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Legal and political aspects of space mining

100%
Polkowska M.
Polish Journal of Political Science
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2020
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vol. 6
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issue 4
61-83
EN
In recent years, there has been a great interest of states and international corporations in the problem of obtaining raw materials from celestial bodies. Space mining is a future branch of industry that does not exist yet, related to the extraction of natural resources from celestial bodies. Although we currently bring from space at most samples of material for research, serious companies have been established that deal with the development of technologies related to the extraction of raw materials. Today, space mining is treated as an inevitable and important element of the future world economy. Moreover, it is already a source of conflicts. Space mining is of interest mainly to those countries which have not been endowed by nature with deposits of rare raw materials sufficient to meet the needs and ambitions, and private entities encouraged by the scale of potential profits. The flagship example of the first type is the United States, for which the ultimate goal of the space programme is the expansion of humanity throughout the solar system; it also counts on quick and big profits. For years, the Americans have been concerned about maintaining freedom of action, e.g. by remaining outside the regime of the Moon Treaty; they even introduced in their domestic legislation preliminary regulations regarding extraterrestrial extraction and ownership of raw materials.
2
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Pozyskiwanie zasobów z kosmosu – szansa czy konieczność?

100%
Licbarska J.
Alcumena. Pismo Interdyscyplinarne
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2020
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issue 2(2)
51-64
EN
At a time when the amount of natural resources on Earth is declining, the possibility of obtaining resources from space may play an important role. Private corporations use commercially the latest technologies to find an efficient way to extract raw materials from space. Therefore, there is a high probability that thanks to their application, in the near future, an economy of space resources will be created. The space can become a salvation for our civilization, although the use of its goods carries many threats and can cause many conflicts between states. The resolution of the United Nations General Assembly of 1963 regulates the issue of space resources and assumes that space and the celestial bodies are free for research and use by all states and are not subject to appropriation. However, the already established acts of international law do not seem to be sufficient for the approaching new reality. The international community faces the challenge of adjusting international law to protect the interests of states and prevent the risks associated with the distribution of goods. Naturally, the question arises whether we will be able to use space resources in a sustainable manner with such conflicting interests of states?
3
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Space Act of 2015: proměna statu quo ve vesmírných aktivitách?

88%
Štoudek M.
Politologická revue (Czech Political Science Review)
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2021
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vol. 27
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issue 1
47-72
EN
Th e article provides an analysis of the consequences of the U.S. Commercial Space Launch Competitiveness Act 2015 on geopolitics of the Outer Space. In the first part is provided the critical review of development of the space law regime to the nowadays. This section mentions both international and national space legislation. Then uniqueness of the U.S. Commercial Space Launch Competitiveness Act 2015 is brought up. Th e main part, and original contribution of the article is provided in following chapters which contain: 1) legal debate on possible violation of international agreements, in particular the 1967 Outer Space Treaty. Among the Outer Space Treaty‘s key points are that it forbids claiming celestial objects and mentions that the exploration and use of outer space shall be carried out for the benefi t and in the interests of all countries and shall be the province of all mankind; 2) impacts of the implementation of the U.S. Commercial Space Launch Competitiveness Act 2015 on international relations; 3) issue of commercialisation of space activities and transformation of space sector to so-called New Space.
4
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US legal developments in outer space mining

63%
Gerałt B.
Civitas Hominibus. Rocznik filozoficzno-społeczny
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2021
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vol. 16
85-96
PL
W grudniu 2020 r. NASA (Narodowa Agencja Aeronautyki i Przestrzeni Kosmicznej) ogłosiła umowę z prywatną firmą na dostawę materiału księżycowego na Ziemię, pierwszą i jak dotąd jedyną tego typu umowę. Kwota, jaka zostanie zapłacona za usługi firmy Lunar Outpost została ustalona na 1 dolara. Chociaż układ ten może wydawać się chwytem reklamowym, mającym na celu przyciągnięcie uwagi międzynarodowych mediów, skłania on do dyskusji prawnej na temat faktycznego stopnia swobody użytkowania przestrzeni kosmicznej. Niniejszy artykuł koncentruje się na opisie polityki i ustawodawstwa USA w zakresie wykorzystania zasobów naturalnych przestrzeni kosmicznej oraz porównaniu jej z międzynarodowymi ramami prawnymi działań w przestrzeni kosmicznej.
EN
In December 2020 NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) announced a contract with a private company to deliver Moon material to Earth, the first and only contract of this type to be concluded to date. The sum that will be paid for the services of Lunar Outpost company was set at 1 US dollar. Although the arrangement may seem like a publicity stunt to catch international media attention, it spurs a legal discussion on the actual degree of freedom to utilized outer space. This article is focused on describing the USA’s policy and legislation concerning the utilization of natural resources of outer space, and comparing it to the international legal framework of outer space activities.
5
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Japońska ustawa o górnictwie kosmicznym. Przegląd regulacji

51%
Kłoda M. T.
Ad Astra. Program badań nad astropolityką i prawem kosmicznym
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2022
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issue 5
32-36
EN
Japan has joined the group of countries that have regulated the issue of so- -called space mining in their domestic law. Act no. 83 of 2021 on the promotion of business activities for the exploration and development of space resources came into force on December 23, 2021. This scientific communication reviews the regulations of the mentioned act.
PL
Do grupy państw, które uregulowały w swym prawie wewnętrznym materię tzw. górnictwa kosmicznego dołączyła Japonia. Ustawa nr 83 z 2021 r. o promowaniu działalności gospodarczej związanej z poszukiwaniem i wykorzystywaniem zasobów kosmicznych weszła w życie dnia 23 grudnia 2021 r. W niniejszym komunikacie naukowym dokonano przeglądu regulacji przywołanej ustawy.
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