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EN
In the presented study we assume, after Piotr Sztompka that a sociological theory is every set of ontological, epistemological and methodological assumptions, abstract notions and general propositions concerning social reality which is to provide with explanation of existing descriptive knowledge about it and orient future research (Sztompka 1985, p. 12). In the discussed theory there have developed hitherto the following orientations: the systemic-functional one, the ethnomethodological one, symbolic interactionism, theory of conflict, socio-historical theory and positivist theory. They have together shaped theoretical conceptions in sociology of sport and - indirectly - in other social physical culture sciences.Interpreting the issue in a prospective way, it can be assumed that in the future there will appear other theories, such as the theory of behaviour, the theory of rational choice, the sociobiological theory, the theory of power, the theory of neo-institutionalism and others.Sociology, however, need not to be the only source of inspiration for sociohumane sports sciences. An equally important role can be played there by philosophy and psychology. Moreover, that thesis can be referred to other humanities, especially to history and pedagogy, as well as to philosophical, sociological and pedagogical versions of theory of physical culture - or to multidisciplinary theories, as e.g. postmodernist and globalist ones.
EN
The author focuses his attention first of all on social deviations which play a negative role in highly competitive sport. He tries to define - from the viewpoint of philosophy - how they will influence its future form.He proclaims that in philosophy there are at least two options:a. the one negating justifiability of philosophical statements on the future,b. the one affirming that justifiability - after Aurelius Augustine and Hegel.The author takes into account the second viewpoint and comes to the conclusion that as a philosopher (not a futurologist) he has the right to formulate hypothetical statements (referring to assumptions of the metaphysical hypothesis) on the influence of deviations on sport in the future.He pays attention first of all to increasing aggression - both in forms permitted and not permitted by the regulations - and the growing number of injuries among athletes. He maintains that both those injuries as well as phenomena connected with commercialization - such as reification, atomization and alienation (constituting reasons for possible disorders in the field of physical, mental and relational health) will contribute to worsening the image and deformation of sense and essence neither of sport as such, nor of particular sports. This also applies to corruption, poaching, fans' frustration and aggression, doping, alcoholism and nicotinism.He maintains also that social deviations coming from political, ideological, religious, racial and other similar factors will be less and less significant (admittedly they will not disappear, but their number and influence will be considerably limited).
EN
This paper discusses the philosophical background and socio-theoretical affinities of Pierpaolo Donati’s relational sociology, focusing particularly on language as a missing element in relational social ontology. Following a discussion of Norbert Elias’s and Charles Wright Mills’s ideas of modernity as a counterpart to Donati’s theorizing, the paper criticizes the concept of relational society and the limitations to its applicability. The author argues that the communicational aspect of social relations calls for linguistic normativity as the basis of all normativity in a society that Margaret Archer and Donati call “morphogenic.”
EN
The aim of the article is to apply the concept of the hermeneutical circle to the position of a sociologist. The hermeneutical problem in sociology is exemplified by research into social action that examines how sociological understanding captures meanings attributed to the action by the actors themselves. Although several distinguished theorists have already introduced the idea of hermeneutics into sociology, none of them pursued the topic of the hermeneutical circle in detail. This article applies the hermeneutical circle to sociology through the concepts of ‘pre-understanding’ and the ‘fusion of horizons’. The analysis results in the acknowledgement of epistemological pluralism in sociology and leads to the conclusion that the justification of truth in sociology cannot be simply a matter of correspondence-based verification, but must involve a form of decision-making about true knowledge within an intersubjective sociological rationality.
EN
As a result of many years of reading about and teaching Max Weber’s famous Protestant Ethic thesis, I have developed an approach to covering this material in both my undergraduate and graduate theory courses which has been beneficial to students and has helped them make sense of the rather complex argument developed by Weber. I provide a working model of all such scholarly inquires geared off the Science Triad, culminating in a five-step approach to organizing and explaining the Weber thesis. In addition, I provide an annotated bibliography of selected scholarly ruminations on Weber’s work in general and the Protestant Ethic thesis in particular.
