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EN
The article discusses the issue of using applied anthropology for military purposes as a tool of gaining information and ideological advantage of one of the military or propaganda conflicting sides. Gaining advantage within information and ideological area enables one to influence and control social attitudes towards the authorities and put pressure on them through the public opinion which could intensify stratification within the scope of social life and, consequently, lead to social destabilisation of a state.
XX
Translation based on: G. Balandier, Anthropo-logiques, PUF, Paris 1974, ch. IV: "Tradition, conformité, historicité", pp. 173-184. The reprint was made with the consent of the Presses Universitaires de France.
EN
The term ethnic studies is not frequently used in the academic community of the Czech Republic. It is predominantly connected to the name of the Ethnic Studies Department at the Institute of Ethnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences and with texts produced by Czech ethnologists dealing with migrations, minorities and adjustment processes to the new environment (in the Czech academic texts of the second half of the 20th century, occasionally called „etnické procesy” [ethnic processes]). The author of this text scrutinizes the meaning of the concept of ethnic studies in the Czech context and poses the question what types of enquiries there have been so far. He compares the concept of ethnic studies in the Czech Republic and the USA, where ethnic studies departments originated in the 1960s and 1980s, and concludes that in the Czech Republic, in contrast to the United States, the theme of ethnic studies relates rather than the ethno-revivalist movements with social anthropological research into the dynamics of human relations and intercultural contacts, which were frequently called interethnic relations in the 1990s.
XX
Translation based on: G. Balandier, Anthropologie politique, PUF, Paris 2004, ch. VII: "Tradition et modernité", part II: "Dynamique du traditionalisme et de la modernité", pp. 202-217. The reprint was made with the consent of the Presses Universitaires de France.
EN
The focus of this text is on the assessment of the in-depth interviews which the authors of this article conducted in 2014 with the functionaries of important Prague minority associations associated in the House of National Minorities in Prague. The interviews concentrated on their attitudes to formal and informal institutions that the minorities form, on their opinion about the exercise of minority rights in Czech society, on the influence of the House of National Minorities on the club life in Prague and on the problems with administrative work which is necessary for club activity. Last but not least, the interviews focused on the financing of clubs and the political ambitions of their members. The interviews with the representatives of particular organizations showed diversity in the organizational structure of clubs and interest associations of particular minorities in Prague, and their different biases. The interviews showed a variety of strategies used in getting financial funding for the club activities and the resulting different financial security. The interviews also showed frequent problems with the infrastructure of the clubs. Quite a low level of legal consciousness of the interview participants was a significant piece of knowledge, although some of the participants take part in wider political life especially as members of political parties exceeding the minority groups. The authors of the article state in the conclusion that the opportunities for particular minorities to exercise their cultural and social needs through minority clubs are becoming differentiated. Without more purposeful support by the Czech Republic, especially the minority clubs bound to economically less successful countries will soon get into difficulties with their selection of services in comparison with the clubs bound to wealthier countries which fund the minority club activities in the Czech Republic.
6
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Knowledge and Behaviour

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EN
Ladislav Holy argues in this paper that by virtue of the self-defining character of human activities, anthropological interpretation could proceed only on the basis of understanding indigenous categories and analysing activities in terms of those categories; imposition of outsiders’ analytic categories onto local concerns would only lead to confused analyses and the distorted representation of local systems of knowledge.
EN
The article summarizes the history of the academic reflection on the culture research in Czech Republic from the beginnings of the národopis in the late 19th century till contemporary reflection on culture under the brand of anthropology. It covers the difficulties with defining the field of the research as well as the discipline name problem. The plurality of disciplines we can now observe in Czech cultural studies is explained in context of the social and political circumstances, especially the belonging to the soviet universum after the 2nd World War. Finally the article tries to explain the great difficulty with application of the Western, especially British, cultural studies into the postcommunist intellectual milieu.
