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Hobbes o smíchu

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EN
The author of the study argues against the majority view that believes Thomas Hobbes was a classic advocate of the best known theory of laughter, in which laughter is an expression of superiority. Through an explication of all three passages in which Hobbes systematically discusses laughter, the author rebuts the idea that Hobbs was concerned with a comprehensive theory of laughter in the sense of stating its necessary and sufficient conditions. For Hobbes, the treatise on laughter was originally just a means for better understanding of the mental state of glory, which played a fundamental role mostly in his early theory of motivation, and thus was central for his entire philosophy. In Hobbes’ late philosophy, however, it was losing its significance, so that the short treatise on laughter, which in later writings only briefly reiterates the original exposition, ultimately in De homine lingers only as an inorganic relic. The text also points out the strongly rhetorical character of Hobbes’ explication, which is far more likely to warn against excessive laughter as a symptom of a fallen form of so called glory than it would be to actually and factually analyze the essence of laughter itself.
CS
Autor v této studii polemizuje s většinovým pojetím Thomase Hobbese jako klasického zastánce základní teorie smíchu, v níž je smích výrazem nadřazenosti. Výkladem všech tří pasáží, kde Hobbes soustavně pojednává o smíchu, vyvrací především představu, že mu šlo o ucelenou teorii smíchu ve smyslu postižení jeho nutných a postačujících podmínek. Pojednání o smíchu bylo pro Hobbese původně jen prostředkem k lepšímu porozumění duševnímu hnutí blaha (glory), které hrálo zásadní roli především v jeho rané teorii motivace, a tím bylo klíčové pro celou jeho filosofii. V Hobbesově pozdní filosofii ale ztrácelo význam, takže krátké pojednání o smíchu, jež v pozdějších spisech pouze stručně opakuje původní výklad, nakonec v De homine zůstává jen neorganickým reliktem. Text také poukazuje na silně rétorický charakter Hobbesova výkladu, který daleko spíše varuje před přílišným smíchem jako symptomem upadlé formy duševního blaha, než že by skutečně věcně rozebíral podstatu smíchu samého.
EN
Milan Kundera poetics is based on a “world of the romantic fiction built on the personal speech of the narrator” (M. Chvatík). Nevertheless, it enters in contradiction with some essays of Kundera himself, who centers on the figure of the storyteller, active figure of the narrative “from Rabelais to Laurence Sterne” (“Speech of Jerusalem”, resumed in The Art of the Novel). Kundera seems to give for task to the modern narrator to resuscitate an atavistic, pre-rational genius, chairing in instinctual desire to tell. Thus there is a contradiction between the ambition of recovery of the lively word — the voice of the storyteller — by the modern novel, and the actual practice of the story adopted by Kundera. This article tries to describe this paradox through one of these mythical categories approached in a recurring way by Kundera: that of laughter.
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71%
EN
The study analyses the reflection of laughter in medieval Russia in medieval literary studies from the 1970s to the present. Special attention is paid to the interpretation of laughter in the book by D. S. Likhachov and A. M. Panchenko The World of Laughter of Ancient Russia and the following reaction and re-interpretation of this issue in the texts of the Russian semioticians J. M. Lotman and B. A. Uspenski. The study also attempts to outline possible reasons why laughter does not appear in the writings of medieval Russia, which is a phenomenon that literary studies — being so far concentrated particularly on formulating the specifics of “Russian laughter” — have largely neglected.
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