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Socjologiczne zmagania z Platonem

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PL
Platon nie należy do ulubieńców teorii socjologicznej, choć stworzył ogólną teorię społeczeństwa, która zrywa z mitologicznymi wyobrażeniami człowieka. Jeśli bywa przedmiotem rozważań, to raczej jako bohater negatywny. Przykładem może być poświęcone mu dzieło Alvina Gouldnera Enter Plato. Niniejszy artykuł ma na celu wykroczenie poza jednoznacznie krytyczną perspektywę Gouldnera i wskazanie, jakie korzyści może przynieść sięganie do dialogów Platońskich.
EN
Plato does not belong to the most favorite authors of sociological theory, even though he created a general theory of society which breaks with the ancient mythology of man. Critical approach to Plato may be examplified by Alvin Gouldner’s monumental work Enter Plato. Nonetheless it helps to explain the negative attitudes Plato’s philosophy is nowadays confronted with, even though a number of Platonic thoughts have leaked into the modern social theory.
PL
Teoria praktyk składa obietnicę uwolnienia socjologii od „pojęć dualnych” (mikro versus makro, struktura versus działanie, subiektywne versus obiektywne itd.). Jednocześnie obietnica ta tylko pozornie jest obietnicą nową (długowieczny koncept trzeciodrogowości socjologii), bezzałożeniową (definiowany brak założeń polega na precyzyjnej operacjonalizacji wybranych założeń) i neutralną (nakierowanie na zmianę świata, socjotechniczność). Celem tekstu jest analiza rekonceptualizującego potencjału teorii praktyk. Artykuł składa się z trzech zasadniczych części: (1) próby ulokowania oferty teorii praktyk w szerszym nurcie tzw. trzecich socjologii; (2) refleksji dotyczącej potencjału teoretycznego teorii praktyk; (3) wskazania ograniczeń i barier związanych z uwolnieniem potencjału teorii praktyk. W zakończeniu tekstu zaproponowana natomiast została wizja radykalnej ścieżki stosowania teorii praktyk, która w pełni realizuje swoje własne postulaty.
EN
Practice theory promises to liberate sociology from ‘dual concepts’ (micro vs. macro, structure vs. agency, subjective vs. objective, and the like). Yet, this promise is not new, for the concept of the third way is long-established in sociology. It is also neither free from assumptions (what is defined as the absence of assumptions is in fact the precise operationalization of selected assumptions), nor neutral (the focus on changing the world; a sociotechnical bias). The article presents an analysis of the potential for reconceptualization inherent in the theory of practice. It consists of the three main parts: (1) an attempt to locate practice theory within the broader current of the so-called ‘third sociology’; (2) a reflection on the theoretical potential of practice theory; (3) an indication of the limitations and barriers that prevent the potential of practice theory from being unlocked. In the conclusions, the authors offer a radical way of practice theory application that allows it to fulfil its own demands.
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Towards a Dialogical Sociology

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EN
Most sociological action theories and typologies were not able to establish interdependencies and sequences between different types of action. They also ignored the existential meaning of the choices the typologies implicitly involved. The imaginative dispositions and the ability to critically examine one’s own presuppositions are shown to constitute action as a future-oriented, self-expressing, and interpersonal phenomenon. Both dimensions may be found in the Socratic dialogical attitude but should not be taken as constituting a normative nor even a desirable type of action. The article identifies several limits of dialogue and its relationships with other types of action defined according to the same criteria.
PL
The value of Pierre Bourdieu’s theory is proven not only by his recognized position in contemporary social thought, but also numerous polemics, criticism which it faces and proposals of reformulation it inspires. This article presents one of the most important theoretical and research projects related to reinterpretation of Bourdieu’s category – Bernard Lahire’s sociology. It takes as a starting point the proposal to correct the thoughts of the author of Distinction if it comes to studies on social classes and the meaning of the concepts of habitus, cultural capital and reproduction. The article presents Lahire’s ideas in action, as he uses them in his early research. Moreover, the evolution of Lahire’s views is examined starting from continuation to criticism of structural constructivism with L’homme pluriel as culmination. The concept of a polymorphic human is confronted critically with Bourdieu’s work to demonstrate simplifications and limitations of Lahire’s theory. There are also other proposals of reformulation and continuation of the concept of Pierre Bourdieu’s classes.