EN
This article aims to draw attention to the importance of the body in the shaping of personal, family and national memories, and in the process of giving meaning to history and making it understandable, even in its contradictions. Through an ethnographic research carried out in Poland, the paper focus mainly on the construction of family resemblances as an embodied experience of the past, and an entry point for studies on collective and personal memories. Three points will be discussed. First, the relationship between body and memory occurs in the tension between history and heredity, the latter covering both social and biological transmissions. A second nexus between corporeality and memory in family narratives is constructed on a “gendered” and “ethnicized” image of the individual and the social body. Third, memory has been considered as a technique of the body involving senses and practical skills. The concept of embodiment then contributes to a more dynamic, performative and inter-subjective understanding of memory.
EN
The NGOs or the Independent Citizen’s Organizations are the third – after the state and neo-liberal market structure – oficial sector distinguished by a formal organization. On the positive side of NGOs we could mention the numerous civil initiatives which advance public education and public debate on global affairs. Most NGOs undertook also projects to fight for more equitable distribution of planetary resources. In a postcolonial era some Western observers were of opinion that the sustainable development and the process of democratisation in Developing Countries, could be achieved mainly with the help of NGOs. But in the same time the models of NGOs activities, growing and shaped by the western patterns of economy and culture, were not properly understood and realized in the differentiated cultures of Developing Countries. The end of cold war and growing disappointment with globalization expanded the space for religious renewal. Alongside with the erosion of traditional identities and sources of authority, religion was able to furnish the empty space of people’s sence of security. In comparison with NGOs the religious social organizations, FBOs, have something qualitatively different to offer, particularly in terms of empowering people, e.g. giving them personal dignity and selfworthiness.
EN
One of the ways of understanding linguistic emotivity is taking into account an anthropological approach. The first anthropologist who recognized the emotive aspect of language was the founding father of social anthropology Bronisław Malinowski, thus forming the foundation for future ethnolinguistics and linguistic anthropology. According to the view of these subdisciplines the role of speech cannot be defined only in terms of phonology, morphology or syntax but also in terms of semantics and pragmatics. Taking into account all the above mentioned aspects of language allows finding out basic oppositional functions of language: referential andemotive. The latter one means the impact of cultural contexts on language (eg. religious cult vs academic lecture), as well as the creative role of language that shapes the nature of communication and culture itself. Anthropological studies are followed in this respect by discussed below some approaches of linguistics, literary studies, philosophy and sociology.
Studia Hercynia
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2016
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vol. 20
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issue 2
9-29
EN
Two issues regarding the social status of Archaic Greek (and other Aegean) mercenaries are discussed. The historiographical issue consists in exploring the reasons why the image of a limited participation restricted to the elites has until recently prevailed. The influence of social anthropology, which contributed to the development of a series of conceptual automatisms, is seen as the main cause for the emergence of the elitist thesis. The historical and anthropological issue consists in a summary re‑evaluation of the most appropriate and persuasive sources that provide clues for the broader social participation in mercenary activities.
Studia Hercynia
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2017
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vol. 21
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issue 1
25-44
EN
Iron is one of the most significant metal commodities and its discovery had a decisive impact on the development of human history. From the first millennium BC on, iron virtually permeated all spheres of ancient life, either as a material for weapons and tools or as a currency. The introduction of the iron technology in Greece in the Early Iron Age has traditionally been seen as coming from eastern Anatolia through Cyprus and Crete, whereas Ionia does not appear in these assumptions. This interpretation, however, neglects the significance of this region as a historical bridge between the Anatolia and the Aegean, even though according to the written sources, the Greeks – and the Ionians in particular (e.g. Glaucus of Chios) – were well conscious of the highly developed metallurgy of the neighbouring regions of Phrygia and Lydia. It is therefore the main aim of this paper to revisit the traditional view on the spread of the knowledge of iron technology based on new findings from Ionia. Moreover, using this evidence the further development of this technological knowledge in the Aegean, including technical skills as well as specific social context, will be analysed in more detail to provide fresh insights into the discussion, whether the iron technology was fully developed at the end of the geometric period or there were further innovations in the course of archaic period.
