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EN
The author of this thesis searches for traces of shamanism in paleolithic period through identification of signs and anthropomorphic resemblances that can have a connection with different stages of trance and shamanistic visions. For this article, Pech-Merle and Cougnac cave were chosen. Chronological range in this paper covers a period when Gravettian and Magdalenian cultures functioned. In order to carry out the above assumptions, the author used the results of structuralist research- search- ing for deep meaning and symbols, neuropsychological research – influence of altered states of con- sciousness on human and role of rites in simple societies, ethnographic research- different types of shamanic vocation and visions of shamanistic cosmology as well as interpretation of paintings and engravings based on the above mentioned scientific instruments. In the conclusion, the author shows that magical and religious practices similar to shamanism could function in paleolithic hunter-gatherer societies.
EN
Antoine Volodine and Christian Garcin both make a distinctive use of shamanism in fictional novels. By multiplying shaman characters and intertwining the shamanistic principles and the narrative, they develop a poetic of instability noticeable through various hybridization processes notably strengthened by the intrusion of supernatural elements. The analysis of three motives in which this game of unstable balance is particularly mirrored – identity, History and fiction – shall turn our attention to the role of shamanism as a vector of fictional dynamism.
EN
Inspired by a plethora of multicultural, international influences – especially Russian literary sources – the twentieth-century English late-Modernist novelist and poet, Malcolm Lowry (1909-57) was stimulated by a prismatic, multifaceted approach to his writing. Although relatively under-rated and non-canonical, he was endowed with an effervescent, encyclopaedic, and eclectic mind-set which combined conceptions of temporal with spiritual, on the one hand, and terrestrial with cosmic dimensions of his environment, on the other. In reinterpreting his vision of the world, we encounter psychological, psychogeographic, and anthropological forces at work in his approach to what was to become Jacob Bronowski’s Ascent of Man. In tracing Malcolm Lowry’s life-long quest for a harmony to unite Man’s natural, supernatural, and celestial roots, we must embark upon a spiritual odyssey on a mystic mission to attain truth and salvation. This journey leads us to appreciate Lowry’s skilful synthesis – in his pursuit of souls and shamans – of the seemingly diverse domains of anthropology, psychoanalysis, the Cabbala, and even voodoo in his ethnopoetic novels, Under the Volcano and Dark as the Grave wherein my Friend is Laid (1945-68).
EN
Vusamazulu Credo Mutwa is a South African sangoma, a writer and artist, and a controversial ‘expert’ on UFO-related conspiracy theories. He considers himself an expert on South African, especially Zulu, cultures and religions. He is rejected by academics and often considered a self-imposed ‘expert’ and a fake whose version of Zulu religious beliefs has ventured so far from Zulu religion that they are hardly recognisable. Mutwa himself claims to be misunderstood and falsely judged. He calls himself a shaman, a ‘Chosen One’, a guardian of secret knowledge and an expert on esoteric African wisdom. In the article I present V.C. Mutwa’s artistic accomplishments, his version of Zulu mythology and sangomas’ work, and I compare his versions to known facts about Zulu culture. I also analyse Mutwa’s popularity within New Age circles and try to assess the veracity of Mutwa’s claims and place him within New Age rhetoric.
EN
The article explores Ted Hughes’s poems and criticism with a view to demonstrating that his poetry represents a willing exposure to the greatest of traumas in order to recuperate from them a spiritual energy. It is argued here that since, according to Hughes, the modern world is a civilisation of repression, the poet’s task is to alleviate this pain at the price of his own suffering. In this sense the poet plays the function of the shaman, who knows that his power derives from the pain he undergoes on behalf of his community. Rather than spirits, however, the poet-shaman in Hughes seeks the favour of what Robert Graves called the white goddess, who can bestow her blessing on the poet or mercilessly plunge him into ruin.
