Search results

1

Needs and development opportunities of pensioners in Ukraine

100%

Lutsan N.

EXLIBRIS Biblioteka Gerontologii Społecznej

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2017

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issue 1 (13) /2017 Active and Healthy Ageing

85-92

EN

The article highlights the problems and needs of advanced age people. Their relevance is due to the progressive ageing and changes in socio-demographic structure of the population. The structure of social services is analyzed in the article. The author describes the main conditions and approaches of the advanced age people’s needs solution; people’s at an advanced age formal and informal support network of the needs in modern Ukraine is characterized.

2

Reflections on the nature of Czech social law

100%

Vysokajová M.

The Lawyer Quarterly

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2017

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vol. 7

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issue 4

282-285

EN

Social law is not a single branch of law, but rather the social rights of individuals and groups. From this perspective social law can be defined as those fields of law the aim of which is to implement and apply citizens basic social rights. Social law includes the regulation of labour protection, social (security) insurance, state social support and social aid. Contemporary Czech social law has been also significantly influenced by the relevant documents of international organizations relating to the protection of human rights, which also include social rights.

3

IS THE 500+ CHILD BENEFIT PROGRAMME OVERGENEROUS? POLISH SOCIAL PROTECTION EXPENDITURE ON BENEFITS AND SERVICES FOR FAMILIES WITH CHILDREN COMPARED WITH OTHER MEMBER COUNTRIES OF THE EU AND OECD

100%

Hagemejer K.

Polityka Społeczna

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2017

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vol. 44

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issue 1(13) CHILD BENEFIT PROGRAMME 500+ OUTCOMES AND OUTPUTS

1–7

EN

The recent introduction of cash family benefit programme “500+” ignited debate on the desired levels of expenditure on family benefits and of overall social protection expenditure in Poland. The objective of the paper is to inform this debate through comparing levels of family benefit expenditure in Poland with the levels in other European Union and OECD countries. Analysis of the available data shows that Polish overall gross social protection expenditure – measured as its ratio to GDP – is significantly lower than the EU average and, after 2000, has been declining slightly (while EU average of this ratio has tended to increase). Expenditure on oldage, survivors’, and disability pensions is (as a percentage of GDP) not much lower than the EU average (although, after taking into account the impact of direct taxation, the difference between expenditure levels in Poland compared to other countries becomes much greater). At the same time, expenditure on health, unemployment, and family benefits has over the last 15 years been at significantly lower levels than levels prevailing in a majority of EU countries. Until 2015, family benefit expenditure in Poland was – as a percentage of GDP – significantly lower than the EU average. Expenditure on cash benefits in 2012 was 0.7%, which was a decline from 1% of GDP in 2000 and much less than the EU average of 1.6%. Since 2013, cash family benefit expenditure has been increasing faster than GDP, surpassing 0,8% of GDP in 2015. The introduction of 500+ more than doubled the expenditure to GDP ratio so that in 2016 it was 1.85% of GDP and one can estimate that in 2017, expenditure on all types of cash family benefits will surpass 2% of GDP. As expenditure on non-cash aspects of family benefits (benefits in kind like kindergartens and tax breaks for children) are not much lower in Poland than the EU average, programme 500+ raises overall social protection expenditure on family and children to about 3% of GDP which is slightly over the EU average but still lower than several higher spending countries in this area – UK, Scandinavian countries, France or Belgium for example. One has to bear in mind that imitations of data quality and availability and differences between countries both in terms of policy instruments used by social protection systems and differences of the extent to which various social benefits are affected by direct and indirect taxation, require caution when drawing conclusions from above comparison of expenditure levels.

4

СОЦІАЛЬНИЙ ЗАХИСТ ДІТЕЙ У ШКІЛЬНОМУ СЕРЕДОВИЩІ (ГЕНДЕРНИЙ АСПЕКТ)

100%

Басюк Л.