EN
The aim of the following text was to intermediate the personal reflection of migrants of preponderantly Czech origin who were in the years 1991-1993 resettled from the former Soviet Union to the Czech Republic. Better to say, the article focuses on one specific group of these displaced persons who came in the year 1993 and have lived since then in the locality Kopidlno. The main aim of the text is to reflect the way how the refugees themselves at present assess the motivation for their leaving of the land of their forefathers, how they evaluate their adaptation and integration with respect to the locality in which they live, how did they cope with the „resettlement shock“ and how did they succeed in the „competition“ with the majority society, for example at work. The final part of the text presents the differences in assessment of the return migration process and in evaluation of the locality between the first and second generation of the return migrants. The text was based on repeated guided interviews and observations realized in the locality of Kopidlno during the years 2008-2010.
Rocznik Lubuski
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2016
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vol. 42
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issue 1
145-159
EN
The subject of this article is a reflection on the bonds between the sex of a shaman and the concepts of gender prevailing in the culture in which we meet male and female shamans. Based on notions of differentiation of sexes among shamans, widespread in scientific and popular science literature, the author’s intention is to show intercultural conditionality of the position of female and male shamans. The presented analysis concentrates not so much on the discursive attitude towards the discussed topic as on the examination of social practices presenting functioning of gender in the studied culture. The article is based on the field study of the author and the group of researchers, consisting of both women and men, the latter which is an important context for the executed analysis. These considerations contribute to methodological thought within social anthropology. They may also be of use to anyone interested in intercultural comparisons within sociology and related areas of social studies.
PL
Przedmiotem artykułu jest refleksja nad powiązaniem między płcią szamana czy też szamanki a koncepcjami płci kulturowej, które obowiązują w kulturze, w której spotykamy się z szamankami i szamanami. Wychodząc od rozpowszechnionych w literaturze naukowej oraz popularnonaukowej przekonań na temat zróżnicowania płci wśród szamanów autor stara się pokazać wewnątrzkulturowe uwarunkowania pozycji szamanek i szamanów. Prezentowana analiza skupia się nie tyle na dyskursywnym podejściu do omawianej problematyki, ale na badaniu praktyk społecznych pokazujących funkcjonowanie płci kulturowej w kulturze badanej. Artykuł opiera się na badaniach terenowych autora prowadzonych wraz z zespołem badaczy, w którego skład wchodziły zarówno kobiety jak i mężczyźni, co jest ważnym kontekstem dla przeprowadzonej analizy. Rozważania stanowią przyczynek do refleksji metodologicznej w ramach antropologii społecznej, ale mogą być pomocne również osobom zainteresowanym porównaniami międzykulturowymi w ramach socjologii i pokrewnych dziedzin nauk społecznych.
PL
Autorzy prac poświęconych mniejszości romskiej mają dylemat, jaką nazwą rozważanej grupy się posługiwać? W języku polskim to wybór między słowami „Romowie” i „Cyganie”. Wielu współczesnych liderów tej społeczności z Polski oczekuje posługiwania się wyłącznie nazwą „Romowie”, a określenie „Cyganie” traktuje jako pejoratywne i obraźliwe. Wśród polskich Romów są także zdecydowani przeciwnicy posługiwania się tą nazwą. Ten wewnętrzny etniczny spór splata się z romskimi dążeniami do uznania ich rozproszonej po świecie społeczności za naród i jest wyrazem emancypacji etnicznej oraz przemian, jakie wśród nich zachodzą, jak określa to Lech Mróz „romizacji Cyganów”. Autorzy tekstu starają się tę sytuację interpretować posługując się wynikami badań etnograficznych przeprowadzonych w romskich wspólnotach w Polsce.
EN
The authors who study Roma minorities analyse the dispute over the name of this group. In the Polish language there are two names: “Romowie” (Roma) and “Cyganie” (“Gypsies”). Many contemporary leaders of this community consider only the name “Romowie” appropriate and expect it to be used to refer to the group, arguing the name exists in the Romani language. They consider the notion “Cyganie” pejorative. There are, however, many opponents to the name “Romowie” among Roma, too. The dispute that unfolds within the community interlinks with the efforts Roma make to achieve the recognition of their globally scattered community as a nation. It is also an evidence of ethnic emancipation and transformations that the community experiences and that have been coined ‘Romanisation of “Cyganie”’ by Lech Mróz. The authors set out to interpret this situation using ethnographic material gathered among the Roma communities in Poland.