EN
Since the collapse of the Soviet Union, religious revival has played an important role in the changes taking place in the lives of peoples who inhabit Siberia. Religion has been regarded as one of the most important factors shaping national consciousness and, at the same time, one of the primary means through which national identity can be expressed. Nonetheless, religious diversity can affect this process of forging national bonds. Buryats are a culturally diverse people, divided along religious lines, thus engendering problems when a religious system is implemented for the purposes of modern nation building. Some Buryats advocate for the universal adoption of Buddhism, while others advocate shamanistic beliefs. Tensions arise from the fact that shamanism is prevalent throughout the lands occupied by ethnic Buryats while Buddhism is in fact territorially limited; the latter, however, is still institutionally and territorially more significant.
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EN
New Age is a multidimensional and complex phenomenon, almost amorphous, escaping the traditional conceptual formulas. And although numerous publications and studies on New Age are still being developed, it is not easy to describe this movement. Let us, therefore, reach to the sources from which its inspirations have been drawn and through their analysis, let us try to approach the spiritual plane on which New Age views have been built. Let us look a little closer to its original matrix, namely the esoteric and theosophic traditions disseminated in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries in European intellectual circles, secret knowledge, known as gnosis, and also turn to ancient pagan beliefs and magical rituals, towards shamanism. Perhaps in their message we will succeed to understand the broadly understood New Age “spirituality”.
EN
Human biology and medical science focus on the normality of the human body. This focus deserves, however, to be questioned. Cultural studies, in contrast, focus on normalities in plural - normalities of diverse cultures, revealed by comparison and under the historical perspective of change. The normality and otherness of bodily ageing delivers pictures for this analytical problem, among these the figure of the shaman, the elderly as healer.Normality is connected with power. That is why the cultural analysis of normalization can be connected with the theory of democracy, especially with the understanding of human sovereignty and equality, otherness and recognition.Likewise, the theory of sports as a field of trialectic tensions opens up concrete, bodily differences. The body of the Japanese sumo wrestler delivers a living picture of how to relate to bodily otherness. This leads to a deeper understanding of the politics of recognition and of bodily relativity. Additionaly, normality in terms of biology and normalities in terms of cultural studies need to be confronted within a critical dialogue.
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2022
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vol. 21
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issue 1
75-87
EN
The study deals with the concepts of Jim Morrison’s art from the perspective of Jim Morrison’s myth especially his “self-made shamanism”. Jim Morrison created a “personal shamanism” that basically determined his art and image. The study explores how and why Jim Morrison created his own myth and built shamanistic elements in his songs, poems, and performances. Besides, the paper touches on the connections and between Jim Morrison’s ideas and show business. Whit this in mind, the study brings up examples of the “Jim Morrison myth” after his death and tries to place this myth in the meanings of modernity’s mythology.
EN
This article discusses the phenomenon of reusing of ancient rock art iconography in modern art on the example of the artworks of Canadian Cree visual artist Jane Ash Poitras. To understand the role the rock art plays in the collages of J.A. Poitras, the first part of the paper is focused on the Indigenous perspective, which provides the clue to reading complexity of history and contemporary art of the First Nations in Canada. Then the painting Shaman never die V is thoroughly analyzed. It is showed that rock art motifs used in this artwork had been very carefully selected and the meanings they evoke significantly go in pair with wider ideas related to traumatic history of Indigenous Canadians as well as ideas related to persistence of Indigenous spirituality symbolized by the image of shaman.
Rocznik Lubuski
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2016
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vol. 42
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issue 1
145-159
EN
The subject of this article is a reflection on the bonds between the sex of a shaman and the concepts of gender prevailing in the culture in which we meet male and female shamans. Based on notions of differentiation of sexes among shamans, widespread in scientific and popular science literature, the author’s intention is to show intercultural conditionality of the position of female and male shamans. The presented analysis concentrates not so much on the discursive attitude towards the discussed topic as on the examination of social practices presenting functioning of gender in the studied culture. The article is based on the field study of the author and the group of researchers, consisting of both women and men, the latter which is an important context for the executed analysis. These considerations contribute to methodological thought within social anthropology. They may also be of use to anyone interested in intercultural comparisons within sociology and related areas of social studies.
