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EN
In the article the scientific works of Mikhail Bakhtin are considered as one text with its own single metaplot. The motive of moving forward (“going forward”) is analyzed and treated as the basis of Bakhtin’s progressive outlook, his hopes for the future and for the dialogue in the Great Time. Attention is drawn to a specific period of the Russian thinker’s intellectual life, that is associated with the departure from the ideas of solipsism. The concept of “I – others” is considered a turning point and is compared with the Copernican revolution, which is carried out in the philosophical worldview of a Russian scientist and then transferred to the studies of the works of Fyodor Dostoevsky. It reveals, in particular, the philosopher’s gradual departure from individual reality and his approach towards personalism. The future for Bakhtin is a creative, active category that determines the present. At the same time it is noted that the forward movement as expressed by the Russian thinker is ambivalent and associated with the turn to the past and the source. Along the way the concepts of memory, the curvature of progress, the idea of historical inversion, etc. are also studied. Besides, Bakhtin’s criticism of the Enlightenment idea of progress, Western rationalism and humanism are mentioned. In this regard Bakhtin’s concept of the rebirth acquires great importance, in which, under the influence of movement towards the future, the past is updated.
DE
Den Ausgangspunkt der nicht nur philosophischen Betrachtungen von S. I. Witkiewicz bildete die "innere Welt", die in der Kategorie des Subjekts - des Ich zusammen mit den zugrundeliegenden Prämissen der Weltanschauung zum Ausdruck kommt. Das Ziel des Artikels ist es, am Beispiel von zwei ausgewählten Werken von Witkiewicz (einem literarischen und einem populärphilosophischen) aufzuzeigen,  auf welche Weise er die "innere Welt" zu verlassen versucht, also den Solipsismus zu durchbrechen, der aufgrund der Annahmen als ungewollte Folge in seinem Werk erschienen ist. Obwohl Witkiewicz den Solipsismus für eine fantastisch-geisterhafte Anschauung der Wirklichkeit hielt, hatte er Schwierigkeiten mit dem Nachweis, wie man den Solipsismus überwinden kann. In der Verzweiflung, so meine These, verwendet er eine nicht inhaltsbezogene Lösung, die die Enunziation des Standpunktes des monadistischen Realismus ist. Das zieht die Ablehnung des Solipsismus nach sich, was in der interpretatorischen Auffassung keine philosophisch befriedigende Lösung ist.
EN
Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz (Polish writer, painter, philosopher, playwright and novelist, commonly known as Witkacy) focuses his reflections, philosophical and other ones, along with world outlook assumptions, on “the inner world” phrased in the category of subject – “I”. Two samples of Witkiewicz’s output ( from his literary and popular philosophy works) are referred to with the aim of demonstrating his attempt at getting out of “the inner world”, that is at refuting solipsism which emerged in his works as unwanted consequence of his philosophy. Although Witkiewicz considered solipsism as a fantastic and spectral view of reality, he found it difficult to bear out that solipsism could be disproved. Hence – arguably in despair - he tries a non-substantive solution by enunciating the monadic realism. Consequently, solipsism is rejected but in interpretive terms such a solution is not philosophically satisfying.
PL
Punktem wyjścia rozważań S. I. Witkiewicza, nie tylko filozoficznych, był „świat wewnętrzny” wyrażony w kategorii podmiotu – „Ja” wraz z założeniami poglądu życiowego. Celem artykułu jest wykazanie na dwóch wybranych przykładach twórczości Witkiewicza (literackiej oraz popularyzującej filozofię), w jaki sposób próbuje on wyjść ze „świata wewnętrznego”, czyli przełamać solipsyzm, który ze względu na przyjęte założenia pojawił się w jego twórczości jako niechciana konsekwencja. Według Witkiewicza solipsyzm to fantastyczno-widmowy pogląd na rzeczywistość, ale pomimo to miał on trudności z wykazaniem możliwości przełamania solipsyzmu. Dlatego w desperacji – to teza rozważań – wykorzystuje pozamerytoryczne rozwiązanie, jakim jest enuncjacja stanowiska realizmu monadystycznego. Konsekwencją tego jest odrzucenie solipsyzmu, ale w ujęciu interpretacyjnym nie jest to rozwiązanie filozoficznie satysfakcjonujące.
EN
The aim of this paper is to assess the evidence on Cyrenaic solipsism and show how and why some views endorsed by the Cyrenaics appear to be committing them to solipsism. After evaluating the fascinating case for Cyrenaic solipsism, the paper shall deal with an (often) underestimated argument on language attributed to the Cyrenaics, whose logic – if I reconstruct it well – implies that after all the Cyrenaics cannot have endorsed a radical solipsism. Yet, by drawing an illuminating parallel with Wittgenstein’s argument on private language and inner sensations, a case is to be made for the Cyrenaics to have subscribed to a sort of ‘residual solipsism’, which in turn helps us to understand the notion of Cyrenaic privacy at a fuller extent.
EN
The article is an attempt at establishing a theoretical basis for a dialogue between phenomenology and contemporary philosophy, with regard to the problem of internalism-externalism. It is argued, according to Roman Ingarden, that one has to first of all put forward an adequate question about the problem, to be able to understand it appropriately. Moreover, the analysis is limited to the two forms of the internalism-externalism debate, namely semantics and the philosophy of the mind. Within Husserl’s phenomenology one can easily point to basic intuitions that justify thesis that this philosophy refers to the internalism-externalism problem. Ultimately, by using phenomenological terminology, the article arrives at questions about possible internalism-or-externalism within Husserl’s phenomenological project. The questions, however, suggest that phenomenology can be neither clearly nor completely classified either as internalism or as externalism.
EN
The article is an attempt at establishing a theoretical basis for a dialogue between phenomenology and contemporary philosophy, with regard to the problem of internalism-externalism. It is argued, according to Roman Ingarden, that one has to first of all put forward an adequate question about the problem, to be able to understand it appropriately. Moreover, the analysis is limited to the two forms of the internalism-externalism debate, namely semantics and the philosophy of the mind. Within Husserl’s phenomenology one can easily point to basic intuitions that justify the thesis that this philosophy refers to the internalism-externalism problem. Ultimately, by using phenomenological terminology, the article arrives at questions about possible internalism-or-externalism within Husserl’s phenomenological project. The questions, however, suggest that phenomenology can be neither clearly nor completely classified either as internalism or as externalism.
PL
Artykuł jest próbą stworzenia teoretycznej płaszczyzny dialogu pomiędzy fenomenologią i filozofią współczesną w odniesieniu do problemu internalizmu-eksternalizmu. Za Romanem Ingardenem argumentuje się, że należy wypracować adekwatne pytanie o ten problem, aby móc go właściwie zrozumieć. Analizy zawęża się przy tym do dwóch form debaty internalizmu z eksternalizmem, a mianowicie do semantyki i filozofii umysłu. Na gruncie fenomenologii Husserla bez trudu można wskazać podstawowe intuicje, które utwierdzają przekonanie, że filozofia ta może traktować o omawianym problemie. Korzystając z terminologii fenomenologicznej, ostatecznie formułuje się pytania o możliwy internalizm i eksternalizm w projekcie filozoficznym autora „Badań logicznych”. Pytania te jednak sugerują, że fenomenologia nie daje się w całości zdefiniować ani jako internalizm, ani jako eksternalizm.
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