Search results

1

Nannies “Bought” in Laconia: Slaves or Hired? A Note to Plutarch, Lycurgus, 16,5

100%

Paradiso A.

Eirene. Studia Graeca et Latina

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2013

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vol. 49

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issue 1-2

48-53

EN

This contribution deals with the presence in Attica of Spartan nannies, who were highly praised for their qualities and for the method that they practiced. They were either bought or hired. In Life of Lycurgus 16,5, Plutarch states that they were bought, but this seems to contradict what is known of the historical circumstances. We may consider emending the text, depending whether the mistake is a result of corruption in the manuscript tradition or derives from the author himself.

2

Quelques contrats de vente d'esclaves de la collection Aziz Atiyya

100%

Vanthieghem N.

The Journal of Juristic Papyrology

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2014

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issue 44

163-187

EN

Editions of six Arabic deeds of sale of slaves hosted at the J. Willard Marriott Library (University of Utah). The documents come from the private collection of the arabist Aziz Atiya and shed some new light on various aspects of the slavery in medieval Egypt.

3

Miejsce niewolników w rodzinie chrześcijańskiej według Jana Chryzostoma

100%

Duda J.

Vox Patrum

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2009

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vol. 53

259-270

EN

The early Christian Church did not take up any revolutionary action aiming at reforming or abolishing the so much bound with the Roman society structure slavery. Instead, it worked out a new ‘theoretical’ and characterized by humanism attitude, which is reflected and strengthened by John Chrysostom. The ‘golden mouthed’ admits that slavery is a binding and allowed by God’s Providence state, and he accepts the power of a master over a belonging to the Christian family slave. A slave should not rebel against his unjust situation but try to serve his master and family as if he actually saved his Saviour Redeemer. And that is because slaves are in nature free people and as any other people are the children of the same God. That is why he demands treating a slave as a human being and respecting his dignity. Also, he suggests a new notion of a slave being a good and obedient to his master person since, as he believes, a change in the present negative stereotype will contribute to some improvement in the existential situation, or in some time may lead to the reform of the social-economic state system.

4

The Story of the Exodus and the Images of the Promised Land and Heaven in the Poetry of African American Spirituals

88%

Ziółek-Sowińska M.

Zagadnienia Rodzajów Literackich

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2017

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vol. 60

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issue 4 (124)

33-47

EN

Since the beginning of slavery blacks discovered in the Bible stories which provided not only narratives and language to delineate the difficulty of being a slave, but also hope for a better future in the afterlife. The Exodus was perceived as the Bible’s main argument that God denounced slavery and would come in a catastrophic event to judge those who mistreated blacks. This article is devoted to the exploration of the biblical figure of Exodus as a recurring trope in selected lyrics of slave spirituals and spirituals recorded by bluesmen. Scholars seem to agree that the Exodus is the migration narrative, but in this article I seek to demonstrate that it may also represent the theme of going on a spiritual journey to the other side in the hereafter or the end of time city the New Jerusalem.

5

Kilka uwag na temat zeznań niewolników w procesie karnym

75%

Loska E.

Zeszyty Naukowe KUL

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2017

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vol. 60

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issue 3

449-464

EN

In ancient Rome there was a rule that in the course of the trial the slave confession could not be used to the detriment of their owners. There have been exceptions to this rule since the time of the Republic, in the case of incest crime and conspiracy. A different approach to the use of the testimony of slaves was visible during the Principate. Laws, such as lex Iulia de adulteriis coërcendis, or imperial rescripts, provided for a number of possibilities to circumvent the republican ban, without actually breaking it, or abolishing it. Only in the case of crimen laese maiestatis it was explicitly allowed to torture the slaves in caput domini. During Dominate accepting the charges submitted by the slave against the owner was forbidden, excepting maiestas only. Accusing slave was punished with death.

PL

W starożytnym Rzymie obowiązywała zasada, wedle której podczas procesu nie można było wykorzystywać zeznań niewolników na szkodę ich właściciela. Od tej zasady już od czasów republiki przewidziane były wyjątki, w przypadku przestępstw kazirodztwa oraz spisku. Odmienne podejście do wykorzystywania zeznań niewolników widoczne było w okresie pryncypatu. Ustawy, takie jak lex Iulia de adulteriis coërcendis, czy reskrypty cesarskie przewidywały szereg możliwości obejścia republikańskiego zakazu, bez rzeczywistego jego złamania, ani też zniesienia. Jedynie w przypadku crimen laese maiestatis wyraźnie dopuszczono torturowanie niewolników in caput domini. W okresie dominatu wprowadzony został zakaz przyjmowania oskarżenia składanego przez niewolnika przeciw właścicielowi, wyjątkiem była wyłącznie maiestas. Oskarżający niewolnik był karany śmiercią.