PL
Przedmiotem artykułu jest refleksja nad powiązaniem między płcią szamana czy też szamanki a koncepcjami płci kulturowej, które obowiązują w kulturze, w której spotykamy się z szamankami i szamanami. Wychodząc od rozpowszechnionych w literaturze naukowej oraz popularnonaukowej przekonań na temat zróżnicowania płci wśród szamanów autor stara się pokazać wewnątrzkulturowe uwarunkowania pozycji szamanek i szamanów. Prezentowana analiza skupia się nie tyle na dyskursywnym podejściu do omawianej problematyki, ale na badaniu praktyk społecznych pokazujących funkcjonowanie płci kulturowej w kulturze badanej. Artykuł opiera się na badaniach terenowych autora prowadzonych wraz z zespołem badaczy, w którego skład wchodziły zarówno kobiety jak i mężczyźni, co jest ważnym kontekstem dla przeprowadzonej analizy. Rozważania stanowią przyczynek do refleksji metodologicznej w ramach antropologii społecznej, ale mogą być pomocne również osobom zainteresowanym porównaniami międzykulturowymi w ramach socjologii i pokrewnych dziedzin nauk społecznych.
EN
This article aims to understand the Yawanawa cultural revitalization from an historical and ethnological reflection that focus on the development of the relations between the indigenous and non-indigenous. This process goes from the occupation of large Amazon basins in search of rubber and the first contacts between indigenous and migrant population to the actuality, with the guarantee of territorial rights and the work of non-governmental institutions in favor of indigenous peoples. From the Yawa Festival, an event celebrating the Yawanawa culture where there is non-indigenous participation, the analysis will focus on the dialogue between interethnic relations, culture, and identity.
ES
Este artículo tiene como objetivo comprender la revitalización cultural Yawanawa a partir de una reflexión histórica y etnológica que centraliza en su narrativa el desarrollo de las relaciones entre indígenas y no indígenas. Este proceso empieza con la ocupación de las grandes cuencas hidrográficas amazónicas en busca del caucho y resigue los primeros contactos entre las etnias indígenas y la población migrante hasta la actualidad, incidiendo en la garantía de los derechos territoriales y la actuación de instituciones no gubernamentales en favor de los pueblos indígenas. A partir del Festival Yawa, celebración de la cultura Yawanawa que cuenta con la participación de alóctonos, el análisis discurre sobre la dialógica entre relaciones interétnicas, culturales e identitarias.
EN
The subject of the article is Elizaveta Stishova's film Suleiman Mountain, the action of which focuses on the Kyrgyz mountain, surrounded by religious veneration. The title place is treated as a spatial hierophany, that is, according to Mircea Eliade's concept, a place where and through which the sacred is revealed. The text will analyze the film's space-time and its symbolic dimension, and the characters' relations with the title place, especially the relationship between women and the mountain and its mythical character.  
Roczniki Kulturoznawcze
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2017
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vol. 8
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issue 4
93-104
PL
Badanie wierzeń i obiektów kultowych z perspektywy archeologa nie jest łatwym zadaniem z racji niewielkiej liczby źródeł pisanych, a nawet ich braku. Trudno zinterpretować artefakty, które przypuszczalnie nie miały tylko funkcji użytkowej. Stopień trudności analiz poświęconych wierzeniom wzrasta, kiedy mamy do czynienia z kulturą niepiśmienną. Nie dziwi też fakt sceptycyzmu i powściągliwości w analizach i interpretacjach dotyczących symboliki, wierzeń, rytuałów. Jednym z ciekawych problemów badawczych, którym zajmują się archeolodzy, jest sztuka naskalna. Obecnie jej powstanie łączy się i interpretuje z teorią szamanistyczną. Uznaje się go za system wierzeń, swego rodzaju swoistą religię wraz z kosmogonią (A. Rozwadowski 2012). Artykuł jest próbą odpowiedzi na pytanie o najdawniejszą religię, zwłaszcza czy można za taką uznać szamanizm oraz jego relacje ze sztuką naskalną paleolitu.
