Full-text resources of CEJSH and other databases are now available in the new Library of Science.
Visit https://bibliotekanauki.pl

Results found: 6

first rewind previous Page / 1 next fast forward last

Search results

Search:
in the keywords:  socialists
help Sort By:

help Limit search:
first rewind previous Page / 1 next fast forward last
EN
Polska Partia Socjalistyczna, called “reborn” by its supporters, and “licensed” or “false” by its antagonists, was created on 10th–11th September 1944, during a socialists’ conference held in Lublin (so-called 15th Congress of the PSP). The power elite in the party was made up of 57 people in total. It was a circle dominated by well educated men, mostly young and middle-aged, most of whom had been bound up with the party since the 1920s and 30s. On average, every second one of them was in the occupied country between 1939 and 1945, and only every eighth in the Soviet Union. Despite this, one should not underestimate the influence of the so-called “natives” in the PSP elite, since they were functioning within two, ideologically different, streants of Polish socialism. That was why they found it relatively easy to sever links with their socialist past and made their way into the ranks of the newly created Communist authorities.
PL
Jan Wacław Machajski od młodzieńczych lat charakteryzował się dużą zmiennością nastrojów i zdolnością przechodzenia od jednej skrajności w kolejną – odwrotną do poprzedniej. Do tego nastawiał się bardzo emocjonalnie do wyznawanej w danym momencie doktryny i nie dawał się zwieść żadnemu tłumaczeniu i polemice. Pierwotnie zaangażował się w nielegalną działalność w polskim ruchu narodowym. Jednak aresztowany przez Rosjan i skazany na trzy lata więzienia oraz pięć lat osadzenia we wschodniej Syberii diametralnie zmienił swoje poglądy i zafascynował się skrajną ideą rewolucyjną osadzoną w specyficznych realiach Imperium Rosyjskiego. Krytykując koncepcje preferowane przez marksistów oraz socjaldemokratów postulował wzorce anarchistyczne i wolnościowe. Stworzył własną, oryginalną doktrynę rewolucyjną, której centralną osią był proletariat, mający samorodnie przeprowadzić przewrót dający powszechną wolność wszystkim ludziom zniewolonym w państwie carów. Machajski, po powrocie z zesłania, egzystował na emigracji przebywając w Szwajcarii, jednak jego ekscentryczne idee znalazły wielu wyznawców w Rosji w pierwszych dwóch dekadach XX w. Uaktywnili oni swoją działalność w ramach tzw. Zmowy Robotniczej w czasie rewolucji 1905 r. oraz innych anarchistycznych i radykalnych formacjach istniejących na obszarze Cesarstwa Rosyjskiego.
EN
Jan Wacław Machajski was characterized by a great changeability of moods and ability for going from one extreme to another – opposite to the previous one – from youthful years. Moreover, his attitude was very emotional and he was not deceived by any explanation or polemic. Originally he got involved in illegal activity in Polish national movement. However, having been arrested by Russians and sentenced to three years in prison and five years exile to the Eastern Siberia, he had radically changed his views and was fascinated by the extreme revolutionary idea embed in peculiar realities of the Russian Empire. Criticizing ideas preferred by Marxist and social democrats, he demanded anarchistic and freedom patterns. He created his own, original revolutionary doctrine, whose the central axis was proletariat, which was to cause revolution giving freedom for all the people enslaved in the country of tsars. After the return from the exile, he lived abroad in Switzerland, but his eccentric ideas found many adherents in Russia in the first two decades of the twentieth century. They had stimulated their own activity within the framework of so-called working conspiracy in times of Revolution in 1905 and other anarchistic and radical groups existing in the area of the Russian Empire.
PL
Agreement of Democratic Parties in the Years 1948-1950 – an Attempt to Consolidate the Milieu of Polish Political Immigration After his arrival to London in 1947, Stanisław Mikołajczyk undertook endeavors to form a national committee, which would be a projection of the World War II quadruple agreement, which brought together Polish Peasant Party (Polskie Stronnictwo Ludowe), Polish Socialist Party (Polska Partia Socjalistyczna), Labor Party (Stronnictwo Pracy) and National Party (Stronnictwo Narodowe). The creation of the Agreement of Democratic Parties was to be the initial step towards the future cooperation and functioning. Yet the National Party was not interested in such cooperation and the Agreement turned out to be a weak entity, unable to conduct active policy among Polish emigration. Differences between parties proved to be too big a barrier, among others regarding the question of the legality of Polish government in exile. The final blow to Mikołajczyk’s concept was the creation of Political Council by National Party, Polish Socialist Party and the Polish Liberty Movement “Independence and Democracy” (Polski Ruch Wolnościowy „Niepodległość i Demokracja”).
