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EN
Sensual images of death in short stories by Richard Weiner (selected examples) The author of the article analyzes a selection of stories by Richard Weiner with regard to the leading theme — a sensual image of death. Attention is drawn to polisensuality of expression and the construction of the world depicted on the basis of sensual antinomies, e.g. silence/sound, movement/stillness, dead/alive, visible/invisible. The author refers to selected short stories from Weiner’s collections: Netečný divák (1917), Lítice (1918), Škleb (1919), and Lazebník (1929).
CS
Smyslná tvář smrti v povídkách Richarda Weinera (ve vybraných příkladech) Autorka článku analyzuje vybrané povídky Richarda Weinera z pohledu úvodního motivu, jímž je smyslná tvář smrti. Věnuje pozornost mnohasmyslnosti výpovědi a stavbě světa představeného na základu smyslových antinomií jako například: ticho–zvuk, pohyb–klid, mrtvé–živé, viditelné–neviditelné. Autorka se odvolává na vybrané povídky Weinera ze sbírek: Netečný divák (1917), Lítice (1918), Škleb (1919) i Lazebník (1929).
EN
The image of Jan Hus’s death in literary and film works The article shows, on selected examples from Czech literature and film, different images of the Czech reformer’s death. The fundamental texts of this article are the testimonies of two witnesses of that event: a member of Hus’s escort, Peter from Mladoňovice, and a burgher from Konstantz, Ulrich Rychental. Confesional dependent visions, that both of them were creating, initiated two traditions in the perception of Jan Hus: as a martyr and as a heretic. The vision of Mladoňovic dominated thinking about Hus in Czech society until the beginning of the recatholization. During the 19th century it was also supported by historism typical for the National Revival epoch (F. Palacký, Dějiny národa českého), persisted in journalism, literature, art and, after some modifications, operated until the middle of the 20th century (O. Vávra, Jan Hus). Later literary and film productions (E. Kantůrková, J. Svoboda, Jan Hus) take into account Rychental’s testimony, so the one-sided picture of the death of the Bethlehem preacher gained a new dimension.
CS
Literární a filmové obrazy smrti Jana Husa Článek na vybraných příkladech z české literatury a filmu ukazuje dva různé obrazy smrti českého reformátora. Základními texty jsou zprávy dvou očitých svědků události: člena Husova doprovodu Petra z Mladoňovic a kostnického měšťana Ulricha Richentala. Konfesijně podmíněné obrazy, které oba atoři kreují, stojí na počátku dvou rodících se tradic v pojímání Husa: jako mučedníka a jako kacíře. V českém prostředí dominoval až do počátku rekatolizace Mladoňovicův obraz, který byl v 19. století převzat obrozeneckým dějepisectvím (F. Palacký, Dějiny národa českého) a následně publicistikou, literaturou a výtvarným uměním a v různých modifikacích přetrval zhruba do poloviny 20. století (O. Vávra, Jan Hus). Pozdější literární a filmová produkce (E. Kantůrková, J. Svoboda, Jan Hus) zohledňuje také Richentalovo svědectví, čímž do té doby jednostranný obraz smrti betlémského kazatele získal novou dimenzi.
EN
Death as a political commodity in the comic book Ljubazni leševi by Zoran Panevski and Ivica Stefanovi The paper deals with the motif of death shown in the comic book Ljubazni leševi by Ivica Stevanović and Zoran Penevski. The author focuses on death “stolen” by the government of the fictional country, which is then used as a commodity in the process of controlling citizens. Death is not feared any more by anyone, which may have catastrophic consequences. Enslaving death may lead to the furious destruction of ethics in society, which is one of the main messages of this comic book allegory.
CS
Smrt jako politické zboži v komiksu Ljubazni leševi Zorana Panevského a Ivici Stefanoviće Článek se zabývá motivem Smrti, jak je představena v komiksové knize Ljubazni leševi Ivici Stevanoviće a Zorana Penevského. Soustředíme se na Smrt, která byla „ukradena“ vládou fiktivní země a následně zneužita jako obchodní artikl v procesu kontroly obyvatelstva. Smrti se již nikdo nebojí, což má za může přinášet katastrofické následky. Zotročení smrti může vést ke zběsilému ničení morálky lidské společnosti, což je jedno ze zásadních poselství této komiksové alegorie.
