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1

Small Countries’ EU Council Presidency and the Realisation of their National Interests: The Case of Slovenia

100%
Svetličič M., Cerjak K.
Croatian International Relations Review
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2015
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vol. 21
|
issue 74
5-39
EN
The main goal of the article is to establish how a small country, Slovenia, promoted its national interests when it held the Presidency of the Council of the EU, how this experience fits into the theory of small states and what lessons can be drawn for other small states. Based on a questionnaire administered to key Slovenian actors in the presidency, the analysis confirmed some of the theoretical expectations and revealed certain disparities. Our analysis confirms theoretical predictions that a member state can push through its national interests more easily during its presidency because it possesses certain powers that enable it to set the agenda, which is the most effective way of realising national interests. Especially true in the case of small state presidencies, advocating national interests can also be facilitated by a smaller range of priorities and a greater level of coincidence with the interests of other key actors. We revealed that, besides the country’s size, other factors also limited its ability to fulfil its national interests. In addition to a weak ability for coalition building and lobbying, the two main factors of constraint were the lack of soft knowledge among Slovenian officials and weak coordination among policy agents.
2

The Number and Geographical Scope of the EU Foreign Policy Initiatives of Small Member States: Does „smallness“ matter?

88%
Luša Đ., Kurečić P.
Croatian International Relations Review
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2015
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vol. 21
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issue 72
47-80
EN
Due to the complex voting and decision-making mechanisms of the EU, the size-factor has long been present within EU studies as a relevant and significant variable in explaining member states’ activism. Despite the aim of small states to achieve equal representation, there is a huge discrepancy between the power of big and small states within the EU. Therefore, the expected behavior of small states is different from that of the big ones. However, there are also significant differences in foreign policy activism within the group of small EU states and those are analysed in this article. In order to differentiate small states’ activism within EU foreign policy, the article explores the correlation between the scope and number of small states’ leadership initiatives in EU foreign policy and different quantitative criteria used to define these small states (population, total GDP, GDP per capita)
3
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Economic Vulnerability of Small Powers

88%
Zoidze G., Abuselidze G., Veshapidze S.
Journal of Geography, Politics and Society
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2023
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vol. 13
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issue 3
1-12
EN
The purpose of this article is to identify the national security challenges of a small state, to highlight their external and internal aspects; based on the research, develop a rational economic and political strategy for small powers. The paper is based on the analysis and synthesis of various fundamental literature and specific statistical data. The paper draws conclusions using causeand-effect relationships of facts. Important conclusions and recommendations are presented on key issues and challenges around small countries. This article concerns countries with small powers and their essential features – especially security, economic development, political stability, and foreign policy. It is also well understood today that threats of a military and nonmilitary nature are closely linked and that the aggravation of one leads to the aggravation of another. The systemic approach has taken root in the study of security issues, which involves discussing not just one but all of the potential threats in relation to one another and in one another’s context. The results of this study indicate that no matter how flexible a small country’s foreign policy is and how quickly it responds to changing conditions and events, it must still define its own strategic goal and make strategic choices. In determining its own national security priorities and foreign policy strategy, a small country must be more precise and infallible than a strong one. A small state that makes the wrong choice in its survival strategy is usually doomed.
4
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Norway’s Attitudes to European Integration Within Foreign Policy: Dilemmas of Non-EU European States in the Light of Developing the EU’s Common Foreign and Security Policy

75%
Koba P.
Stosunki Międzynarodowe - International Relations
|
2020
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vol. 56
|
issue 1
25-38
EN
Taking Norway as an example and a point of departure, this article looks at the ways in which the EFTA countries tackled dilemmas connected with the necessity to safeguard their interests in foreign policy against the background of the developing integration in foreign policy between the EC and, later, the EU members. The author argues that Norway, as a non-EU European country, consistently pursued a strategy typical for a ‘small country’ of the Nordic region vis-à-vis the ongoing integration of the EC/EU in the area of foreign affairs. After the end of the Cold War, Norway faced a potential threat of declining interest of the transatlantic community and the NATO in the Northern area. The EU enlargement in 1995 considerably limited the possibilities for Norway to coordinate foreign policy with other Nordic countries. For these reasons, Norway supported the development of the EU’s CFSP/CSDP as a tool complementary to the NATO in order to enhance its security. Institutionally, it chose a pragmatic model of selected approximation to the EU’s foreign and defence policy, especially for political dialogue, declarations, sanctions, as well as the CDSP’s civilian and military operations.
5
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The role of sports and music in public diplomacy: the case of Kosovo

