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EN
The present work concerns an anthropological outlook on the political consequences of corporate and economic migration to the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) and labour market segregation. The complexity of cultural codes and the clash of customs are discussed in the paper, which is based on a two‑year period of sociological field research conducted in the KSA by the author. The ethnographic materials are enriched by discourse from daily Saudi papers and other international publications. The study contains an insight into race and ethnicity as seen by Saudis themselves and also allows a deeper understanding of the power distribution in this particular modern Islamic society. In the climate of the European economic crisis, the sustained demand for highly qualified migrant workers in the KSA provides a lucrative alternative for specialists across market sectors and this often involves their families. In light of the globalised market, many corporations run multi‑billion dollar contracts inside the Kingdom and relocate their own work force to achieve business goals. The need for specialists and for cheap manual labour from abroad is a direct result of the Saudi education system, together with the work ethic amongst the majority of Saudi nationals, which is heavily influenced by the cultural and sociological consequences of the Wahhabi interpretation of the Quran. This interpretation has a major impact on Saudi society and on migrants, particularly women. The social order is widely supported and successfully reproduced through a united message present in education, the national media and local mosques. Concerns over ethnic divisions are focused on conflicting ideologies, represented in the interactions between newcomers and the indigenous population.
Vox Patrum
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2008
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vol. 52
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issue 2
1161-1170
IT
L’articolo tratta dei principi fondamentali del personalistico ordine sociale, quali sono presenti nelPinsegnamento di Papa Giovanni Paolo II. Si dice sopratutto di principio: del primato della persona umana, del bene comune, di solidarieta e di sussidiarietó. Questi principi si fondano sulPintegrale e realistica visione delPuomo, la quale e contenuta nell’antropologia cristiana. Vale a dire che questi principi avevano anche una funzione particolare per la societó polacca. Essi erano un crite- rio della volutazione etica dei cambiamenti del sistema politico. Per i fedeli laici questi principi sono uno stimolo per impegnarsi nel campo della politica ed econo- mia per proteggere cosi il bene di ogni persona eonie il bene comune di tutta la societó.
EN
In this article the author presents the idea of civil society in the works of Ludovit Štur. He sees in it a desire to optimize social order.
EN
As Internet becomes to grow outside of its physical carriers, it gains more influence over various subsystems constituting the social system in general. This manifestation is especially visible in the economical plane, in which a certain sym- biotic relationship between the world wide network and other outernet institutions and organizations first occurred. With Internet becoming the modern central hub and a binder for various system components, it is safe to assume, that events taking place over the web, may or will have repercussions in the non-virtual reality. It is already valid to point out, that although the borderline between virtual and non-virtual realities is less and less visible, it may be sometimes required to artificially introduce this distinction. By present - ing some of the possible actions that individuals may take while using hidden network ser - vices, an attempt shall be made, to determine what the possible outcome of the existence of such structures within the Internet may be from sociological perspective.
EN
In the paper the author singles out three types of social order, that is the way of a social organization from the political power point of view: 1) religious order, 2) masterful order, and 3) civil order. The basic form of the social order is the state. According to the author the main difference between, from one had, the first two types, and the third from the other, lies in different political relation between the government and the rank and file members of the state. In the case of the first two types – religious and masterful – all members, “citizens”, are subject to the state, whereas in the case of civil order – the state is subject to its citizens. Poland after demise of communism has developed apparently a civil state, but Polish civil society has been still rather weak. The author of the essay is searching for the roots of this weakness in the Polish history.
EN
The main element of sustainable development paradigm are three orders: social, economic and environmental. The social order, due to including the categories of the quality of life in sustainable development, is regarded as a primary objective, i.e. the state of functioning and behaviour of individuals which enables the existence, duration and development of the society as a whole. The study presents spatial variability of social order for rural communities of Lower Silesia voivodeship situated in south-western part of our country. Sustainable development index, which characterises social order, was used in the work. Synthetic index of social order, combining all the analysed indices, was determined for particular communities. In 2000-2010 its value decreased, indicating lack of realisation of sustainable development concept.