EN
Pavel Muratov and the image of death in the Italian renaissance The article is an analytical path throughout some cultural phenomena — of a philosophical, literary and artistic nature — stemming from a classical and Renaissance reworking of the theme of death, as interpreted by Pavel Muratov, the author of the famous work Образы Италии (Im­magini d’Italia), published in Moscow in the first decade of the twentieth century. The outstanding art historian many a time ponders over the concept and image of death, which inspired artists like Giovanni Bellini, Piero della Francesca, Michelangelo or Melozzo da Forlì; as far as death percep­tion is concerned. Death as an oblivion into which past glories fall in cities like Ferrara or Venice, and eventually as a distinctive feature of the fifteenth century, a complex and contradictory era in all its greatness. The deep and original Muratov’s remarks originate an eloquent and prolific dialogue between Russian culture at the beginning of the twentieth century, and Italian Renaissance culture.
BA
Pavel Muratov i slika smrti u italijanskoj renesansi Cilj ovog rada je da se analitički istraže neki izrazi iz domena kulture, filozofije, književno­sti i umetnosti, koje je kao humanističku i renesansnu obradu teme smrti preuzeo i interpretirao Pavel Muratov, autor poznatog dela Slike Italije objavljenog u periodu od 1911. do 1913. Ugledni istoričar umetnosti se više puta bavi pojmom i slikom smrti, koja je bila inspiracija umetnika kao što su Đovani Belini (Giovanni Bellini), Pjero dela Frančeska (Piero della Francesca), Mikelanđelo (Michelangelo) ili Meloco iz Forlija (Melozzo da Forlì), percepcijom smrti kao zaboravom koji briše tragove velikana iz prošlosti, u gradovima kao što su Ferara ili Venecija, najzad, nastoji da prati motiv smrti na kraju jedne kompleksne i kontradiktorne epohe u svoj njenoj veličini, kao što je XV vek. Duboka i originalna zapažanja Muratova, u osnovi su veoma plodnog dijaloga između ruske kulture s početka XX veka i italijanske renesansne kulture.
EN
Treatises on four ultimate truths about the human condition in 16th and 17th century Czech literature (an outline of issues) Czech literature of the 16th and 17th century was for readers of that time an important source of admonishment concerning death and afterlife. Manuals about the art of dying — ars moriendi books — provided ample advice on how to die a “good death”. Besides that, their authors focused also on other issues of ultimate importance for human beings, i.e. death, God’s judgment, heaven and hell. The aim of the treatises was to make readers lead a good life through constant pondering over death and the uncertainty of the soul’s fate in the afterlife. Descriptions of various tortures suffered by the damned in hell were meant to frighten sinners, make them repent and change their lives. Descriptions of heaven, on the other hand, were supposed to lure people into doing good. According to the Catholic dogma, after death, the soul can go to heaven, hell or purgatory. The Protestant Reformation rejected purgatory as wishful human fiction, and returned to a traditional dualistic view of the afterlife.
CS
Traktáty o čtyřech posledních věcech člověka v české literatuře 16. a 17. století (náčrt problematiky) Česká náboženská vzdělávací literatura 16. a 17. století představovala pro čtenáře důležitý zdroj poučení o smrti a posmrtném životě. Příručky šťastného umírání — knihy ars moriendi přinášely rady, jak má dobrá smrt vypadat. Kromě této problematiky se autoři zabývali tématy souvisejícími s posledními věcmi člověka, to je smrtí, božím soudem, peklem a nebem. Cílem traktátů bylo přimět čtenaře k dobrému životu prostřednictvím myšlenky na smrt a nejistý posmrtný osud duše. Líčení pekelných trestů mělo vyvolat u hříšníků hrůzu, přimět je, aby změnili své chování a nastoupili cestu pokání. Popisy ráje měly lákat a přitahovat. Podle katolíků duše po smrti mohla jít do nebe, pekla nebo ji čekal očistěc, kde měla smýt hříchy a poté vstoupit na nebesa. Reformace odmítla učení o očistci, a proto na něm protestanští autoři zdůrazňovali lidský výmysl.
EN
Chapter (or Spell) 1 represents an introduction to the Book of the Dead, and – similarly to the Book of the Dead as a whole – it focuses on the main topic of the textual corpus: on going forth into the day (prt m hrw), i.e. on leaving the Underworld and rising resurrected at the eastern horizon of the sky. To ensure that the person successfully passes to the blessed Afterlife, the spell both identifies him/her ritually with Osiris and serves as proof of his/her knowledge of Osirian cultic activities and ceremonies. It is probable, but still not certain, that the text of the spell was read or ritually performed during the burial. The following article presents an interpretation of the first spell of the Book of the Dead, of its context, content and illustrations, and it also represents a preview of a prepared monograph.