6

Inconvenient Witnesses: Testimonies of Slaves in a Criminal Trial During the Republic and the Principate

75%

Loska E.

Studia Iuridica Lublinensia

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2021

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vol. 30

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issue 1

EN

In ancient Rome, slaves performed many different tasks. The fact that they often enjoyed the trust of their owners and knew their secrets made them very desirable witnesses in a criminal trial. The aim of the article is to show examples of situations in which the testimony of slaves in a criminal trial could be dangerous for their owners. Slaves were subject to obligatory torture, so they could reveal some secrets against their will. However, there was a ban on the use of slaves’ testimonies against their owners. Roman law, still, knew a few exceptions to this, in matters justified by the interests of Rome. The article shows also the changes made during the Principate, when the statutory law regulating this issue appeared.

PL

W starożytnym Rzymie niewolnicy wykonywali wiele różnych zadań. Fakt, że cieszyli się nieraz zaufaniem swoich właścicieli i znali ich sekrety, czynił z nich bardzo pożądanych świadków w procesie karnym. Celem artykułu jest pokazanie przykładowych sytuacji, w których zeznania niewolników w procesie karnym mogły być niebezpieczne dla ich właścicieli. Niewolnicy obligatoryjnie poddawani byli torturom, mogli zatem zdradzić tajemnice wbrew swojej woli. Mimo że obowiązywał zakaz wykorzystywania zeznań niewolników przeciw ich właścicielom, to prawo rzymskie znało jednak od niego kilka wyjątków, w sprawach uzasadnionych interesem Rzymu. Pokazano także zmiany dokonane w okresie pryncypatu, kiedy pojawiło się prawo stanowione regulujące tę kwestię.

7

The Fruits without the Roots? Postmodern Group-Identity in the Light of Biblical Anthropology

63%

Doedens J.

The Biblical Annals

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2022

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vol. 12

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issue 2

309-323

EN

The origins of modern western societies are indubitably rooted in Judeo-Christian values that generated a unique form of civilization over the course of almost two-thousand years. These values have as their core-belief that humans are created in the image of God. This notion deeply influenced views on human identity and on human rights. Since the rise of modernity, these religious roots of the western world-view have eroded gradually as a consequence of secularization. While society increasingly became cut off from its own roots, the fruits of the former world-view were still accepted as desirable. However, emerging post-modernity appears to be in the process of not only losing the roots, but also rejecting the fruits of Judeo-Christian values. As a consequence, human identity is evermore perceived as consisting of – often conflicting – group-identities. The aim of this study is to discover whether biblical anthropology can shed light on the functions of groups within a given society. Being aware of the fact that the way how ancient Israel dealt with minority groups and how this is reflected within the Hebrew Bible is not automatically applicable for present-day societies, we still might be able to glean insights for our present world. In order to attain such, this study first analyzes shortly the post-modern societal situation pertaining to group-identities. Subsequently, the focus will be on how Israel’s self-understanding as “chosen people” is approached critically by some parts within the Old Testament. Following that, the study concentrates on how concrete social and religious minority groups were viewed: the sojourners, the poor, the slaves. Within this approach also the “sons of the prophets” and the Rechabites will be reviewed. The study suggests that the Christian church might have an own alternative narrative within a postmodern world by emphasizing that identity should have a transcendent side, by seeing that the individual is the proper level of identity, and by proclaiming that individuals are called to function with responsibility within communities.

8

Threpte und Eutyches – römische Sklaven in Krakau (CIL VI 27389a)

63%

Kuryłowicz M.

Krytyka Prawa. Niezależne studia nad prawem

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2016

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vol. 8

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issue 2

47-63

PL

W Muzeum Książąt Czartoryskich w Krakowie znajduje się tabliczka z rzymskiego nagrobka z następującym napisem: Najlepszej i najwierniejszej żonie Threpte, dobrze zasłużonej, wystawił Eutyches, niewolnik Atiliusza Agrykoli (CIL VI 27389a – I/II w.n.e.). Chodzi tu o niewolników, pochodzących prawdopodobnie ze shellenizowanych obszarów wschodnich. Euyches został wyraźnie określony jako niewolnik (EUTYCHES ATILI AGRICOLAE SERVUS), zaś pozycja Threpte wynika z samego imienia, oznaczającego po grecku niewolnicę, spłodzoną i wychowaną w rodzinie właściciela (rzymska verna). Z prawnego punktu widzenia związek między nimi mógł mieć charakter tylko contubernium. Prawdopodobnie Atilius Agricola miał dwoje niewolników, których traktował przyjaźnie, dopuszczając do ich faktycznego związku i pozwolił ponadto na pochowanie Threpte w osobnym grobie i zaopatrzenie inskrypcją. Jest to jeden z wielu tekstów, dowodzących familiarnych stosunków z niewolnikami w rzymskich rodzinach okresu wczesnego cesarstwa. Co ciekawe ponadto – prochy ich pozostały na rzymskiej ziemi, zaś tabliczka z napisem zawędrowała zrządzeniem losu do Krakowa.

