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Z historii ustroju i elit politycznych Karaczajo-Czerkiesji

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Bodio T.

Studia Politologiczne

2012

vol. 24

189-212

The history of multiethnic Karachay-Circassia, and particularly Karachay and Circassian political elites, as well as their role in the creation of the state and the nation, includes many terrae incognitae. The present state of research does not help the attempts of reconstruction of it, while it is deeply entangled into historical policy, actively used in the game of power and the future of the republic. This politics oscillates between facts and falsification or manipulation. With this in mind, the author made an attempt to reconstruct the events from the records of history of Karachays and Circassians that directly or indirectly influence contemporary problems of political system of Karachay-Circassia and its political elites. The study shows that the main causes of the current constitutional and political problems of the republic have their roots not in the recent decades, but deeply in history and, above all, the period of Russian conquest and the mistakes of Soviet policy associated with the decomposition of the natural processes of nation-building and state-building and the creation of the artificial two-subject autonomous area. Due to the new conditions and circumstances they manifest themselves in various mutated and often more dangerous forms.

Sądownictwo radzieckie na Wołyniu i w Galicji Wschodniej w latach 1939–1941

100%

Baran W., Tokarski W.

Pamięć i Sprawiedliwość

2015

issue 1(25)

277-302

The Soviet Judiciary in the Volhynia and in East Galicia in 1939–1941 The article reviews the formation and development of Soviet justice in Volyn and Eastern Galicia in 1939–1941. It reveals the notion of ‘political justice’ and significance of punitive and repressive authorities in Soviet totalitarian system. The paper shows the main trends of judicial and extrajudicial executions of Stalinist regime against the public of Volyn and Eastern Galicia, which was treated as socially alien and politically hostile. Following the Red Army entry in Polish eastern provinces, there were numerous instances where Red Army soldiers and KGB servicemen organized lynching against Polish law enforcement officers, gendarmes, officers, village policemen and other ‘counter-revolutionary elements.’ At the beginning of the Soviet rule Western Ukraine experienced systematic political repressions carried out almost exclusively by direct orders of the Interior Commissar of the USSR L. Beria and military tribunals. Later, all parts of the Soviet judiciary were formed in the territories annexed to the USSR: local prosecutors, court presidents were appointed. Department of Justice and the Bar Association were created. In this respect, a significant share of cases on counter-revolutionary crimes was conducted by regional courts who applied various penalties against defendants. The article analyzes the individual stages of the criminal process and presents typical examples of execution of Soviet justice in Volyn and Eastern Galicia. Based on the records of the Soviet Union Supreme Court, People’ s Commissariat of Justice and the Prosecuto’ s Office, the second half of 1940 was marked by substantial consolidation of punitive policy of the authorities in cases on counterrevolutionary crimes. The operating principle of Special Council of the Soviet Union People’ s Commissariat for Internal Affairs as the main instrument of extrajudicial repressions is revealed based on materials of Branch State Archive of the Security Service of Ukraine.

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1 Pamięć i Sprawiedliwość

1 Studia Politologiczne

1 Baran W.

1 Bodio T.

1 Tokarski W.

1 2015

1 2012

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Z historii ustroju i elit politycznych Karaczajo-Czerkiesji

Sądownictwo radzieckie na Wołyniu i w Galicji Wschodniej w latach 1939–1941