EN
In the context of the social sciences and humanities outlines the need to create conditions for dialogue between some disciplines. The article presents one such example: the importance of sociological theory and metatheory of Catholic social teaching. Sociological theories are characterized by diversity, the multiplicity of paradigms, ambiguity. Catholic social teaching is alleged to have too much theory and homogeneity. Assessment relating to both theoretical areas is difficult, but not irrelevant. Good theory provides a basis for properly conducted empirical research. Both in sociology and in Catholic social teaching, the same principles of methodological correctness, and fidelity to its own autonomous methods and research processes. Being different does not exclude dialogue and cooperation for a better understanding of human nature as individuals and as social beings.
PL
W kontekście nauk społecznych i humanistycznych zarysowuje się potrzeba stworzenia warunków do dialogu pomiędzy niektórymi dyscyplinami. Artykuł przedstawia jeden z takich przykładów: znaczenie teorii socjologicznych i metateorii katolickiej nauki społecznej. Teorie socjologiczne cechuje różnorodność, wielość paradygmatów, niejednoznaczność. Katolickiej nauce społecznej zarzuca się nadmiar teorii i homogeniczność. Ocena odnosząca się do obu obszarów teoretycznych jest trudna, jednak nie pozbawiona znaczenia. Dobra teoria daje podstawy dla właściwie prowadzonych badań empirycznych. Zarówno w socjologii jak i w katolickiej nauce społecznej obowiązują te same zasady poprawności metodologicznej, wierność własnym i autonomicznym metodom i procesom badawczym. Odmienność nie wyklucza dialogu i współpracy na rzecz lepszego zrozumienia natury człowieka jako jednostki i jako istoty społecznej.
PL
Artykuł podejmuje temat relacji pomiędzy ontologicznymi założeniami teorii praktyk społecznych a metodologią badań projektowanych w nurcie tej teorii. Autorzy przedstawiają kluczowe założenia teorii praktyk, skupiając się na tym, co wspólne w pracach trzech najważniejszych postaci skupionych wokół nurtu teorii praktyk. Artykuł przedstawia najważniejsze implikacje metodologiczne wynikające z tychże założeń. W ostatniej części tekstu autorzy przyglądają się nowym nurtom studiów nad rodziną prowadzonych w duchu teorii praktyk, na ich przykładzie identyfi kluczowe ryzyka i problemy wiążące się z empirycznym wykorzystaniem teorii praktyk oraz strategie mierzenia się z tymi wyzwaniami.
EN
This paper explores a relationship between ontological assumptions of social practice theories and research methodologies developed within them. The authors present the key assumptions of practice theory. They focus on what is common to the work of three key figures in the practice theory approach. The main methodological implications of these assumptions are then outlined. Finally, the authors examine the new strands of family research conducted in the spirit of practice theory. They use them as a case study that allows to identify the main risks and problems associated with the empirical use of practice theory as well as the strategies for addressing these challenges.
EN
The starting point of this paper is represented by the research carried out by the study group of Social-One (Iorio, 2014; 2015; Araújo et al., 2015; Araújo et al., 2016; Martins, Cataldi, 2016), which recognised a public dimension and not only the intimate and personal dimension of love in today’s society. Taking as a reference point the work of Luc Boltanski, L’amour et la justice comme competences (1990), the research of the study group has proposed to widen the circle of sharing to go beyond the input from classic sociologists with a new conceptual category of love linked to agape. This path has actually already been begun by some well-known scholars – including Simmel (1907; 1921; 1989; 2001), Sorokin (1954), Giddens (1992), Luhman (1987) and Honneth (1990) – on the shoulders of whom it has already been possible to see the historical path of the transformation of the concept. However, the “agape” action brings something new to the social sciences: agape, in fact, introduces emerging characteristics, which at the same time, is linked to and transcends the way love is understood as “eros” and “philia”, defining itself as a key to gaining insight into a primarily empirical social reality, based on unconditional love of one’s neighbour. On this basis, the paper traces the path that the concept of love has had in the history of sociological thought, enlightening its public and social characters and proposing a research project based on love as agape.