Педагогічні науки: теорія, історія, інноваційні технології

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2015

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issue 8(52)

241-248

EN

Nowadays, in the circumstances of driving changes in our state, conceptual transformations are required in all spheres of social life, including education. Modern psychological and educational researches are focused on such topical issues as the search for a harmonious combination of traditional and innovative approaches in learning, introduction of the IT technologies into the educational process, humanization of education, ensuring its high quality, diversification of the forms of training, focus on the individual, differentiated approach, creation of the optimal conditions for child development, etc. School is one of the most important stages in the educational process, and besides the educational functions, it acts as an agent of human socialization, directing them in performing of certain social roles, norms and behavioral rules, etc. In order to form the physical, spiritual and intellectual development of the individual, school has to provide a feeling of psychological and social protection to every child. The gender issue takes one of the most important places in the creation of the new educational paradigm. The article actualizes the problem of the social protection of children in the school environment, focuses attention on the importance of the gender component as one of the conditions for the violence prevention against a child. By using such techniques as structural analysis, synthesis, systematization of data, the attention was drawn to the fact that our country is in need of civilized reforms in order to prevent violence in the society, in particular in the educational environment, the importance of the gender aspects in the educational space as one of the means of preventing violence in the community was emphasized, the example of school textbook of Ukrainian literature was used to illustrate the existing gender asymmetry and stressed the importance of gender sensitivity for upbringing physically, morally and intellectually healthy child. There was accentuated the idea, that the incorporation of gender component in the educational content will help educate gender-aware person, whose horizons of thinking are not limited by stereotypical conceptions of dividing the social roles according to sex. The ways of further scientific pursuit in a given direction were outlined.

5

Development perspectives and social vulnerability risks in Aktobe region (Western Kazakhstan)

100%

Lygina O., Yerkebayeva D.

Journal of Modern Science

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2017

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issue 2(33)

385-400

EN

The population is a source of a country’s state potential that aids the achievement of strategic plans. Well-being of the population is a guarantee of successful implementation of employment programs in the context of market economics. The main task of state regulation is to reach the desired goal and targets under the conditions of contemporary and actual environment. Research objective The objective is to review the implementation of state programmes in regards to population employment and to analyse the actual concepts of state politics development in regards to employment, its efficiency in the present environment of social tension of a region – Aktobe oblast. Methods By means of analysis the general scientific research methods have been defined – system methods based on analysis and evaluation of practical and operative data of official statistical sources of Committee on Statistics of Republic of Kazakhstan, the data of city department of Aktobe Employment Centre. Conclusions The article generalizes the systems of state principles in implementation of state programmes for elimination of social threats leading to different external and internal threats, poverty and social tension in the region. It reveals the legal steps and responsibility of the employment parties, relationship of unemployed citizens and the state.

6

FLEXIBILITY IS IN PLACE – WHAT ABOUT SECURITY? POLISH FLEXICURITY

88%

Pańków M.

Polityka Społeczna

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2014

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vol. 41

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issue 1(10) ENG POLAND IN TIMES OF UNCERTAINTY

26-30

EN

Since 70ies the fordist model of industrial relations, which had emerged after the Second World War and ensured stable employment and social guarantees for employees, has collapsed. Globalised economy dictates new, flexible labour regimes. Enterprises strive to gain freedom to dismiss employees, if their further employment is not viable. The idea of flexicurity, or flexible security, assumes that public policy compensate these tendencies. Agreements ought to be flexible, but also offer transparent rules of the game. People losing jobs can count on support in requalification and seeking new employment opportunities. They should also obtain benefits making possible to cope with a difficult situation. It appears that these assumptions are difficult to fulfil, especially in new EU member states, including Poland.

7

The Efficiency of Social Policy in Ukraine: Challenges and Prospects

88%

Ventsel V.

Reality of Politics

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2020

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issue 11

68-82

EN

The article considers pertinent issues related to social policymaking and its implementation in Ukraine. Emphasis is placed on remuneration as the key element of ensuring citizens’ welfare and economic development of the state. Remuneration plays one of the most important roles in the economic system and ensuring a decent standard of living. The wage reflects the employee’s welfare level and should be correlated with the qualification level and productivity in the production spheres or determined according to the set qualification criteria, quality assessment system and efficiency of employees in non-production spheres. Low remuneration standards and low correlation between wages and productivity affect the motivation of the workforce and reduce its economic and labour activity. The analysis of the minimum wage and subsistence level as the categories defining the status and directions of economic and social policy of the state has been performed. The minimum wage has a decisive influence on many social and economic processes. A significant issue in Ukraine is that establishing the minimum wage in the legislation is made without objective analysis and taking into account the financial and economic conditions that should be the basis for the state social policymaking. The minimum wage directly affects the volume and structure of the expenditure part of state and local budgets, as it is one of the basic elements for making the payroll of budgetary institutions and organizations. For business structures, the minimum wage is an indicator that reflects the economic and social policy of the state, as well as a microeconomic category that affects their current business activities and the production and financial strategy making. Some aspects of the current social protection system in Ukraine have been described. One of the main issues in Ukraine is the excessive number of legislative acts regulating social protection matters. Another important issue is that a significant number of benefits and social transfers, which are stipulated in the legislation and guaranteed to the citizens, cannot be implemented due to lack of financial resources in the state budget. Today, one of the priority tasks of the state policy is to address issues of reforming the social protection system and the introduction of new efficient mechanisms for financing and managing the social services system. It has been noted about the need to develop and set in the legislation a system of social standards and norms, as well as the development of a standardised mechanism for determining the minimum wage and subsistence level based on and depending on the socio-economic development indicators.