EN
Examining beliefs and cult objects from the perspective of an archaeologist is not an easy task because of the small number of written sources or lack thereof. It is difficult to interpret artifacts that are presumably not just functional. These are the arts and religion. The degree of difficulty of analyzes devoted to beliefs increases when we deal with illiterate culture. It is also not surprising that skepticism and restraint with regard to the analysis and interpretation of symbols, beliefs and rituals. One of the interesting research questions that archaeologists are dealing with is rock art. At present, its rise and interpretation are connected with shamanistic theory. It is recognized as a belief system, a kind of religion with cosmogony (A. Rozwadowski, 2012). The text is an attempt to answer the question of the earliest religion. Can shamanism be regarded as form of the religion and its relationship with the art of rock paleolithic?
EN
This article investigates the place of lehuelas/sangomas in Basotho society, their vocation, work and relationship with Christian churches. Lethuelas, also called sangomas or shamans, are healers, diviners and/or mediums. Thanks to the country’s mountainous isolation, their vocation and work can be observed in its most primal and unspoilt version, passed down for generations without much influence of outside shamanic traditions or New Age forms of shamanism encountered in other Southern African countries. The article includes the data gathered during the field studies conducted in Lesotho in March 2013 and January 2019 in four regions: the capital city of Maseru (250 000 inhabitants), the Nazaretha/Roma region, the villages and tiny settlements in the western part of the Maloti Mountains, and the Butha-Buthe district in the north of the country.
Studia Religiologica
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2012
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vol. 45
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issue 4
283–292
EN
This article provides the first step of a threefold argument on why an integrative model for theorizing ecstasy is necessary and how this could be accomplished. This article sets out with some preliminary epistemological remarks on normativity and religious experience as a legitimate object of inquiry that have to be made in order to prepare the larger argument. Afterwards I.M. Lewis’s sociological theory of ecstasy will be outlined and its numerous advantages pointed out. The strength of the theory lies mainly in explaining ecstasy in highly hierarchical societies and in those cases where it occurs in connection with material gain. It fails however to be applicable in situations when the subjects do not achieve or aim at achieving improvement of their material or societal statuses, but quite contrarily (and gladly) give up possessions and positions. The same applies for social structures where a high degree of equality has been achieved and ecstasy or ecstatic spiritpossession does not have to function as a releasing remedy for social tensions. These cases of ecstasy can better be explained by theories that could be called “psychological”, or even “psychotheological”, that will be discussed in the next paper.
PL
W niniejszym artykule autor analizuje sposoby ujmowania transwestytyzmu szamanów w literaturze naukowej, by następnie przeprowadzić studium przypadku oparte na bezpośrednich badaniach terenowych. Głównym celem studium jest pokazanie, w jaki sposób zmienia się obraz pozornie bardzo podobnych zjawisk, gdy umieścimy je w szerszym kontekście kulturowym. Głównym pytaniem teoretycznym jest to, czy i na ile zasadnym jest porównywanie nietypowych sposobów ubierania się i przyjmowania nietypowych wzorów ról społecznych związanych z płcią w kulturach obserwowanych przez antropologów z podobnymi zjawiskami, które występują w kontekście cywilizacji euroamerykańskiej. Analiza dyskusji wokół tego zjawiska, a przede wszystkim próby wyjaśnienia genezy i funkcji transwestytyzmu czy wręcz transgenderyzmu szamanek i szamanów, mówią dużo o tym, w jaki sposób konstruowane jest zachodnie postrzeganie szamanizmu i samych szamanów. Są one również pouczające w kontekście międzykulturowego postrzegania płci. Analiza przypadku pokazuje, że transwestytyzm szamanki ma bezpośrednio znaczenie religijne, które opiera się nie na tym, że jest on zgodny z dążeniami, skłonnościami szamanki, ale przeciwnie, jego znaczenie opiera się na tym, że szamanka jest przez duchy do takiego zachowania przymuszana. Nie jest on wyrazem, ale przeciwieństwem jej własnej tożsamości płciowej tak na poziomie biologicznym, jak i kulturowym.