PL
Głównymi elementami paradygmatu zrównoważonego rozwoju są trzy łady; społeczny, gospodarczy i środowiskowy. Ład społeczny, ze względu na zawarte w nim kategorie jakości życia w zrównoważonym rozwoju, jest uważany za cel nadrzędny, postrzegany jako stan funkcjonowania i zachowania jednostek, zapewniający istnienie, trwanie i rozwój społeczeństwa jako całości. W pracy przedstawiono przestrzenne zróżnicowanie ładu społecznego dla gmin wiejskich województwa dolnośląskiego usytuowanych w południowo-zachodniej części naszego kraju. Wykorzystano wskaźniki zrównoważonego rozwoju charakteryzujące ład społeczny. Określono syntetyczny wskaźnik ładu społecznego dla poszczególnych gmin, który ujmuje wszystkie analizowane wskaźniki. Jego wartość w okresie 2000-2010 uległa obniżeniu, co oznacza brak realizacji koncepcji zrównoważonego rozwoju.
EN
Sustainable development should be viewed in the context of environmental, social and economic order. The objective of the present study has been to evaluate to what extent the development occurring in the Province of Warmia and Mazury is sustainable in terms of the environment, society and economy, and to suggest some improvements to the evaluation method applied so far. The theoretical, empirical and competence research was conducted in 2006-2010. The empirical part of the research was performed in 2008-2009, based on the data of 2007 obtained from the Regional Data Bank. Applying the comparative indicator method, 70 indicators were developed of opposite preference orientation. It has been suggested that the area covered by forests, waters, etc., i.e. the land where people cannot be settled, should be omitted from calculations of the population density indicator. Furthermore, the forest cover indicator in the present study was used without making a distinction between private and public woodlands. The author's analysis of the social and economic order has demonstrated that the local society is poor, which entails low comfort of living and underfinanced health care and education. The evaluation of environmental order has yielded more positive results.
EN
On the basis of a four year long observation at a border crossing point the author will explain the process of institutionalization in specific conditions where social order has been destroyed. The objective of the new law is to restrict the activity of people who use Polish–Belarusian border crossing points and the main purpose of this paper is to show how their behaviors have been influenced by these changes. The behaviors observed during the research explain how a new type of social order can be created, and the author will focus on nine stages which form the process of institutionalization. Expressions such as social action, knowledge, institution and social world are used in a theoretical context. The empirical material gathered during the research is then compared with the discussed theoretical concepts.
EN
The paper examines democratic concepts or elements in traditional Yoruba society and their implications for the culture of democracy in Africa and the social order at the global level. One of the major problems confronting African states is the problem of governance. Political crises have metamorphosed into problems of ethnic conflict, war, corruption, economic stagnation, social disorder and paucity of sustainable development in Africa and these crises have also resulted in global disequilibrium. This paper revisits traditional Yoruba society, with a special emphasis on the democratic elements. It adopts as its theoretical framework some aspects of the traditional Yoruba socio-ethical values to underscore the importance of democratic elements based on communal values. Such concepts as ifowosowopo (cooperation), agbajo owo (solidarity), amumora (toler-ance), and ilosiwaju (progress) are examined to point up their roles in addressing the crisis of (democratic) governance. The paper establishes that the inbuilt democratic elements, based on social ethical values, helped to sustain governance in traditional Yoruba society. It is concluded that democratic elements are much more important than democracy itself.