8

Dilemmas at the architect’s table in labour law - labour rights as prisoners in the light of the extensive core of legal protection of employees

88%

Sipka P., Zaccaria M. L.

The Lawyer Quarterly

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2019

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vol. 9

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issue 4

274-282

EN

This paper examines some fundamental questions and new anomalies of the concept of employment relationship and the “worker” legal status. Furthermore, the study focuses on the legal protection of the sub-ordinated party in the employment relationship (worker, employee) because some anomalies and contradictions arise based on the strict division of legal relationships aiming at personal work in exchange of payment. The research is primarily based on the Hungarian legal environment, although the theoretical framework and the methodology is relevant to all levels of labour law regulations and principles including the International Labour Organization and the European Union as well. The main idea revolves around the hypothetical concept of the “labour force” contract that could cover almost all types of dependant work of various levels of sub-ordination in which the “worker” is clearly obliged to carry out the duties according to the “employer’s” instructions and is paid in exchange. The paper concludes that both from the side of labour law regulations and the jurisprudence it would be possible to think of the traditional concept of employment relationship in a new way based on the real attributes and circumstances of the person carrying out the working duties. Thus, it will become clear that whivh rights or persons are “imprisoned” and who can “break in” or “break out”.

9

LET US WALK THE TALK: THE RIGHT TO SOCIAL SECURITY AND SOCIAL PROTECTION – THE CASE FOR A NEW INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION

75%

Cichon M.

Polityka Społeczna

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2019

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vol. 46

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issue 1(15) ENG HOW DECENT WILL BE WORK IN THE FUTURE? CENTENARY OF THE INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANIZATION

31-36

EN

The human right to social security entered into international law in the middle of the last century. In 2012 the International Labour Conference took the latest step towards the concretisation of this right when it adopted its recommendation No. 202 (R202) concerning national floors of social protection. Shortly thereafter, in 2015, the global community of nations adopted the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) which contain a comprehensive social protection agenda. Together, these two instruments set clear global objectives of social protection accessible to all people. It is argued here that the ILO or the UN have to take the next step and transform “soft” instruments of recommendation and goals into “hard” ones and develop a new convention on universal access to at least floor of social protection to a create true safeguard for the right to social security and make it more difficult to reverse achieved social progress.

10

A Case Study of the European Welfare System Model in the Post-communist Countries-Poland

75%

Golinowska S.

Polish Sociological Review

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2009

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vol. 166

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issue 2

273-296

EN

The paper on European welfare regimes and policies presents common and shared features of the social development of the post-communist countries that are members of the EU today. This will provide a basis for an attempt to assess if there is a single regime for those countries that distinguishes them from the three classical (and later four) regimes of the Esping-Anderson classification, or if there is an affinity to one of those models en bloc, or if there is similarity to one of the regimes, but in a different way for each of the new EU members. This attempt will be made primarily on the example of Poland, but with salient references to other countries in the group. The basis of the thoughts presented here is that of a project on Diversity and Commonality in European Social Policies: The Forging of a European Social Model (Golinowska, Hengstenberg, Żukowski 2009). Considerations and analysis done in the paper lead into conclusions that social policy development in the new member states is characterized by a one social model distinguishing them differently than according to the Esping-Andersen classification, in spite of a some differences in the outcome of the social policy being pursued. Similarities are mainly of an institutional character, resulting from both the similar past and the similar challenges connected with the systemic transformation towards the democratic system and market economy. In the future this specificity may fade and integration within the EU will cause a Europeanization of social policy of member states, but now this process is not sufficiently advanced.

