In the presented project of a position, the author claims that indicated provisions of the Civil Code, in part which enabled acquisition of a land servitude of similar nature to a transmission servitude through usucaption, before articles 3051–3054 of the Civil Code entered into force, in situation when an administrative decision restricting rights of the owner of the land is non-compatible with provisions of the Constitution. Constitutional protection of the right of ownership requires every restriction of that right to fulfill certain obligations. From a constitutional standpoint, an institution of land servitude is a restriction of the right of ownership. In analyzed case the basis for the restriction provided in an act is of primary importance. The author does not agree with the Supreme Court that the analyzed provisions regulate land servitude. In her opinion, the provisions cannot serve as a basis for a land servitude as an autonomous right (a transmission servitude), and in consequence cannot serve as a basis for a restriction of constitutional right of ownership. According to the author, the analyzed regulation also does not fulfill the criterion of necessity.
The subject of this paper is an analysis of the provisions of article 4 of the European Convention of Human Rights [European Convention] compared with, in particular, the provisions of article 8 of the International Package of Civil and Political Rights. The prohibition of slavery is then analysed in sensu stricto, including trading in slaves, followed by an analysis of the prohibition of servitude in different contexts as presented in reasons for judicial decisions delivered by the European Court of Human Rights [ECHR] in Strasburg. The provisions of Convention No 29 and Convention No 107 of the International Labour Organisation on forced labour and its abolition, since they played an important role in the ECHR judgments, are given most attention. Likewise, excerpts of article 4 clause 3 of the European Convention regarding: prisoners’ work, military service, including alternative military service, extraordinary circumstances and ordinary civil duties are widely discussed. Sadly, slavery, servitude and forced labour do not belong to the past but are still vivid examples of the contemporary world, and international organised crime in particular. Consequently, article 4 continues to remain an important provision interpreted as a contemporary regulation that serves combating the “contemporary forms of slavery”.
PL
Przedmiotem opracowania jest analiza postanowień art. 4 Europejskiej Konwencji Praw Człowieka. Autor rozpatruje je najpierw na tle porównawczym, zestawiając je zwłaszcza z art. 8 Międzynarodowego Paktu Praw Obywatelskich i Politycznych. Następnie analizuje zakaz niewolnictwa sensu stricto, z uwzględnieniem zakazu handlu niewolnikami, by następnie przejść do analizy zakazu poddaństwa w różnorakich kontekstach, w jakich praktyki poddaństwa pojawiły się w orzecznictwie strasburskim. Szczególnie bogate (bo i odnośnego orzecznictwa było więcej) są rozważania na temat zakazu pracy przymusowej lub obowiązkowej, ze wskazaniem na ważną rolę, jaką w orzecznictwie strasburskim odgrywały Konwencje nr 29 i nr 107 MOP dotyczące zniesienia pracy przymusowej. Specjalna uwaga jest poświęcona wyjątkom z art. 4 ust. 3 Konwencji, a mianowicie – kolejno: pracy więźniów, służbie wojskowej (z uwzględnieniem problemu służby zastępczej i ewolucji orzecznictwa w tym zakresie), sytuacjom nadzwyczajnym oraz zwyczajnym obowiązkom obywatelskim. Niestety, problemy niewolnictwa, poddaństwa oraz pracy przymusowej lub obowiązkowej nie należą do „wykopalisk przeszłości”, lecz są problemami nader aktualnymi, wciąż „ożywianymi” przez współczesne praktyki w znacznym stopniu powiązane z międzynarodową przestępczością zorganizowaną. W związku z tym art. 4 zachowuje wciąż swoje niebagatelne znaczenie i jest interpretowany jako odpowiadający dzisiejszym warunkom oraz bardzo istotny dla zwalczania „współczesnych form niewolnictwa”.
The predial servitude is a legal institution regulated under polish civil law, which has caught considerable interest over the years and contemporarily remains in use. Regardless, the content of the regulation remains unaltered. Thus, a problem arises whether the servitude of passage in its present form corresponds to the contemporary needs of socio-economic turnover. The article focuses on the analysis of the essence of the predial servitude and establishment of its place in polish civil law, as well as on considering possible views on the further development of the discussed institution. The article supports the statement that the current normative regulation of the institution of the predial servitude is appropriate and corresponds to the needs of socio-economic transactions.
W artykule przedstawiono obraz przywództwa służebnego, poczynając od dyrektora szkoły, a kończąc na nauczycielu. We wnioskach wskazano rolę dyrektora szkoły jako lidera zmian w oświacie, która powinna skłaniać się ku służebności. Artykuł skłania do refleksji, dlaczego tak trudno wyprzeć edukacyjny ekonomizm i wprowadzić służebność.
EN
The article presents a model of the servant leadership – from the headmaster up to the teacher level. The conclusion indicates the role of the school head as the leader of change in education, which should lead towards servant model. The article encourages reflection: Why is it so difficult to reject educational economics and introduce servant leadership?
The shipwreck accounts of the 16th century are not only fascinating documents about very extreme experiences, but they can be seen also as interesting literary documents. Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca, the most famous Spanish castaway, was forced to spend almost ten years among different indigenous tribes. His account is a testimony of his unusual experiences and it is very interesting from the point of view of narrative techniques since he had to find the way to narrate his strange story. It is also important to compare his account with other shipwreck accounts since they share many images and motifs.
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