PL
Celem tekstu jest ocena potencjału ekumenicznego różnych współczesnych ujęć ekoteologii, które próbują uwzględniać osiągnięcia nauk przyrodniczych i społecznych. Zarysowano efekty ekumenicznego zainteresowania Kościołów ekologią, rozumianą jako pewien styl myślenia i działania, uwzględniający dobro środowiska naturalnego. Dla przykładu przedstawiono dwie komplementarne koncepcje pochodzące ze środowiska zachodniego i wschodniego chrześcijaństwa: interdyscyplinarna ekoteologia Thomasa Berry oraz etycznie zorientowana ekoteologia wg Johna Zizioulasa.
EN
The aim of the text is to assess the ecumenical potential of various contemporary approaches to ecotheology, which try to take into account the achievements of natural and social sciences. It outlines the effects of the ecumenical interest of the Churches in ecology, understood as a certain style of thinking and acting, taking into account the good of the natural environment. The results of ecological interest in the Churches are discussed by numerous authors. For example, two complementary concepts from Western and Eastern Christianity are presented: Thomas Berry's Interdisciplinary Ecotheology and John Zizioulas' Ethically Oriented Ecotheology.    
PL
Celem artykułu było zbadanie szczegółowego przebiegu tradycyjnego rytuału błogosławieństwa rodziców przed ślubem w sytuacji, kiedy organizują go niewprawni uczestnicy, a znaczenie rytuału nie jest oczywiste w świetle zmian życia rodzinnego. Uznano, że badanie sposobu wykonania rytuału może powiedzieć coś ważnego o jego obecnym znaczeniu. Materiałem empirycznym były filmy weselne. Z wyjściowej bazy 50 filmów wybrano 20 sekwencji błogosławieństw, które poddano transkrypcji i analizie multimodalnej. W wyniku analizy pokazano, że charakterystyczna dla wykonania rytuału była niepewność uczestników, niekompletność i nadmiarowość gestów oraz ogólne zróżnicowanie ich form. Najważniejszym rysem organizacji rytuału w kontekście kształtowania relacji rodzinnych było odgrywanie jednakowości serii gestów rytualnych przez kolejnych wykonawców. Istotne były także nietypowe zmiany kolejności uczestników w sekwencjach rytuału. W dyskusji z koncepcjami, które ujmują kwestię społecznych oczekiwań wobec sposobu kształtowania rodziny w kontekście nierówności społecznych, podjęto próbę interpretacji znaczenia badanego rytuału dla zachowania tradycyjnego obrazu życia rodzinnego i zarazem ochrony statusu jej członków.
EN
The aim of this article is to analyze in detail the traditional ritual of wedding blessings, which are conducted by unskilled participants and often ambiguous in their meaning. The method of research was a multimodal analysis of 20 transcribed excerpts selected from 50 Polish wedding films. As a result, some characteristics of the ritual performance were identified, such as the uncertainty of the participants, the incompleteness and redundancy of gestures, and the general diversity of forms of enactment. In the context of family relations, the performance of a similar series of gestures by subsequent performers as well as order were most important. While discussing some concepts which connect the organization of family life with social inequalities and family ideologies, an attempt was made to interpret how the wedding blessing ritual could simultaneously preserve both the traditional image of family life and the status of its members.
Teologia w Polsce
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2013
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vol. 7
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issue 2
157-171
EN
The paper presents the outlines of integral personalism by W. Granat, Polish theologist and a late Rector of The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin. Granat believed that the human being can be described adequate only in personalism, because only personalism indicates the person as a starting point of meaning the whole world. He connected the knowledge of man not only from theology but also from philosophy, sociology, psychology and medicine. In that way he built integral definition of human person. According to him the human being consists of three dimensions: psychological level, moral level and social level. This paper is composed of three parts, in which the author has taken into consideration the issue of methodology, philosophical anthropology and theological anthropology by W. Granat.