EN
In this article the author examines the ways of describing transvestism of shamans in the scientific literature. The author extends the analysis of literature through a case study based on fieldwork. The main objective of the study is to show how the image of apparently very similar phenomena changes when we put it in a broader cultural context. The main theoretical question is whether and to what extent it is justified to compare unusual ways of dressing and adopting atypical patterns of social roles related to gender in cultures observed by anthropologists with similar phenomena that occur in the context of Euro-American civilization. Analysis of the discussion concerning this phenomenon, and above all of attempts to explain the genesis and function of the transvestite or even transgender shamans elucidates how the Western perception of shamanism and shamans themselves is constructed. They are also instructive in the context of intercultural perception of gender. The case study shows that transvestism of shaman has direct religious significance, which is based not on the fact that it conforms with the aspirations, inclinations of shaman, but on the contrary, its importance is based on the fact that the shaman is coerced by the spirits to such behavior. It is not an expression, but the refutation of her own gender and sexual identity.
Prace Etnograficzne
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2013
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vol. 41
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issue 3
179–188
EN
The author presents scientific achievements of two scientific projects conducted by the Student Scientific Circle of Institute of Ethnology and Cultural Anthropology of Jagiellonian University in cooperation with the Student Scientific Circle of Institute of Public Health Collegium Medicum of Jagiellonian University which he took part in: “PromoAfryka” and “PromoKazachstan”. “PromoAfryka” was the scientific expedition to Ethiopia, Kenya and Tanzania (the author was responsible for an ethnological part of the research). The participants took part in the 13th World Congress of Public Health in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, and conducted field research on the question of the impact of tourism on traditional culture of 12 tribes settled in lower Omo Valley and nutrition habits of the members of the tribes. The project has won several prizes. The “PromoKazachstan” project consisted in field research on Kazakh shamanism. Doubtless, both projects are fine examples of the key role which can be played by ethnology and its methodology in interdisciplinary scientific projects, as a complementary with life sciences approach.
Świat i Słowo
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2021
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vol. 37
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issue 2
117-134
EN
The shaman figure is most often associated with primitive communities, inhabiting, among others Siberia. The shaman plays one of the most important roles in them - he is an intermediary between the world of people and the world of spirits. Responds to, among others for the safe passage of souls to the other side and protects her from evil spirits. However, is there room for representatives of this institution in contemporary Polish popular literature? How would they find themselves in the 21st century? The article aims to show the interpretation of the shaman on the example of Ida Brzezińska, the heroine of the books of Martyna Raduchowska. I intend to introduce the role and functions of the „shaman from the dead”, juxtaposing the way Ida works (including reading sleepy margins from a rather unusual dream catcher, carrying out souls and the consequences that await in the event of failure or making contact with the dead) with the methods described by scholars shamans. The purpose of the work is to show how much Raduchowska tried to adapt shamanism in her work by modernizing it, and how many elements she added from herself to make the story more attractive.
PL
Postać szamana kojarzona jest najczęściej ze społecznościami pierwotnymi, zamieszkującymi m.in. Syberię. Szaman pełni w nich jedną z najważniejszych ról – jest pośrednikiem pomiędzy światem ludzi, a światem duchów. Odpowiada m.in. za bezpieczne przejście dusz na drugą stronę oraz chroni ją przed złymi duchami. Czy jednak we współczesnej, polskiej literaturze popularnej jest miejsce na przedstawicieli tej instytucji? Jak odnaleźliby się oni w XXI wieku? Artykuł ma na celu pokazanie interpretacji postaci szamanki na przykładzie Idy Brzezińskiej, bohaterki książek Martyny Raduchowskiej. Zamierzam przybliżyć rolę oraz funkcje „szamanki od umarlaków”, zestawiając sposób działania Idy (m.in. odczytywanie sennych mar z dość nietypowego łapacza snów, przeprowadzanie dusz oraz konsekwencje, jakie czekają w razie niepowodzenia czy nawiązywanie kontaktu z umarłymi) z opisanymi przez uczonych metodami postępowania szamanów. Celem pracy jest pokazanie, na ile Raduchowska starała się zaadaptować w swojej twórczości szamanizm, dokonując jego uwspółcześnienia, a ile elementów dodała od siebie, w celu uatrakcyjnienia fabuły.
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