PL
Punktem wyjścia niniejszego artykułu są badania przeprowadzone przez grupę badawczą Social-One (Iorio, 2014; 2015; Araújo i in., 2015; Araújo i in., 2016; Martins, Cataldi, 2016), które uznały publiczny, a nie tylko wewnętrzny i osobisty wymiar miłości we współczesnym społeczeństwie. Mające za punkt odniesienia pracę Luca Boltanskiego, L'amour et la justice comme competences (1990), badania doprowadziły do wypracowania propozycji poszerzenia kręgu dzielenia się poprzez wskazanie nowej kategorii konceptualnej miłości jako agape, wychodząc tym samym poza ujęcia klasycznych socjologów. Drogę tę wyznaczyli już niektórzy znani uczeni – między innymi: Simmel (1907, 1921, 1989, 2001), Sorokin (1954), Giddens (1992), Luhman (1987) i Honneth (1990) – w odwołaniu do których można dostrzec historyczną ścieżkę transformacji koncepcji. Mimo to miłość jako agape wnosi coś nowego do nauk społecznych: agape wprowadza cechy, które z jednej strony są powiązane, a z drugiej wykraczają poza rozumienie miłości jako „eros” i „philia”, a jej ujęcie staje się kluczem do uzyskania wglądu w poznawaną empirycznie rzeczywistość społeczną, opartą na bezwarunkowej miłości bliźniego. Na tym fundamencie artykuł prezentuje drogę pojęcia miłości w historii myśli socjologicznej, podkreślając jej publiczny i społeczny charakter, a także przedstawiając propozycję projektu badawczego odwołującego się do miłości jako agape.
PL
In 1956, political liberalization in Poland resulted in the revival of sociology, previously banned from Polish universities. Julian Hochfeld (1911–1966), previously a leading Socialist politician and currently professor of the University of Warsaw, played an important role in this process by (a) initiating the debate on the revision of Marxist social theory in the spirit of „Open Marxism”, and (b) establishing the chair of political sociology at the University of Warsaw. His closest associate and successor was Zygmunt Bauman (1925–2107) until his politically motivated dismissal from the University of Warsaw and emigration in 1968. Academic interests of Hochfeld’s school focused on (a) reinterpretation of Marxist social theory and its confrontation with main trends in contemporary sociology, (b) empirical research on political life in Poland, and (c) comparative cross-national study of politics. This tradition is now continued by the new generation of Polish political sociologists.
EN
The article features an analysis of the ideas of Yurij Levada, an eminent Russian academic, sociologist dealing both with theory and with practice of sociology, a founder of a research institution in Moscow known as Levada-Centre. Levada gave a special place to culture within sociology and he himself called his project on theoretical sociology an “attempt at culturally justified sociology” (grounded in a perspective orientated to culture). The project was based on structurally complex, culturally conditioned and symbolically indirect social actions. In his opinion, such knowledge of culture required to be looked at retrospectively, which provides for tackling the issue of social system reproduction while enabling to understand contemporary culture at the same time. This way of thinking was a basis for Levada’s analyses of the surrounding social reality, e.g. his analyses of intelligence or the concept of “simple Soviet man”.
EN
The postmodernist turn is connected with criticism of the positivist paradigm of sociology that has prevailed until now. Proposing the thesis that a fundamental social change has occurred, its supporters say that in such a situation the modernist notions used up till now in sociology have become inadequate. They postulate their radical transformation, so as to enable them to describe the emergent and dynamic reality of the postmodernist period. After rejecting the scientist standards of precision and the technical language sociology is to be included in a broad social discourse in order to support pluralism and tolerance with the help of literary means. Daniel Bell's sociology, forming an alternative for the two competing paradigms, allows one to look at them as realisation of two opposite methodological options: presenting a full range and complexity of the phenomenon – an exact description and reductive explanation. Rejecting the limitations of the scientistic methodology Bell presents a sociology that is engaged in social change, critical of both the modernist and postmodernist postulates. The perspective of a “great come-back” to the sacred sources of culture that he outlines is a neo-conservative alternative for the postmodernist perspective of diffusion and deconstruction.