PL
Człowiek od dawna próbował rozumieć siebie samego oraz otaczający go świat. Historia ludzkiej myśli obfituje w wielu uczonych, którzy przy użyciu rozmaitych systemów filozoficznych, etycznych, społecznych czy religijnych, a w czasach najnowszych także za pomocą wysoko rozwiniętej aparatury technicznej, próbowali i próbują wyjaśnić fenomen człowieka. Na tym tle niezwykle interesująca jawi się droga personalistyczna. Stara się ona wyjaśnić istotę bycia człowiekiem za pomocą kategorii ściśle związanych z tym, co prawdziwie ludzkie: z jego doświadczeniem; z jego egzystencją; z relacjami, w których żyje i działa. Współczesna polska myśl antropologiczna posiada co najmniej kilku wybitnych przedstawicieli tego prądu. Jednym z nich był znakomity lubelski personalista i teolog Wincenty Granat.
EN
The article intends to realize two goals. The first is an attempt to elucidate an interdisciplinary perspective in the approach to the anthropological category of agency (esp. by A. Gell, K. Wojtyła, M. Chekhov). The second goal is to apply the results of the examination of interdisciplinarity to the proposed definition of the anthropological meaning of the notion of agency (in the strict sense). My definition captures implications the category has for determining the order of reality in terms of ontological and epistemological dimensions
PL
Artykuł zmierza do realizacji dwóch celów. Pierwszym jest próba naświetlenia interdyscyplinarnej perspektywy na antropologiczne podejście do kategorii sprawstwa (zwł. A. Gella, K. Wojtyły, M. Czechowa). Drugim celem jest zastosowanie wyników studium interdyscyplinarności do proponowanej definicji antropologicznego znaczenia pojęcia sprawstwa (w sensie ścisłym). Moja definicja ujmuje implikacje, jakie kategoria sprawstwa ma dla determinacji porządku rzeczywistości w kategoriach wymiaru ontologicznego i epistemologicznego.
PL
W roku 2003 Micheil Saakaszwili zaproponował Gruzinom nowy projekt tożsamościowy oparty na rekonstrukcji pamięci we wszelkich jej postaciach. Celem było odrzucenie pozytywnej pamięci o okresie komunizmu. Z przestrzeni publicznej usunięto pomniki Lenina i Stalina, zmieniły się nazwy ulic. Odgórnie narzucone zmiany dotknęły instytucję pamięci – pojawiła się próba likwidacji muzeum Stalina w Gori, a w Tbilisi powstało Muzeum Sowieckiej Okupacji. Narzucone instytucjonalnie prze-pisanie pamięci nie w pełni obrazuje oddolny stan pamięci kulturowej i kolektywnej. Na przykładzie muzeum przy tbiliskiej ulicy Kaspi upamiętniającego nielegalną podziemną komunistyczną drukarnię działającą w latach 1903–1906, autor przedstawia narracyjne zderzenie między instytucjonalnie narzuconym politycznym zapomnieniem oraz społecznym zapotrzebowaniem. Antropologicznie badane są polityczne i dyskursywne uwarunkowania rekonstrukcji pamięci instytucjonalnej w kontekście zagadnienia tożsamości.
EN
In 2003, Micheil Saakaszwili suggested to Georgians a new identity project based on reconstructing memory in all its forms. The aim was the reject the positive memory of the communist period. The statues of Lenin and Stalin were removed from the public space, the names of the streets were changed. The governmentsteered transformation touched the institutional memory – there was an attempt at removing the Stalin museum in Gori, and in Tibilisi was created the Museum of Soviet Occupation. The rewriting of memory, institutionally enforced, does not fully reflect the grassroots state of cultural and collective memory. Taking as an example the Tibilisi museum at Kaspi street, which commemorates an illegal underground printing house of communists in the years 1903–1906, the author shows the narrative clash between the institutionally enforced political oblivion and the social need. Political and discursive conditions of reconstructing institutional memory in the context of identity concept are subject to anthropological analysis.
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