11

SOCIAL POLICY DURING MATURE SOCIALISM PERIOD 1956–1980

75%

Szarfenberg R., Polakowski M.

Polityka Społeczna

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2018

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vol. 45

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issue 1(14) 100 Years Social Policy in Poland

8-14

EN

The aim of the article was to explore the possibility of explaining the development of socialist social policy with theories proposed as explanations for the western democratic and capitalist social policy development. Second aim was to analyse the development of social policy in Poland in the 1956–1980 period called in the Polish literature mature socialism. The arguments were grounded on the academic literature from socialist time and a later period. The second source was a review of the law acts related to labour and social entitlements. In both areas there was a gradual improvement after 1956 and 1970 labour protests. Strict subordination of the social policy to the economic policy was lessened. Coverage and generosity of labour and social entitlements were expanded. Explanation of these developments by western theories of the economic growth with ageing and bureaucratization or the domination of left labour parties and trade unions is fraught with difficulties and requires more research.

12

100 lat systemu pomocy społecznej w Polsce

66%

Brenk M., Chaczko K., Pląsek R.

Biuletyn Historii Wychowania

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2018

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issue 39

151-170

EN

The goal of this article is to sum up the past hundred years of the social security system in Poland, starting with establishment thereof as Poland regained statehood in 1918. The changes which occurred in that time have been divided into three subsequent stages of the history of the Polish social security system. The first was the Interwar period when efforts were made to establish a social security system in independent Poland, in areas formerly divided between Austria, Prussia and Russia with extreme systems of social security. The next period was the Polish People’s Republic (1944–1989) when the communist authorities dismantled the pre-war social security system based on cooperation between state-owned and social organisations and the Church, replacing it with inefficient structures interested only in selected social groups in need. On the other hand, the third stage, commenced in 1989, of reconstructing social security, at first offered social protection for individuals affected by the system transformation. The last dozen or so years of development of social security is characterised by increasingly visible stimulation of social and economic growth to activate people from the fringes of the society.

13

Соціальне (пільгове) кредитування як вид соціального захисту громадян в Україні

63%

Synczuk S.

Wrocławsko-Lwowskie Zeszyty Prawnicze

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2016

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vol. 7

167-181

EN

Legal characteristics of a social credit as a form of social protection of citizens in Ukraine have been investigated in this article. Characteristics argued in the article are the following: 1) comprehensive legislative determination of legal grounds for its extension (extension of a credit is performed under the credit agreement; however, conditions, grounds and procedures of extension are adjusted by legislative regulations and cannot be changed in the contractual form by the agreement between the parties); 2) non-contractual, only a legislative list of social and empowered subjects who are able to receive social lax crediting (conditions of acquisition and content of their judicial personality are provided by the legislation); 3) a targeted character of extension of funds (use of a credit involves the investment of loanable funds for the specific purpose determined by the credit agreement within the limits prescribed by the legislation; end use of funds is acquisition or gaining a socially relevant service or thing that is important for the person’s vital activity in the sphere of social protection); 4) temporary, mainly permanent, use of the accommodated funds (the period of using a social credit depends on the object of purchase, acquisition or gaining of which the funds should be directed at); 5) use of the gained funds should be paid (a credit has to be repaid by a debtor to a creditor at the fixed date determined in the credit agreement with a loan charge; sociality is much less evident comparatively to various types of bank credit interests); 6) laxity of a credit (it is reflected in the procedure of determining a credit, terms of repayment, possibilities of reducing credit interests, possibilities of a person’s exemption from credit interests payment); 7) a cashless credit form (such crediting is performed by means of transferring payments to an appropriate organization or enterprise, which provide gaining of appropriate services or things by a person); 8) an exhaustive list of socially obligated subjects of extension and repayment of a social credit. The social character is provided by the combination of solidary (state or municipal) and individual (personal) social responsibility in the process of social credit payment. The social credit has been determined in the article as a form of the credit given to a person by a bank, an authorized fund or other subject in cases prescribed by the legislation on lax conditions as a noncash loan involving state agencies or local governments for purchasing or gaining a socially relevant service or thing important for the person’s vital activity and is obliged to be returned in terms and in order stipulated by the legislation with credit interests.