CS
Kapitola 1 představuje vstup do Knihy mrtvých a podobně jako celá Kniha mrtvých je zaměřena na „vycházení za dne“ (prt m hrw), tedy na vzkříšení zesnulého na východním obzoru nebes. Má člověku umožnit volný pohyb mezi sférou zásvětí a tohoto světa. Využívá k tomu nejen rituálního ztotožnění zesnulého s bohem Usirem, ale také ujištění o účasti zesnulého na usirovských kultických aktivitách a slavnostech. Je pravděpodobné, že text tohoto říkání byl přednášen v průběhu pohřebních ceremonií. Tento samostatný článek nejen předkládá novou interpretaci první kapitoly staroegyptské Knihy mrtvých, ale představuje také ukázku z nově připravované knihy, která českému čtenáři přiblíží výklad celého textového korpusu známého dnes pod názvem Kniha mrtvých.
EN
This article considers the relationships between the works of Maurice Blanchot and Věra Linhartová, looking at close semantic links between their themes of desire, sleep (dreaming), and death. The connections are examined in the writings of the two authors, especially in their poetic reinterpretations of the Orpheus myth and in the themes of the overcoming of death, the impossibility of death, and the experience of one’s own death. In this context, the article also suggests connections with the ideas of other authors, such as Camille Flammarion, Franz Kafka, Rainer Maria Rilke, Georges Bataille, and Ladislav Klíma.
EN
Body, corpse and death in David Albahari’s Gotz and Meyer The article investigates the broadly understood record of Jewish death that emerges from the text of the Serbian prose writer David Albahari. Emphasizing the dominance of economy in the Nazi system, the author indicates those procedures described in Albahari’s book which justify such an assessment (e.g. human reification, the body as debris, technical syntax used by German officials). Additionally, these considerations on death representation are supplemented with an endeavor to establish the Belgrade dwellers’ attitude towards the fortunes of the Jews. According to the author, the novel explicitly marks the spatial opposition (enclosure vs. opening, the camp vs. the city center) that is reinforced by the river, which during World War II divided the capital into Zemun (belonging to the Independent State of Croatia, also the place where the camp was situated) and Belgrade’s Serbian center. This demarcation intensifies the victims’ feelings of separation and loneliness, at the same time enabling the capital’s dwellers to occupy a comfortable position of bystanders.
BA
Telo, mrtvac, smrt u romanu Gec i Majer Davida Albaharija Rad se bavi vidovima smrti u romanu Gec i Majer Davida Albaharija. Pokazuje mehanizme koje potvrđuju opštepoznatu činjenicu da je u nacističkom sistemu dominirala ekonomija. U te mehanizme se ubrajaju, između ostalih: reifikacija čoveka, tretiranje tela kao otpada i tehnička leksika koju upotrebljavaju nemački funkcioneri. Analiza uključuje i pokušaj odgovora na pitanje kakav je bio odnos stanovnika Beograda prema sudbini Jevreja. Istraživanje pokazuje prostornu opoziciju (zatvoren i otvoren prostor, logor i centar grada). Nju naglašava reka koja je za vreme Drugog svetskog rata delila srpsku prestonicu na Zemun, gde je bio smešten logor, a koji je pripadao NDH, i srpski centar Beograda. Ova granica je vezana za osećaj separacije i usamljenost žrtava, s jedne starne, i udobnost i bajstander-efekat stanovnika prestonice, s druge strane.
EN
Notes from “the city of the dead”: Jasenovac and Stara Gradiška concentration camps in thanatological narratives and in the memory discourse of the post-Yugoslav area This paper discusses selected Holocaust narratives of the post-Yugoslav area, which were set in the history of (Hitler’s) Europe due to the establishment of the pro-Nazi Pavelić regime (The Independent State of Croatia). They were also set in the context of the concealment policy, when both places and events related to concentration camps, Jasenovac and Stara Gradiška, were ousted from collective memory by the authorities of communist Yugoslavia. Concentration camp memoirs and records — auto(thanato)graphies (J. Derrida, A. Ubertowska) — reflecting on the post-Yugoslav area of Tito’s epoch had been a tabooed realm of unsolicited truths (S. Buryła) for a few decades due to political reasons and have recently been reintroduced into official discourse of memory. They also address the questions of the end of Western civilisation, the topos of the concentration camp as the territory of the reign of death and struggle for survival. The five selected thanatological testimonies present the Holocaust and the nightmare of World War II as an essential part of reflection on the human condition (H. Arendt) and they also show the phenomenon of collective trauma (D. LaCapra).