Human Affairs
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2007
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vol. 17
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issue 2
230-240
EN
There is no gainsaying the fact that Africa is inundated with many problems which have made the development and the attainment of social order, conceived in normative terms, daunting tasks. It is also a fact that there are many causes of this scenario such as political marginalization, ethnic chauvinism, economic mismanagement, religious bigotry and corruption in its various facets. However, in this disquisition we identify the lack of the development, internalization and application of the sense of community, loosely tagged community consciousness, as a major factor that has aggravated the African crisis and which if addressed can reverse the order of things positively. It is the contention of this paper that fundamentally in the case of Africa, as shown in countries like the Democratic Republic of Congo, Sudan, Cote d'Ivoire, Guinea, Liberia and Nigeria, there has been a blind pursuit of private or individual interests to the detriment of the public sphere or public good. Ironically too, when leaders put up repressive laws in the pretense to pursue the public good, the underlying motive has always been the pursuit of selfish private whims and caprices. We noted that in contemporary Africa a major way towards a desired level of social order and development consists in engendering the required sense of community (a situation in which there is mutual co-operation, interdependence and fellow-feeling) on which other developments can be predicated. Although, the quest and realization of the sense of community is not a grand solution to our myriad of problems in Africa, at least it forms the basis on which we can start to address our problems in Africa in a meaningful way.
EN
This paper examines the prevailing problems of insecurity and terrorism in Nigeria that have triggered fear, chaos, conflicts, violence and instability. The increase of terro-rist activities bordering on the state sponsored, home grown and transnational types of insurgency in Nigeria now pose serious threats to the viability and stability of the social order. A traditional pathway to addressing terrorism and insecurity is through the “hard” or paramilitary or military approaches. The military approach has not been too suc-cessful owing to deficiencies such as a motivation, a lack of focus, poor training and equipment, corruption and loss of public or citizens’ support among other shortfalls. As such an opening has been created for a broader approach that employs civilian security and militia formations to participate in the restoration of security and a social order free from terrorism. This paper tracks this social trend and examines the problems and pro-spects.
EN
This paper reflected on the need to address the problem of human co-existence and the need for ensuring that political instability is simply addressed. The normative foundation of human democratic society has never been on a solid bedrock due to human frailties. This paper seeks the need to address this human impasse from a more phenomenological and hermeneutical approach by using Habermas’s communicative theory as a normative foundation for addressing this global challenges. This paper therefore adopts a method of analysis, phenomenology and hermeneutics to address the democratic vision of human normative foundation of social order. This paper therefore concluded that communicative action serves as a prelude for the normative foundation of human democratic institution. Habermas’s contemporary political philosophy vis-à-vis his communicative theory could serve as an antidote for global order or social order.
EN
Order and hierarchy are the basic elements of Medieval thought. The guarantor of social order is an individual at the right place and fulfilling their duties diligently. Ordo is rooted in hierarchy and it means that individuals are put in a particular order of a social ladder expressed in grades (gradus). Everyone should stay at the right place – paraphrasing Saint Augustin – it is a Medieval conditio sine qua non of safety and social order. According to the author, the problem of ordo is formed on two tracks: a status gradation conditioned by the division of labour and as ordo universalis, which means order directly leading to an individual hierarchy created by God.
PL
Porządek i hierarchia są podstawowymi elementami myśli średniowiecznej. Pozostawanie jednostki na właściwym dla niej miejscu i sumienne wywiązywanie się z przyjętych na siebie obowiązków jest zatem gwarantem porządku społecznego. Ordo zakorzenione jest w hierarchii, zasadza się bowiem na uporządkowaniu bytów w kolejności określonej stopniami (gradus) drabiny społecznej. Pozostawanie każdego na wyznaczonym mu miejscu – parafrazując słowa św. Augustyna – stanowi mediewistyczne conditio sine qua non ładu, bezpieczeństwa i spokoju społecznego. Zdaniem autorki problematyka ordo kształtuje się dwutorowo: jako gradacja stanowa uwarunkowana głównie podziałem pracy oraz jako ordo universalis, czyli porządkiem jako takim, uporządkowaniem prowadzącym wprost do hierarchii bytów stworzonych przez Boga.