EN

In the Princes Czartoryski Museum in Krakow there is a Roman headstone with the following inscription: For the best and most faithful wife (coniux) Threpte, well distinguished, put up by Eutyches, a slave of Atilius Agricola (CIL VI 27389a – 1st/2nd c. AD). They were probably slaves from Hellenized eastern regions. Eutyches is explicitly described as a slave (EUTYCHES ATILI AGRICOLAE SERVUS), while Threpte’s status is clarified by her name, which is the Greek word for a slave, conceived and raised up in the family of a master (Roman verna). In legal terms, the only relationship they could enter was contubernium. Possibly, Atilius Agricola had two slaves whom he treated in a friendly manner allowing them to maintain a relationship; he also agreed for Threpte to be buried in a separate grave with an inscription. It is one of many texts suggesting cordial relations between slaves and Roman families in the early period of the Roman Empire. Interestingly, the ashes have remained in Roman soil, while the plate with the inscription has found its way to Krakow.

9

The Ancient Roman Family in the Context of Antiquity

63%

Sojka S.

The Person and the Challenges. The Journal of Theology, Education, Canon Law and Social Studies Inspired by Pope John Paul II

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2020

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vol. 10

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issue 1

283-302

EN

This article discusses the every-day family life in ancient Rome and its functioning throughout the period of royal, republican, and imperial Rome. The article draws attention to the roles played by Roman family members of antiquity. Positive values cultivated by the ancient family, which are outlined in this essay, might provide a way to understand Roman antiquity through the contemporary lens and provide a postulate of the reflexive human nature in this respect.

10

Praca w życiu chrześcijanina. Stanowisko św. Jana Chryzostoma

51%

Szczur P.

Verbum Vitae

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2014

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vol. 25

171-201

EN

This article is a presentation of St. John Chrysostom’s social teaching on the value of work. This teaching is grounded in the Holy Scriptures. By describing Christ and certain biblical figures (e.g. St. Paul) as people of work, Chrysostom underscores the meaning and value of labor. He does so contrary to the opinion of the wealthy in the Antioch society, who despised both the physical labor and the people performing it. In the teaching of the Archbishop of Constantinople, physical work is a cooperation with God in the effort of transforming the world. It is an element which ennobles a human being, provides him with the means necessary to support his life and enabling him to undertake the works of mercy. St. John also highlights the difficult situation of many peasants, craftsmen and merchants, and in this way he tries to direct the attention of the wealthy to this social problem. It can be deduced from Chrysostom’s writing that the life of slaves, which constituted a large portion of the late antique society, was generally modest and filled with work – especially the most onerous one. In giving instructions to slaves, St. John admonishes them to be submissive to their masters and do their work well. In speaking to the masters, however, he recommended that their relationships with slaves were humanitarian and shaped according to the Gospel. It is noteworthy to see that the element of love of one’s neighbor (philanthropy) and forgiving mercy brought new quality into the social structures of the time, especially between a master and a slave.

11

Crossing Cultural Boundaries in Merchants’ Wills from 14th-Century Cyprus

38%

Coureas N.

Perspektywy Kultury

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2020

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vol. 30

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issue 3

47-62

PL

Kupcy z Europy Zachodniej działający w Famaguście na Cyprze – w tym Genueńczycy, Wenecjanie, Katalończycy, Pizańczycy, Prowansalczycy i przedstawiciele innych narodowości oraz kupcy cypryjscy mający siedzibę w tym portowym mieście – sporządzali u notariuszy genueńskich i weneckich testamenty, z których wiele zachowało się do dzisiaj. Testamenty te stanowią cenne źródło wiedzy o darowiznach i spadkach, które kupcy przepisywali na rzecz członków rodziny i przyjaciół, a także instytucji, zwłaszcza takich jak kościoły, klasztory i zakony żebracze. Ponadto w dokumentach tych znajdziemy zapis kredytów i długów cypryjskich kupców wobec różnych wierzycieli, dekrety wyzwolenia należących do nich niewolników, którzy czasem również otrzymywali spadek, a sporadycznie także listy z wyszczególniem przedmiotów materialnych, takich jak odzież, sztućce lub waluty znajdujące się w ich posiadaniu. Z tego rodzaju informacji możemy wywnioskować, że kupcy utrzymywali stosunki handlowe i osobiste z przedstawicielami innych narodowości lub wyznań chrześcijańskich, posiadali niewolników o różnym pochodzeniu etnicznym i waluty nienależące do królestwa Lusignan na Cyprze, a także przedmioty pochodzące z innych terytoriów. Te zjawiska świadczą o ich mobilności geograficznej i chęci przekraczania granic fizycznych, finansowych oraz kulturowych. Zdarzało się nawet, że kupcy cypryjscy zapisywali sumy pieniężne osobom i Kościołom obrządku niełacińskiego. Moją intencją w tym artykule jest zbadanie oraz ocena znaczenia i użyteczności takich testamentów. Pragnę również w nim zwrócić uwagę, że z treści cypryjskich testamentów możemy się dowiedzieć, jak, dlaczego i do jakiego stopnia kupcy przekraczali granice narodowe, etniczne i religijne zarówno w kontaktach handlowych, jak i osobistych. Ponadto omówione zostaną również ograniczenia zakresu informacji zawartych w tych testamentach oraz przyczyny istnienia tych ograniczeń.