75%
Hajdari L.
Przegląd Europejski
|
2019
|
vol. 2019(3)
189-203
EN
Rola sportu i muzyki w dyplomacji publicznej na przykładzie Kosowa Niniejszy artykuł omawia wpływ sportu i muzyki na dyplomatyczną pozycję Kosowa. Mimo, że Kosowo jest młodym państwem, które stara się o uznanie polityczne i dopiero buduje relacje dyplomatyczne, to już zyskało popularność dzięki światowym sukcesom jego obywateli w sporcie i muzyce. Analiza międzynarodowych mediów wykazała, że istnieje znaczna korelacja między sukcesem poszczególnych osób w zmianie podejścia dyplomatycznego wobec Kosowa a redefinicją ograniczeń wobec jego obywateli. Ponadto, liczne sukcesy we wspomnianych dziedzinach przyczyniły się do poprawy wizerunku państwa na arenie międzynarodowej. Na przykładzie Kosowa zaprezentowano w jaki sposób dyplomacja sportowa i kulturalna odniosła większy sukces niż dyplomacja klasyczna.
6
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The total defence snap link for national resistance: territorial defence forces – the Swiss example

75%
Stringer K. D.
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2022
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vol. XLVIII
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issue 3
237-246
EN
For nations facing expansionist and revisionist neighbours such as Russia or China, a total defence approach provides a mechanism to protect both territorial integrity and political sovereignty. A key component for any effective total defence concept is volunteer, citizen- soldier territorial defence forces (TDF). This paper emphasises the role these territorial formations play as the critical snap link between the military and civilian population in such a national defence strategy. The territorial defence forces, like the snap link in mountaineering, connect the military to the civilian population in a way to ensure popular support for national resistance efforts. The article offers the historical example of Switzerland as an exemplar of total defence from 1939 to 1991 and demonstrates the role its citizen-soldier forces played in linking the population to overall resistance efforts. This Swiss historical experience provides three main concepts for consideration today: (1) the creation of a government directed and functional levée en masse that mobilizes the entire population to support total defence; (2) the establishment of a national redoubt or refuge, either in-country or abroad, to provide sanctuary for the resistance movement; (3) and the organisation of specialised, multi-crisis capable territorial units for the full range of total defence missions.
7
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Antidote to Civil War?

51%
Stefanidis I. D.
Studia Historyczne
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2018
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vol. 61
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issue 2 (242)
77-100
PL
This paper seeks to reopen the question of legitimacy, and in particular democratic legitimacy, as an important factor affecting the course of European ‘small states’ involved in World War II. It draws attention to previously neglected or understudied but crucial aspects of wartime legitimacy, eminently the role of recognition by foreign powers, the rhetoric of the ‘Big Three’ Allies regarding post-war Europe, and the relevance of democratic legitimacy as a powerful antidote to civil conflict during the period of transition into peacetime.
8

The role of sports and music in public diplomacy: the case of Kosovo

51%
Hajdari L.
Przegląd Europejski
|
2019
|
issue 3(53)
189-203
EN
This article elaborates the influence of sports and music on the diplomatic position of Kosovo. Despite being a new country and struggling with political recognition and diplomatic relations, Kosovo has gained popularity through the global success of its citizens in sports and music. An analysis of international media has shown that there is a significant correlation between the success of individuals in changing diplomatic approaches towards Kosovo and redefinition of constraints towards its citizens. Moreover, the image of a country built through success stories of individuals has a significant effect on the general international public and has changed the negative perception of the country. Kosovo here is used as an example to illustrate how sports and cultural diplomacy have been more successful than classical diplomacy.
PL
Niniejszy artykuł omawia wpływ sportu i muzyki na dyplomatyczną pozycję Kosowa. Mimo, że Kosowo jest młodym państwem, które stara się o uznanie polityczne i dopiero buduje relacje dyplomatyczne, to już zyskało popularność dzięki światowym sukcesom jego obywateli w sporcie i muzyce. Analiza międzynarodowych mediów wykazała, że istnieje znaczna korelacja między sukcesem poszczególnych osób w zmianie podejścia dyplomatycznego wobec Kosowa a redefinicją ograniczeń wobec jego obywateli. Ponadto, liczne sukcesy we wspomnianych dziedzinach przyczyniły się do poprawy wizerunku państwa na arenie międzynarodowej. Na przykładzie Kosowa zaprezentowano w jaki sposób dyplomacja sportowa i kulturalna odniosła większy sukces niż dyplomacja klasyczna.
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