Eruditio et Ars
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2022
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vol. 5
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issue 2
150-168
EN
The author tackles the issue of analysis of selected sociological theories of conflict and communication and presents them in the context of supplementing concepts which may aid in explaining progress of social interactions. The departure from perceiving a conflict as a pejorative phenomenon enables social individuals to activate the resources enabling perceiving a dispute as a chance at increasing problem-solving capabilities of a system through confronting deficiencies in internal balance. The author emphasizes the significance of conflict management which assumes balancing emotions and rationality. Conflicts are present in all aspects of social life therefore receiving knowledge regarding hypothetical possibility for emergence of a conflict and efficiently managing the process of reaching an agreement is of crucial importance for each social unit operating in public space. The theory of communication constitutes an excellent research backdrop for justifying developing harmonious interpersonal relations. Expanding the analysis beyond the material goals, into the area of services, symbols and feeling also constitutes a foundation for covering all types of relations with analysis. Exploring strategies of persuasion in the communication theory enables us to present the multi-layer and complex benefits and profits of said strategies which reach far beyond reaching individualistic, self-centred gains. Improving the quality and form of the conveyed messages, creativity in reacting to communication of the other party, verifying contemporary standards, assessment and modification of the social control are only some of the examples of numerous benefits of implementing persuasion strategies. The key goal of persuasion strategies is improving the level of interpersonal relation to the level when all parties engaged in interactions demonstrate satisfaction and calmly develop designs for establishing future contact regardless of their degree of complexity.
PL
Autor podejmuje się analizy wybranych socjologicznych teorii konfliktu i wymiany, ukazując je w pryzmacie uzupełniających się koncepcji, które mogą służyć wyjaśnianiu przebiegu interakcji społecznych. Odejście od interpretacji konfliktu jako pejoratywnego zjawiska pozwala jednostkom społecznym aktywizować zasoby umożliwiające postrzeganie sporu jako szansy zwiększenia zdolności systemu do rozwiązywania problemów poprzez konfrontację braków równowagi wewnętrznej. Autor podkreśla rangę zarządzania konfliktem, która w swym procesie zakłada zbalansowanie emocji i racjonalności. Konflikt jest obecny w każdym wymiarze życia społecznego, dlatego recypowanie wiedzy o hipotetycznych możliwościach jego wystąpienia oraz efektywnym zarządzaniu procesem dochodzenia do porozumienia jest zasadniczą rolą każdej jednostki społecznej funkcjonującej w przestrzeni publicznej. Teoria wymiany stanowi doskonałe tło badawcze do uzasadnienia budowy harmonijnych relacji międzyludzkich. Rozszerzenie analiz wymiany poza cele materialne, na usługi, symbole i uczucia, stanowi również podstawę do objęcia analizami przypadków wszystkich typów relacji. Eksploracja strategii perswazyjnych w teorii wymiany umożliwia ukazanie ich wielowarstwowych profitów, daleko wykraczających poza uzyskanie indywidualnych, egocentrycznych korzyści. Podniesienie jakości i formy przekazywanych treści, kreatywność w reagowaniu na komunikaty drugiej strony, weryfikacja zastanych norm, ocena i modyfikacje kontroli społecznej są tylko przykładowymi z wielu profitów wynikłych ze stosowania strategii perswazyjnych. Kluczowym celem strategii perswazyjnych jest podniesienie poziomu relacji międzyludzkich do pułapu, w którym wszystkie zaangażowane w interakcje strony wykazują satysfakcję i ze spokojem konstruują plany budowy przyszłych kontaktów niezależnie od stopnia ich skomplikowania.
