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1

Planetary Ecosynthesis—Environmental Ethics and Scientific Implications

100%
Czyżewska U.
Dialogue and Universalism
|
2014
|
issue 2
115-123
EN
The article examines selected issues of planetary ecosynthesis from both scientific and philosophical perspectives. The main object of the examination is terraforming—a purposeful alteration of a planetary environment to improve the chances of the survival of an indigenous biology or, in the absence of any native life-forms, to allow for the habitation of most, if not all, terrestrial life-forms. Although this process has been lively debated within environmental ethics for many years, it still requires more precise ethical analyses as well as an applicable legislation on the international space policy.
2
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Europejska polityka kosmiczna jako polityka publiczna UE

89%
Kwiecień J.
Studia z Polityki Publicznej
|
2019
|
vol. 6
|
issue 1(21)
53-73
EN
The paper deals with the European cooperation in outer space, which in the course of half a century has led to the creation of the European space policy, another European public policy. At the beginning of the paper, the definition framework for public policy was outlined and the European space policy was briefly presented. The analysis begins with an indication of the reasons for establishing cooperation for space, then it covers the history of European space efforts as well as the attempts to institutionalize that cooperation. In the further part of the paper, the process of working out the European space policy and the most recently announced European space programme are analysed. Finally, the conclusions resulting from the analysis give the answer to the questions raised in the paper about the ability to effectively design and execute the space policy, the results of implementation of particular space policy programmes, allocation of resources for the benefit of society, the position of the EU in international relations.
PL
Artykuł traktuje o europejskiej współpracy w przestrzeni kosmicznej, która w ciągu półwiecza doprowadziła do utworzenia europejskiej polityki kosmicznej, kolejnej europejskiej polityki publicznej. Na wstępie nakreślone zostały ramy definicyjne polityki publicznej, a także krótko przedstawiono, czym jest europejska polityka kosmiczna. Analiza rozpoczyna się wskazaniem przyczyn nawiązania współpracy na rzecz przestrzeni kosmicznej, następnie obejmuje historię europejskich wysiłków na rzecz przestrzeni kosmicznej aż po próby instytucjonalizacji tej współpracy. W dalszej części artykułu przeanalizowane zostały proces wypracowywania europejskiej polityki kosmicznej oraz niedawna propozycja europejskiego programu kosmicznego. Na zakończenie przedstawiono wnioski z przeprowadzonej analizy, które jednocześnie stanowią odpowiedź na postawione w artykule pytania o zdolność do efektywnego projektowania i wykonywania polityki kosmicznej, rezultaty realizacji poszczególnych programów polityki kosmicznej, alokowanie zasobów z korzyścią dla społeczeństwa, pozycję UE w relacjach międzynarodowych.
3
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Space Traffic Management (STM) – Legal Aspects

75%
Polkowska M.
Polish Political Science Yearbook
|
2021
|
issue 1 (50)
159-169
EN
Space Traffic Management (STM) is a new concept referring to space activities. The highest priority is the safety and security of outer space and all conducted operations. There is no definition of STM. There is an urgent need to regulate STM providing safety and security regulations at the international, regional, and national levels. Because there is no STM definition, the regulator might use the example of existing regulations of the International Civil Aviation Organization on Air Traffic Management (ATM). European EUSST is a good example of being a “precursor” of STM. However, many questions are still open regarding specific regulations needed to create an STM system, such as at which level they should be made: globally, regionally, or nationally.
4
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Space Tourism Challenges

75%
Polkowska M.
Review of European and Comparative Law
|
2021
|
vol. 45
|
issue 2
153-182
EN
Space is a new destination for tourism. Today tourists can travel the world using many different modes of transportation, including road, maritime, and air. People always want to discover new destinations. Human beings strive to break borders and go beyond - even to the stars. There are new technical and commercial challenges and innovations in reaching outer space. The new transportation business of today has already experienced many ups and downs, but definitely big projects, such as traveling to the Moon or Mars remain the purview of the perennial space powers. The Author considers what kind of challenges space tourism brings (in the commercialization era) and what kind of space governance and policy is needed to make this tourism efficient. Some comparisons referring to airspace and outer space aspects, such as managerial, organizational, and legal have been made. The basic analysis made in this article indicates that the commercial space industry seeks to be new space operators, provided that they operate in a safe and secure manner according to international rules and policies. Good strategic planning and management of space is the key.
5

Globalne systemy nawigacji satelitarnej. Przykład rywalizacji czy współpracy między mocarstwami?

63%
Smolik B.
Wrocławskie Studia Politologiczne
|
2018
|
vol. 25
143-163
EN
The objective of this article is to answer the question whether we currently deal with closer cooperation or rather with competition in the field of Global Navigation Satellite Systems. The author proves that both competition and cooperation are visible in the field of global satellite navigation, which when perceived from numerous perspectives do not have to be mutually exclusive. Cooperation usually results from rational economic calculation. Competition may be connected with factors of an economic, strategic and in particular military nature. Militarization of space is in itself a strongly conflictogenic element which may be confirmed by relationships in the field of GNSS. Particularly many conflicts result in the problem of compatibility of coded signals associated with defence and security.
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