PL

W artykule określone zostały cechy prawne kredytu socjalnego jako formy opieki społecznej na Ukrainie. Uzasadniono, że są nimi: 1) wyczerpujące określenie podstaw prawnych jego udzielenia (chociaż udzielenie kredytu odbywa się na podstawie umowy kredytowej, jednak warunki, podstawy i procedura uregulowane są przepisami prawnymi i nie mogą zostać zmienione w trybie umownym po uzgodnieniu między stronami); 2) nieumowny, utworzony na podstawie decyzji administracyjnej wykaz podmiotów uprawnionych do świadczeń socjalnych, w których są określone ustawowe warunki ich nabycia; 3) docelowy charakter przydzielonych środków (korzystanie z kredytu przewiduje wkład pożyczki na konkretny cel, określony umową kredytową w ramach ograniczonych ustawodawstwem; w sferze opieki społecznej docelowym skierowaniem środków jest nabycie lub uzyskanie niezbędnej do życia usługi lub rzeczy); 4) tymczasowe, przeważnie długotrwałe korzystanie z przydzielonych środków (okres korzystania z kredytu społecznego zależy od przedmiotu, na którego kupno, nabycie lub uzyskanie powinny być przeznaczone uzyskane środki); 5) opłacalność korzystania z otrzymanych środków (kredyt powinien być zwrócony przez pożyczkobiorcę kredytodawcy w określonym w umowie terminie z odpowiednimi odsetkami; pomoc społeczna polega na tym, że kredytobiorcy przy zaciągnięciu kredytu socjalnego spłacają o wiele niższe odsetki w porównaniu z kredytem komercyjnym); 6) preferencyjność kredytu (odzwierciedlona w warunkach udzielania kredytu, terminów zwrotu, możliwości zmniejszenia odsetek w spłacie kredytu lub zwolnienia z nich); 7) bezgotówkowa forma kredytu (kredytowanie odbywa się poprzez przekazanie środków odpowiedniej firmie czy przedsiębiorstwu, które zapewniają przekazanie kredytobiorcy odpowiednich usług lub rzeczy); 8) wyczerpujący wykaz podmiotów, którym przydzielane są środki socjalne i zasad spłaty kredytu socjalnego. Charakter pomocowy zagwarantowany jest przez połączenie odpowiedzialności spłaty kredytu przez kredytobiorcę i państwo lub jednostkę samorządu terytorialnego. Odpowiedzialność tych podmiotów jest solidarna. W artykule określono kredyt socjalny jako rodzaj kredytu, którego udziela się na określonych przez prawo warunkach ulgowych. Kredytu udziela bank, upoważniony fundusz lub inny podmiot również w formie bezgotówkowej pożyczki pieniężnej przeznaczonej na zakup niezbędnych usług lub towarów z udziałem organów państwowych lub samorządu terytorialnego. Kredytobiorca zobowiązany jest do zwrócenia pożyczki z odpowiednimi odsetkami za korzystanie z kredytu w terminie i trybie przewidzianym przez prawo.

14

Administracyjnoprawny system bezpieczeństwa społecznego ‒ od Galicji do III RP. Wybrane zagadnienia

63%

Maj E. A.

Roczniki Administracji i Prawa

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2020

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vol. 3

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issue XX

123-131

EN

Social security is not only the key trend of social policy but also a significant domain of internal and national security. This type of security, correlated with social protection, both in the past and nowadays, is based on the public and social grounds. Its dimension harmonizing with the changing political and economic conditions took a subsidiary form, then a paternalistic one, to reach ultimately an auxiliary character, drawing on the best models developed on the grounds of our state’s history.

PL

Bezpieczeństwo społeczne to nie tylko kluczowy nurt polityki społecznej, ale także istotna domena bezpieczeństwa wewnętrznego i narodowego. Ten rodzaj bezpieczeństwa, korelowany z ochroną socjalną – tak w przeszłości, jak i współcześnie – zasadza się na podłożu publicznym i społecznym. Jego wymiar, harmonizujący ze zmieniającymi się warunkami politycznymi i gospodarczymi, przybierał formę subsydiarną, a następnie paternalistyczną, by w efekcie osiągnąć charakter pomocniczy, czerpiący z najlepszych wzorców wypracowywanych na kanwie historii naszej państwowości.

15

The Development of Corporate Social Responsibility in the Context of Overcoming a Welfare State Crisis: a Theoretical and Empirical Analysis

63%

Grazhevska N., Mostepaniuk A.

Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe

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2021

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vol. 24

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issue 1

PL

Obecny kryzys społeczny spowodowany negatywnymi konsekwencjami globalizacji, migracji zarobkowej i starzenia się społeczeństwa, wymaga ponownego rozważenia roli państwa w sferze gospodarczej i społecznej. Ponadto, w celu osiągnięcia i utrzymania trwałości wzrostu gospodarczego, należy rozwiązać zasadnicze problemy społeczne, takie jak ubóstwo, głód, dyskryminacja i nierówny podział dochodów. W tych okolicznościach praca ma na celu zbadanie procesu kształtowania się koncepcji państwa opiekuńczego w celu oceny roli dzisiejszych państw w okresie kryzysu społecznego. Aby osiągnąć cel pracy, zastosowano następujące metody: historyczną i systematyczną analizę literatury naukowej oraz społeczno-ekonomicznych uwarunkowań ewolucji teoretycznych ujęć państwa opiekuńczego, przyczyn i cech obecnego kryzysu społecznego; analizę skupień krajów europejskich w celu znalezienia podobnych wzorców na podstawie poziomu rozwoju społecznej odpowiedzialności biznesu (CSR), wydatków socjalnych państwa oraz salda budżetu państwa. Artykuł zawiera szczegółową analizę i omówienie powstawania koncepcji państwa opiekuńczego. Z badania wynika, że proces delegowania części państwowych usług socjalnych do sektora prywatnego w formie CSR można uznać za skuteczny mechanizm eliminacji i przezwyciężenia obecnego kryzysu społecznego poprzez akumulację kapitału społecznego. Jednocześnie wyniki przeprowadzonej analizy skupień krajów europejskich dowiodły znaczenia rozwoju CSR jako kompensatora negatywnych skutków kryzysu opieki społecznej i rozwiązywania palących problemów społecznych w większości krajów europejskich. Ponadto zwrócono uwagę na specyfikę krajów postsocjalistycznych w kontekście społecznej orientacji polityki państwa i rozwoju CSR.

EN

The current social crisis, caused by the negative consequences of globalization, labor migration, and an aging population, requires the state’s role in economic and social spheres to be reconsidered. In order to achieve and maintain sustainable economic growth, the pressing social problems, such as poverty, hunger, discrimination, and the unequal distribution of income, should be solved. Under these circumstances, the paper investigates the process of forming a welfare state to evaluate the role of current states in this period of social crisis. To achieve the aim, the following methods were used: historical and systematic analysis of the scientific literature and socio-economic conditions of the evolution of theoretical approaches of the welfare state, and the causes and characteristics of the present social crisis; cluster analysis of European countries to find similar patterns based on the level of corporate social responsibility (CSR) development, state social expenditures, and the government budget balance. The paper contains a detailed analysis and discussion of the formation of a welfare state. The study concludes that the process of delegating some state social services to the private sector in the form of CSR can be considered an efficient mechanism to eliminate and overcome the current social crisis through the accumulation of social capital. At the same time, the results of the cluster analysis of European countries demonstrated the importance of CSR development as a compensator for the negative effects of a public welfare crisis and for solving pressing social problems in most European countries. Specific features of post-socialist countries in the context of social orientation of state policy and the development of CSR are highlighted.

16

Polityka społeczna w Szkocji po reformie dewolucyjnej. W stronę fragmentaryzacji brytyjskiego welfare state?

63%

Mering T.

Przegląd Europejski

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2021

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vol. 2

129-144

EN

The article presents the origins and evolution of social policy programmes in Scotland since the referendum in 1997. Regional authorities in Scotland obtained significant prerogatives in payment of social benefits. They actively exercised the rights granted by the UK legislation and the partial decentralisation of the social security system in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland has become a fact. This decentralisation is not complete, because the administration of pensions and unemployment benefits remains the sole responsibility of London’s central government. One of the features of British social policy has become territorial asymmetry, consisting of partially different programmes and social policy institutions in other parts of the UK. The most important effect of the reforms is the creation of institutions and draft social policy programs that can be put into effect, when the process of political emancipation in Scotland will lead to a new regional referendum.