EN
Kazimierz-Kelles Krauz, a late-19th century Polish sociologist, used Marxism as the basis for his concept of radically democratic art, according to which anyone who creates for the sake of pleasure and emotion is an artist. His idea of art is not for or against the elites, or for its own sake, but “without ideals,” it is art inspired by society in order to transcend it. As such, this art is socially useless and potentially subversive, yet as a sphere of freedom it helps maintain social order. Kelles-Krauz’s reflections remain particularly relevant today, as we observe art being used to both emphasize and undermine clashing social values.
EN
Current social order is still perceived as self–evident and invariable. But more and more scholars create alternative visions. Additionally, in international relations utopianism create by Immanuel Wallenstein still develop. Considerations present in this article fits in this trend and this work is my contribution in than kind of reflection. Aim of this article is to look closer in most important elements of alternative to neoliberal globalization in thought of two scientists: Tadeusz Klementewicz and Susan George. Firm social, economic and political changes are introduced. This article is just an invitation to further studies in this matter and show some of alternative approach.
EN
The article identifies the key elements of the reception of Ottoman rule in the Balkan states in the 19th and 20th c. The character of the centralized regimes established in the Balkan states defined as sultanism, autocracy, and authoritarianism, resulting from the absence of democratic tradition and an underdeveloped political awareness and culture. A characteristic feature of the Turkish system was the position of relatively free peasants, very different from that in Europe. The feature characteristic of the Ottoman tradition which survived in the Balkans the longest, until the end of the 20th century, was violence as an intrinsic component of political life and power often changing hands as a result of violence, assassinations, murders, etc.
EN
The following article examines aspects of education for sustainable development. The author argues that the most effective way of changing the ecological situation is to alter the social reality through appropriate education. Assuming that a structural analysis of the education phenomenon can improve our understanding of how education works, the author proposes dividing the educational process into four components, called fields of education. Based on the idea of fields of education, the author also proposes distinguishing three levels within the ESD system – ecological enlightenment, ecological consciousness and ecological culture. The author also gives some practical examples of how we can use these classifications in ESD.
PL
W artykule ukazano autorytet jako aksjonormatywny fundament ciągłości i rozwoju społeczeństwa. W pierwszej części charakterystyki i analizy przedmiotowej problematyki przedstawiono złożoność i wieloaspektowość pojęcia i zjawiska autorytetu. Skupiono uwagę w szczególności na rozumieniu i definiowaniu autorytetu na gruncie socjologii, na wymiarach i poziomach jego funkcjonowania oraz tworzenia w toku dynamicznego procesu społecznego. W drugiej części artykułu przedstawiono wzorotwórcze, integrujące i stabilizujące oddziaływanie autorytetu, a także jego funkcje inspirujące, motywacyjne i prorozwojowe. Zawarte w artykule analizy prowadzą do wniosku, że autorytet jest zasadniczym, funkcjonalnym i aksjologicznym wymogiem istnienia i harmonijnego rozwoju współczesnego społeczeństwa.
EN
The paper shows authority as an axionormative foundation of the continuity and development of society. In the first part of the characterization and analysis of the subject matter, the complexity and multifaceted nature of the concept and phenomenon of authority are presented. Attention is focused in particular on the understanding and definition of authority on the basis of sociology, and on the dimensions and levels of its functioning and creation in the course of a dynamic social process. The second part of the study presents a model of forming, integrating and stabilizing the influence of authority and its inspirational, motivational and pro-development functions. The analyses lead to the conclusion that authority is the essential functional and axiological requirement of the existence and harmonious development of modern society.
