of Modern Philology

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2018

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vol. 7

141-158

EN

In this contribution I present a meaning list for cognate searches in which meanings are, unlike in similar lists of “basic vocabulary” for the same purpose, organized according to semantic principles. This list is designed to identify possible cognates, which can then be scrutinized more closely in search for hitherto undetected genealogical relationships between languages, in a more effective way. Rather than proposing a completely new set of meanings to be featured, the list combines those most commonly used in extant lists of basic vocabulary such as the Swadesh or the Leipzig/Jakarta List, but introduces several design principles which are jointly able to represent also complex semantic relationships in the context of wordlists.

20

Polskie leksemy o rdzeniu piecz-/piek- pochodne od piec się

80%

Krótki Z.

Poznańskie Studia Polonistyczne. Seria Językoznawcza

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2015

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vol. 22

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issue 2

69-88

PL

In this article, the author presents the lexical family with piecz-/piek- roots. A pool of 39 lexemes was extracted from all the available lexicographic sources of historical vocabulary and presented in the form of a word-forming cluster. The goal of the analysis was to display the internal structure of the chronological derivation of the core of the cluster, piec się with the group of terms of varying degrees of derivation. The analysis is an attempt at explaining the meaning behind the formations with piecz-/piek-roots. The reconstruction of the cluster leads to a discussion of the observed transformations, as well as identifying the nature of the changes to the meaning of specific units. To a large extent, the semantic modifications discussed contributed to constraints in the meaning. Once the primary meaning had disappeared, Polish language users would gradually become less aware of the word formation of the derivatives. Subsequently, the very large etymological cluster disintegrated.

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