EN

The Western merchants operating in Famagusta, Cyprus-including Genoese, Venetians, Catalans, Pisans, Provençals, other nationalities, and Cypriot merchants based in this port city-drew up wills with Genoese and Venetian notaries, a number of which are extant. These wills impart information on the bequests these merchants made to family members and friends as well as to institutions, particularly churches, monasteries, and mendicant orders. Furthermore, they record the credits and debts of these merchants to various parties, decree the manumission of slaves owned by the merchants-some of whom also received bequests-and on occasion list material objects such as clothing, silverware, or sums of currency in their possession. We can glean from these types of information that merchants had commercial and personal relations with members of nationalities or Christian denominations different to their own, had slaves of various ethnic backgrounds, and had in their possession currencies other than that of the Lusignan kingdom of Cyprus, as well as objects originating from elsewhere. These are phenomena that testify to their geographical mobility and their willingness to cross physical, financial, as well as cultural boundaries. On occasion, they even bequeathed sums of money to individuals and churches of non-Latin rites. In this paper, I intend to examine and assess the importance and utility of such wills, explaining that through their contents one can discover how, why and the extent to which merchants crossed national, ethnic and religious boundaries in both their commercial and their personal dealings. In addition, the limitations of the information such wills offer and the reasons why these limitations exist will also be discussed.

12

Ograniczenia stanu jako przeszkoda w przyjmowaniu do klasztorów w czasach Grzegorza Wielkiego na podstawie jego "Registrum epistularum" oraz norm prawa rzymskiego

38%

Lewandowicz J.

Vox Patrum

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2015

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vol. 64

317-344

EN

Monastic life, which development has been significantly contributed by St. Gregory the Great, has an important place in the history of Europe. This paper attempts to go back to the period of monasticism in the Late Antiquity, of which there are numerous testimonies in the epistles of St. Gregory the Great. Based on Registrum epistularum, the paper presents the practice of admitting to the monasteries candidates from different social backgrounds. Simultaneously, it discusses the evolution of the imperial law, from the reign of Constantine to the end of the sixth century, by concerning restrictions on the admission to the monasteries arising from the fact of belonging to the specific state (obnoxii): decurions, tax collectors, colonate, slaves assigned to the land. The paper highlights the concern of Pope Gregory I for those who join the monasteries as well as draw attention to the motives, which guided the emperors to make laws concerning the admission to the monasteries and the Gregory’s attitude towards the secular law. The paper also draws attention to the efforts of the pope aiming at promoting the monastic life as the highest form of Christian life.

Refine search results

Nannies “Bought” in Laconia: Slaves or Hired? A Note to Plutarch, Lycurgus, 16,5

Quelques contrats de vente d'esclaves de la collection Aziz Atiyya

Miejsce niewolników w rodzinie chrześcijańskiej według Jana Chryzostoma

The Story of the Exodus and the Images of the Promised Land and Heaven in the Poetry of African American Spirituals

Kilka uwag na temat zeznań niewolników w procesie karnym

Inconvenient Witnesses: Testimonies of Slaves in a Criminal Trial During the Republic and the Principate

The Fruits without the Roots? Postmodern Group-Identity in the Light of Biblical Anthropology

Threpte und Eutyches – römische Sklaven in Krakau (CIL VI 27389a)

The Ancient Roman Family in the Context of Antiquity

Praca w życiu chrześcijanina. Stanowisko św. Jana Chryzostoma

Crossing Cultural Boundaries in Merchants’ Wills from 14th-Century Cyprus

Ograniczenia stanu jako przeszkoda w przyjmowaniu do klasztorów w czasach Grzegorza Wielkiego na podstawie jego "Registrum epistularum" oraz norm prawa rzymskiego