PL
CEL NAUKOWY: Celem autora w artykule jest przedstawienie kilku kluczowych idei lokalizacji jako alternatywy globalizacji oraz ich krytyczna analiza z punktu widzenia możliwości i barier na drodze do ich urzeczywistnienia. PROBLEM I METODY BADAWCZE: Krytyka idei lokalizacji może pomóc przeformułować podstawowe założenia i do pewnego stopnia w przyszłości uczyni ją bardziej adekwatną w stosunku do istniejącej rzeczywistości społecznej. Autor dokonał skrótowego zestawienia idei a następnie poddał je krytyce pytając o szanse ich urzeczywistnienia i podstawowe bariery na drodze do budowy „lepszego świata”. PROCES WYWODU: Artykuł rozpoczyna się od prezentacji głównych idei lokalizacji. Autor poddaje krytyce idee lokalizacji pytając, w jaki sposób można byłoby wdrożyć lokalizację i za jaką cenę. Pozostaje otwartym pytanie, kto i za jaką cenę zdecydowałby się wspierać program polityczny nakierowany na realizację idei lokalizacji. WYNIKI ANALIZY NAUKOWEJ: Rezultatem przeprowadzonej analizy jest ogólne stwierdzenie, że realizacja idei lokalizacji musiałaby natrafić na bardzo liczne bariery. Koszty realizacji projektu wydają się także ogromne, gdy weźmie się pod uwagę możliwy opór społeczny. WNIOSKI, INNOWACJE, REKOMENDACJE: Czy próba zbudowania lokalnej rzeczywistości może się powieść, pozostaje otwartą kwestią. Nie możemy przecież ostatecznie zweryfikować projektów, które nie zostały (jeszcze?) wdrożone. Możemy jednak wskazać na szereg wątpliwości, które muszą pojawić się podczas analizy projektów opartych na idei lokalizacji. Wskazanie wad projektu nie oznacza jego dyskredytacji. Identyfikacja nieoczekiwanych konsekwencji wdrażania projektów wielkich przemian społecznych może pomóc w udoskonaleniu projektu, który nadal pozostaje otwarty.
EN
RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The author's goal in the article is to present a few key ideas of localization as an alternative to globalization and a critical analysis of localization from the point of view of possibilities and barriers to their implementation. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: Criticism to the idea of localization can help reformulate the basic assumptions and could make it more relevant to the existing social reality in the future. The author briefly summarized the ideas and then criticized them asking about the chances of their implementation and the basic barriers to building „a better world”. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: The article begins with the presentation of the main ideas of localization. The author criticizes the asking how the localization could be implemented and at what price. The question remains who and at what price would choose to support the political program aimed at implementing the idea of  localization. RESEARCH RESULTS: The result of the analysis carried out is the general statement that the implementation of the localization would have to face numerous barriers. The costs of implementing the project also seem enormous when one considers the possible social resistance. CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS: Can an attempt to build local reality succeed, remains an open question. We cannot finally verify projects that have not (yet?) been implemented. However, we can point to a number of doubts that must arise when analyzing projects based on the idea of localization. Indication of project defects does not mean its discrediting. Identifying the unexpected consequences of implementing major social change projects can help improve a project that remains open.
PL
W niniejszym artykule przedstawiono ujęcie instytucji w świetle rozważań ordoliberalnych ekonomistów – Euckena W. i Erharda L. – o konkurencyjnym porządku gospodarczym. Konsekwencji i spójności posunięć z zakresu polityki gospodarczej przeciwstawiane są błędy wynikające z dyskrecjonalnego uprawiania polityki gospodarczej, które skutkują utratą całościowego spojrzenia na gospodarkę. Transformacja ujmowana w świetle potrzeby szybszego tempa zmian nie może być oderwana od silnego wpływu państwa na kształtowanie ładu gospodarczego, stąd skazana jest ona na konstruktywizm jako na podejście najbardziej możliwe choć wysoce niedoskonałe.
EN
The paper presents an approach to institutions elaborated by ordoliberal economists Eucken W. and Erhard L. based on the notion of competitive economic order. The consequence and coherence was there opposed to discrepancy of economic policy inducing fallacies and loss of wholeness when glancing at the economy. Therefore, the economic transformation ought not to be detached form the influence of the state in terms of constructing socio-economic order, and is thus inevitably built on constructionism as an approach highly imperfect though the most possible.
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