Dzieje Najnowsze
|
2021
|
vol. 53
|
issue 4
5-30
EN
The article examines the attitude of Zygmunt Miłkowski – one of the leading figures of Polish democratic emigration in the second half of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries – to socialism. Miłkowski’s journalism was analysed, including two periodicals: Wolne Polskie Słowo and Dla Ojczyzny: organ Skarbu Narodowego, published under his editorship. Efforts were made to consider the voices of the other side, that is, the socialists. A few other, secondary questions have also been addressed as important for the subject under discussion.
PL
W artykule omówiono stosunek Zygmunta Miłkowskiego – jednej z czołowych postaci polskiej emigracji demokratycznej II połowy XIX i początków XX w. – do socjalizmu. Analizie poddano publicystykę Miłkowskiego, w tym dwa tytuły prasowe „Wolne Polskie Słowo”, „Dla Ojczyzny: organ Skarbu Narodowego”, które ukazywały się pod jego redakcją. Starano się przy tym uwzględnić głosy drugiej strony, czyli socjalistów. Zasygnalizowano również kilka pobocznych, aczkolwiek ważnych dla podjętej problematyki, wątków.
PL
The article is a new contribution to the local history of Opole of 1933–1945 in the light of not known and not published archival documents about the pre-war Nazi leaders of the Opole Regency and the anti-Hitler opposition as well. Those documents are stored both in the State Archive in Opole (file: Gestapo Oppeln) and in the Institute of National Remembrance (IPN Archive – various archive files). The first part of the article describes the Nazi elite of the Opole Regency in the period of 1933–1945. This interesting and complicated history of Opole and Opole region concerns the operation of the NSDAP monoparty, as well as its affiliated organizations and repressive organs of a totalitarian state. This part of the article was developed mainly from various files from the Institute of National Remembrance. The second part describes the anti-Hitler opposition in the Opole Regency in the period of 1933–1945. Very interesting and also not known in the scientific circulation are materials about political opponents, collected by Gestapostelle Oppeln, which are right now being published by the author of the article, following the previous article about the files relating to the Jews (dealt with in articles by J. Oszytko) and to the Poles (in a book by Dermin and Popiołek) which were kept by the Gestapo in Opole. To summarize, the article casts light on the history of the city, with respect to, on the one hand, the rise of German totalitarianism changing into one-party domination of the NSDAP party, and – on the other hand – the scope of persecution of parties and persons standing in opposition to Hitler’s rule in our city and region.  
EN
The author describes and analyzes the formation of the two mass political blocs in Polish environments – socialist and nationalist ones at the turn of the 20th century. Having been created as secret structures, both movements were primarily based on secular ideologies. Their main goal was the fight for independence. However, they began to differ in methods and means concerning its achievement over time. The socialists combined the struggle for independence with social revolution, not excluding even armed struggle; the nationalists on the contrary wanted to regain the independence by means of compromise, evolvement, not excluding national uprisings. In time, the amicable attitude of the nationalists was backed by the Polish Church, which was thereby fulfilling the recommendations and expectations of the Holy See.
PL
Autorka opisuje i analizuje kształtowanie się w środowiskach polskich przełomu XIX i XX wieku dwóch masowych bloków politycznych – socjalistycznego i nacjonalistycznego. Oba nurty powstawały jako struktury tajne, oba też w swych początkach stały na gruncie ideologii świeckich, a ich celem była walka o niepodległość. Z czasem zaczynały się różnić co do metod i środków osiągania założonego celu. Socjaliści walkę o niepodległość łączyli z rewolucją socjalną, nie wykluczali także walki zbrojnej; nacjonaliści do niepodległości chcieli dojść metodami ugodowymi, ewolucyjnymi, wykluczając kolejne powstania narodowe. Z czasem po stronie ugodowej postawy nacjonalistów opowiedział się polski Kościół hierarchiczny, który w ten sposób wypełniał również zalecenia i oczekiwania Stolicy Apostolskiej.
first rewind previous Page / 1 next fast forward last
JavaScript is turned off in your web browser. Turn it on to take full advantage of this site, then refresh the page.