BA
Bilješke iz „Grada Mrtvih”. Konclogor Jasenovac i Stara Gradiška u književnim tanatološkim naracijama i u diskursu kolektivnog pamćenja na području bivše Jugoslavije Predmet razmatranja u ovom tekstu su odabrani autobiografski zapisi o Holokaustu sa područja bivše Jugoslavije, stavljene u vizuru povijesti (hitlerove) Europe povodom osnivanja režima Ante Pavelića kakva je bila NDH. Istodobno vrlo je važan u ovoj analizi kontekst politike prešućivanja te brisanja iz kolektivnog pamćenja mjesta i dogaᵭaja vezanih uz logore smrti: Jasenovac i Stara Gradiška koje su vlasti komunističke Jugoslavije nakon II svjestkog rata uspješno poricale. Vraćene u zadnje vrijeme javnom pamćenju sjećanja i uspomene na logor – „auto(tanato)grafije (J. Derrida, A. Ubertowska) – bile su nekoliko decenija prešućivane ili od javnosti skrivane u Titovoj državi te zbog političkih razloga spadale su u zonu nepoželjnih istina (S. Buryła). Zabilježena vlastita sjećanja na konclogora – kasnije proskribiranih autora/svjedoka – bave se univerzalnom temom smrti, rušenja civilizacije zapadnog kruga, konclogora kao područja svevladajuće smrti, istrebljivanja i životnjske borbe za preživljavanje zatočenika. Pet odabranih logorskih testimonija prikazuje traumu II svjestkog rata (D. LaCapra) te govori o stanju čovječanstva u postratnom razdoblju (H. Arendt).
EN
The article aims to shed more light on how the late medieval Czech dialogue Rozmlouvání člověka se Smrtí engages with eschatology. Firstly, it focuses on death; mainly that despite the dreadful descriptions of dying the poem maintains that death is a righteous, necessary pathway to an adequate afterlife. Attention is also paid to Trost’s remark that the personified Death embodies both, the first and the second death. Next, the paper focuses on the soul and the body in the dialogue, i. e. their painful separation and their reunion at the end of times. Lastly, the study touches upon afterlife, expanding Trost’s claim about death to concepts of personal and universal eschatology. While striving to capture the overlap of particular and final judgment or hell and second death, it stresses the importance of Death’s rejection of purgatory.
EN
The topic of this paper are folklore sources, namely demonological legends in which a revenant is embodied by a real historical personality - an official of the nobility. The study contains comprehensive biograms of officials whose personalities left a significant impression within the oral tradition. A comparison of the historical facts with the content of the plots of individual legends offers several hypotheses that can serve as an answer to the question of why have these personalities of officials of the nobility become the actors of the demonological legends.
Libri & Liberi
|
2015
|
vol. Vol 4
|
issue 4.1
45-60
HR
U književnosti za djecu i mlade motivu smrti nerijetko se pristupa s obvezom da čitatelj dijete, kojega se također suočava s (literarnim) gubitkom, zauzvrat dobije i zadovoljštinu i utjehu, odnosno da smrt ne bude prihvaćena kao konačno i trajno rješenje. Članak propituje prikaze smrti te načine pripovijedanja o njoj u odabranim tekstovima koji tematiziraju holokaust, a uključuju dječje pripovjedače ili likove. Uzimajući u obzir te dvije temeljne odrednice, narativ o smrti u kontekstu stvarne povijesne pozadine genocida i odabir djece kao pripovjedača ili likova, pretpostavlja se i drukčije poimanje smrti, ali i progovaranje o njoj, pri čemu se propituje snaga jezika kao temeljnoga instrumentarija pripovijedanja.
EN
In the literature for children and young adults, the motif of death is not uncommon, but it is usually not accepted as a final and permanent solution. This paper examines the narrative representation of death in chosen texts that deal with the Holocaust and include children and young people as narrators or characters. Taking these two principles into account – the narrative of death in the context of the real historical background of genocide, and emphasising children as narrators or characters – we presuppose a different indication of death, as well as narration about it. Here we also debate the power of language in dealing with this subject matter.
DE
Das Todesmotiv ist in der Kinder- und Jugendliteratur heutzutage kein so ungewöhnliches Motiv mehr. Dennoch wird in dieser Literatur meistens der Tod als keine endgültige und dauerhafte Lösung dargestellt. Im Beitrag werden die Darstellungsweisen des Todes in einigen Werken analysiert, deren Thema Holocaust ist und worin Kinder bzw. Jugendliche entweder als Erzähler oder als Gestalten vorkommen. In Anbetracht dieser zwei Tatsachen – des Erzählens über den Tod im Kontext des historischen Hintergrunds des Genozids und der Übernahme von Kindern als Erzähler bzw. Gestalten – ist in den analysierten Werke festzustellen, dass darin ein anderes Verständnis des Todes sowie eine andere Erzählweise entwickelt werden. Darüber hinaus wird im Beitrag auch die Macht der Sprache als Grundinstrument des Erzählens hinterfragt.
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