EN
The author of this essay deals with the specif‌icity of sociology in Poland, reaching for the book of Antoni Sułek A Mirror on the High Road. Chapters from the History of Social Research in Poland (2019). Chapters of this book taken as a set constitute a review of the key issues that Polish sociologists strived to tackle in the 20th century. For approximately half of the book (6 chapters) Sułek focuses on issues of Polish sociology from the mid-1950s to the turn of the 1990s: the f‌irst is the change of theoretical and methodological paradigms in Polish sociology in the second half of the 20th century; the second is the successes of Polish sociology, but also its weaknesses - the author devoted much space to the theoretical limitations that prevented sociologists from predicting the formation of Solidarity in 1980. The third topic is the historical analysis of surveys conducted in the last decade of communism - their reliability as well as social and political functions. Finally, Sułek’s vision of socially-involved sociology appears. The strength of such sociology lies in its methodology, with which specific phenomena can be correctly def‌ined, impartially analysed, and systematically investigated. And this in turn enables evidence-based debate and policy.
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PL
Celem niniejszego artykułu jest wykazanie, że socjologia regionu jako wyodrębniona subdyscyplina wypracowała wiele perspektyw teoretycznych. Ich mnogość i doniosłość heurystyczna, o czym świadczy liczba badań empirycznych realizowanych z ich użyciem, stanowią o relatywnej ich dojrzałości. W związku z powyższym dokonano w prezentowanym tekście krytycznej analizy najważniejszych stanowisk teoretycznych. Zaprezentowano sekcjonistyczną koncepcję regionu, humanistyczne ujęcie regionu jako ojczyzny prywatnej, perspektywę regional science, koncepcje postmodernistyczne i instytucjonalistyczne. Krytyczna analiza dominujących w ramach socjologii regionu koncepcji z jednej strony stanowi próbę podsumowania dotychczasowych dokonań teoretycznych badaczy zainteresowanych tą problematyką, z drugiej zaś może stanowić asumpt do dalszego namysłu nad teoriami funkcjonującymi w ramach socjologii regionu i w ten sposób przyczynić się do dalszego jej rozwoju.
EN
The goal of this article is to prove that regional sociology as a separate subfeld has established a range of theoretical perspectives. Their quantity and heuristic signifcance, attested by the number of empirical studies which employed these perspectives, prove their relative maturity. As such, the presented paper includes a critical analysis of the most relevant theoretical perspectives. It features the selectionist concept of region, the humanistic approach to region as the private homeland, the regional science perspective, as well as postmodernist and institutional concepts. The critical analysis of the prevalent concepts within the regional sociology on one hand constitutes an attempt at summarising the theoretical achievements of the researchers interested in this subject, while on the other hand it may be an opportunity for further consideration of the theories which function within regional sociology and thus a stimulation for further development of the feld.
PL
Zasadniczym celem artykułu jest próba rekonceptualizacji socjologicznego ujęcia szeroko rozumianych procesów utowarowienia i odtowarowienia oraz zjawisk pokrewnych, która ma służyć poszerzeniu ich mocy heurystycznej. Tekst posiada dwie warstwy. Po pierwsze, stanowi propozycję ramy teoretycznej, czyli zestawu wstępnych kategorii analitycznych pozwalających uchwycić zróżnicowane przypadki oraz dynamikę procesów utowarowienia-odtowarowienia poprzez uwzględnienie dorobku m.in. geografii społeczno-ekonomicznej. Rama ta wykorzystuje także elementy ekonomiczno-socjologicznej teorii własności, wychodzącej poza formalnoprawne analizy nowej ekonomii instytucjonalnej. Po drugie, wskazuje on na przykłady zastosowania tych kategorii do analizy wybranych zjawisk i procesów społecznych, formułując także określone hipotezy badawcze na temat celów, zadań i zakresu działania państwa dobrobytu.
EN
The article aims to reconceptualize the sociological approach to the broadly understood processes of commodification-decommodification and related phenomena in order to broaden their heuristic power. The text has two layers. First, it proposes a theoretical framework – a set of initial analytical categories allowing to capture different cases and the dynamics of commodification-decommodification processes by taking into account the achievements of socio-economic geography, among other approaches. This framework also uses some elements of the socio-economic theory of property, going beyond the formal and legal analysis of new institutional economics. Second, it offers the examples of how these categories can be applied to the analysis of selected social phenomena and processes as well as formulates some research hypotheses related to the aims, tasks and scope of welfare state.
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