PL

W artykule przedstawiono genezę i ewolucję programów polityki społecznej w Szkocji od referendum w 1997 r. Władze regionalne w Szkocji uzyskały znaczne prerogatywy w zakresie wypłaty świadczeń społecznych, aktywnie korzystały ze stworzonych przez brytyjskie ustawodawstwo uprawnień, w efekcie czego częściowa decentralizacja systemu zabezpieczenia społecznego w Zjednoczonym Królestwie Wielkiej Brytanii i Irlandii Północnej stała się faktem. Nie jest to decentralizacja pełna, ponieważ w wyłącznych kompetencjach rządu centralnego w Londynie pozostaje administrowanie świadczeniami emerytalnymi, zasiłkami z tytułu bezrobocia i ubóstwa oraz rodzinnymi. Jedną z cech brytyjskiej polityki społecznej stała się terytorialna asymetryczność, polegająca na występowaniu częściowo odmiennych programów i instytucji polityki społecznej w poszczególnych częściach Zjednoczonego Królestwa. Najważniejszym efektem reform jest stworzenie od podstaw instytucji oraz projektów programów polityki społecznej, które mogą zostać wdrożone w życie w momencie, w którym proces emancypacji politycznej w Szkocji doprowadzi do nowego referendum regionalnego.

17

Program „Rodzina 500+” – próba jego oceny po trzech latach funkcjonowania

63%

Osiński K.

Zeszyty Naukowe ZPSB Firma i Rynek

|

2019

|

issue 2(56)

23-38

PL

Celem niniejszego artykułu jest próba oceny funkcjonowania programu „Rodzina 500+”, który wszedł w życie 1 kwietnia 2016 roku na mocy Ustawy o pomocy państwa w wychowywaniu dzieci (Dz.U. z 2018 r. poz. 2134). Program w swoich założeniach miał spełnić trzy zadania: ograniczenie ubóstwa, poprawę sytuacji materialnej polskich rodzin oraz zwiększenie dzietności społeczeństwa. Na podstawie dostępnych danych dokonano porównania Programu „Rodzina 500+” z innymi systemami wsparcia dla rodzin w Unii Europejskiej. Dokonano również oceny wybranych wskaźników ekonomicznych w Polsce oraz w Unii Europejskiej w latach 2015 – 2018.

EN

The aim of this article is an attempt to evaluate the functioning of the "Family 500+" programme, which came into force on 1 April 2016 as the Act on State aid in bringing up children (Journal of Laws of 2018, item 2134). The assumptions of the programme were to fulfil three tasks: reducing poverty, improving the financial situation of Polish families and increasing the fertility rate of the society. On the basis of available data, the "Family 500+" programme was compared with other support systems for families in the European Union. Selected economic indicators in Poland and the European Union in the years 2015-2018 were also evaluated.

18

Aktualne prace Międzynarodowej Organizacji Pracy w obszarze zabezpieczenia społecznego

63%

Petelczyc J.

Zabezpieczenie Społeczne. Teoria, Prawo, Praktyka

|

2014

|

vol. III

|

issue 3

82-86

EN

The article focus on the newest works of International Labour Organization in the fifi eld of social security. It refers to the “World Social Protection Report 2014/15. Building economic recovery, inclusive development and social justice”. The summary of the report shows the problems and challenges of the social security in the world in the time of economic crisis.

PL

Artykuł koncentruje się na najnowszych pracach Międzynarodowej Organizacji Pracy w dziedzinie zabezpieczenia społecznego. Odnosi się do raportu „World Social Protection Report 2014/15. Building economic recovery, inclusive development and social justice”, wydanego przez MOP. Dane z raportu wskazują na problemy i wyzwania w zakresie ochrony socjalnej na świecie w czasie kryzysu ekonomicznego.

19

Efektywność wydatków na ochronę socjalną w Polsce na tle krajów Unii Europejskiej – analiza z wykorzystaniem metody DEA

63%

Karmela Z.

Przegląd Prawno-Ekonomiczny

|

2022

|

issue 3

31-60

EN

The main purpose of this study is the comparative analysis of the effectiveness of social protection in Poland in comparison with other EU countries. The study was conducted in such a way that it allowed to determine which countries could serve as models in the field of economic policy design. The study is based on Data Envelopment Analysis and concerns the period 2014–2016 for inputs and 2017–2019 for outputs. Relative efficiency indicators have been calculated using the input-oriented CCR model. According to the model estimates, the effectiveness of funds disbursement for social protection is moderate in Poland. The effectiveness ratio was 0.780, which gave Poland 9th place in the ranking of the 28 countries analysed. The reference countries for Poland in the field of social protection policy solutions are Romania, and to a lesser extent, Greece. Expenditures on social purposes have the largest share among all expenditure groups within the public sector. Therefore the efficiency in their distribution strongly affects the overall effectiveness of spending of all public funds. The paper is a synthesis from a research study.

PL

Zasadniczym celem artykułu jest analiza porównawcza efektywności nakładów na ochronę socjalną w Polsce na tle innych krajów Unii Europejskiej. Tak przeprowadzone badanie pozwoliło dodatkowo określić, z których krajów można czerpać wzorce w zakresie projektowania polityki gospodarczej w tym zakresie. Badanie przeprowadzono z użyciem metody Analizy Obwiedni Danych (Data Envelopment Analysis – DEA). Dotyczyło ono okresu 2014–2016 w przypadku nakładów oraz 2017–2019 dla rezultatów. Wskaźniki efektywności względnej zostały wyliczone za pomocą modelu CCR zorientowanego na nakłady. Oszacowania uzyskane z modelu pokazały, że efektywność polityki w zakresie wydatkowania środków na ochronę socjalną jest umiarkowana. Współczynnik efektywnościla Polski wyniósł 0,780, co uplasowało ją na dziewiątej pozycji wśród 28 analizowanych krajów. Państwami wzorcowymi w zakresie poszukiwania rozwiązań zwiększenia efektywności wydatków na ochronę socjalną okazały się być Rumunia oraz – w znacznie mniejszym stopniu – Grecja. Istotność przeprowadzonej analizy wynika z faktu, iż nakłady na cele socjalne stanowią największy udział pośród wszystkich grup wydatkowych w ramach sektora publicznego. Dlatego efektywność w ich rozdzielaniu mocno wpływa także na ogólną efektywność wydatkowania całości środków publicznych. Artykuł ma charakter opracowania badawczego.

20

WYDATKI SOCJALNE W POLSCE NA TLE UE

63%

Żukowski M.

Polityka Społeczna

|

2017

|

vol. 44

|

issue 8(521)

10–17

EN

Taking social protection expenditure as a percentage of GDP as an indicator, Poland is one of the least „social” EU member states – in 2014 at the level of 2/3 of the EU average. Due to a higher economic growth in Poland during the crisis, the distance between Poland and EU average became even larger during this period. However, taking the level of development into account, Poland is as “social” as many more developed countries. It is the lower GDP per capita which explains the lower real level of social benefits in Poland. Poland has high expenditure on pensions, which indicates a strong orientation of social expenditure towards the oldest part of the society. On the other hand, Poland’s health care expenditure is among the lowest in the EU. Expenditure on education as a percentage of GDP dropped below the EU average, mainly due to decreasing numbers of pupils and students. Both in terms of reducing risk of poverty or social exclusion, as well as decreasing income inequalities, Poland experienced between 2005 and 2015 the biggest progress in the EU. From this perspective, effectiveness and efficiency of social expenditure in Poland durng this period were high.

PL

Według wydatków na zabezpieczenie społeczne w relacji do PKB Polska jest jednym z najmniej „socjalnych” państw UE – w roku 2014 wydatki te stanowiły 2/3 średniej unijnej. Ze względu na szybszy wzrost gospodarczy w Polsce, w okresie kryzysu, dystans między Polską a średnią unijną w omawianym okresie jeszcze się zwiększył. Jednak w stosunku do poziomu rozwoju, Polska jest podobnie „socjalna” jak wiele zamożniejszych państw. Niższy realny poziom świadczeń socjalnych w Polsce wynika przede wszystkim właśnie z niższego PKB. Polska ma bardzo wysokie wydatki na emerytury i renty, co wskazuje na silną orientację wydatków socjalnych na najstarszą część społeczeństwa. Natomiast wydatki na opiekę zdrowotną należą do najniższych w UE. Wydatki na edukację w relacji do PKB spadły do poziomu nieco poniżej średniej unijnej, głównie w związku ze zmniejszaniem się liczby uczniów i studentów. Zarówno pod względem zmniejszania skali zagrożenia ubóstwem lub wykluczeniem społecznym, jak i zmniejszania nierówności dochodowych, Polska zanotowała w latach 2005–2015 największy postęp w całej UE. Z tego punktu widzenia skuteczność i efektywność wydatków socjalnych w Polsce w omawianym okresie była wysoka.

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