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Kamień z Rosetty "kamieniem milowym" w drodze do odczytania "świętych znaków pisarskich" i powstania nowej nauki zwanej egiptologią

100%
Wachowicz O.
Zeszyty Naukowe. Turystyka i Rekreacja
|
2009
|
issue 1(2-3)
133-148
PL
The main topic of my dissertation is show „The Stone of Rosetta”, deciphering of which, has become a milestone in discovering the ancient of pharaohs. It initiated a big obsession with Egypt and, as a result in the end, became a new science – Egyptology. Egypt has become more interesting, intriguing, exciting and the most important, still secret and mysterious. Using his skills and a self-belief to his knowledge – Champollion made the world and people enriched by a new knowledge about the Ancient Egypt. Thank to him, our world certainly learned quicker about hieroglyphics which after a few thousand years under the desert sand, were seen again the light of the day.
2
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Problemy konserwacji ruin starożytnych w Aszmunein w Egipcie

75%
Barański M.
Ochrona Zabytków
|
1989
|
issue 1
42-47
EN
The Polish-Egyptian Archaeological and Preservation Mission at El Ashmunein, set up by the State Ateliers for the Conservation of Cultural Property and the Egyptian Antiquities Organization has undertaken the task of working out a programme for the preservation of ruins of ancient Hermapolis Magna. The first stage comprised ruins of Early Christian basilica, where some conservation work had been done in the forties. The basilica is the first architectural monument in Ashmunein for which a complex programme of studies will be drawn, aimed at determining causes and degree of the corrosion of stone building material. This will allow to decide upon a technique of future conservation procedure. The basic conservation problem is to protect stone buildings against salt penetration. Due to a high level of ground water and recently changed water and climatic conditions fine examples of architecture are exposed to corrosion, the scope of which is hardly to be foreseen. Therefore, apart from the studies on the corrosion of the stone an important problem is also to carry out hydrogeological studies of the entire post and afterwards to determine a degree of endangerings to which other monuments are exposed. An important subject is also to make observations of the progress of erosion in preserved structures from dried brick as well as to prepare documentation on the present condition of their preservation.
3
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Homoseksualizm w starożytnym Egipcie

51%
Ćwiek A.
Verbum Vitae
|
2021
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vol. 39
|
issue 1
49-74
EN
The issue of homosexuality in ancient Egypt has been studied for less than a century. Both the attitude towards, and the methodology regarding, this issue changed constantly over time. The author presents a critical review of the literature, together with some original interpretations. The most important sources, which are relatively not numerous and often ambiguous, are described. The written sources include religious and literary texts e.g. the tale Horus and Seth, the story of King Nefer-ka-Ra and “General” Sa-senet, mentions in the instructions of Peteh-hetep, the Book of the Dead (the “negative confession” in the Chapter 125), the Coffin Texts and dream-books. Analysis of the texts reveals many controversial questions concerning the context of the message, as well as the phraseology and proper meaning of the terms related to the issue of sexuality. Two categories clearly appear: homosexual rape, with the intention to dominate and humiliate an enemy, and a emotional relationship leading to sexual acts. The iconographic sources are less numerous, and their interpretations much disputable. They include the images of Ni-ankh-Khenemu and Khenemu-hetep in their shared tomb at Saqqara, the depictions of same-sex couples, graffiti, and drawings on ostraca depicting (homosexual?) couples having sex. A large part of the sources in unequivocal, and in the case of lesbian love simply vague. Data on the attitude of the ancient Egyptians towards homosexual relations are ambivalent at best. They were considered socially incorrect but not penalized.  
PL
Zagadnienie homoseksualizmu w starożytnym Egipcie od kilkudziesięciu lat jest przedmiotem badań naukowych. Zmieniał się zarówno stosunek do przedmiotu badań, jak i ich metodologia. Autor przedstawia krytyczny przegląd literatury przedmiotu, uzupełniony o własne interpretacje. Omawia najważniejsze źródła, stosunkowo nieliczne, a często niejednoznaczne. Wśród źródeł pisanych są teksty religijne i literackie, m.in.: opowiadanie Horus i Seth, historia króla Nefer-ka-Ra i „generała” Sa-seneta, wzmianki w maksymach Peteh-hetepa, Księdze Umarłych („spowiedź negatywna” w rozdziale 125), Tekstach Sarkofagów i sennikach. Analiza tekstów ujawnia wiele kwestii dyskusyjnych dotyczących kontekstu przekazów, a także frazeologii i właściwego znaczenia terminów odnoszących się do seksualności. Wyraźnie wyróżniają się dwie kategorie: gwałt homoseksualny, mający na celu zdominowanie i upokorzenie wroga, i relacja emocjonalna, prowadząca do zachowań o charakterze seksualnym. Źródła ikonograficzne są jeszcze mniej liczne, a ich interpretacja mocno dyskusyjna. Należą do nich przede wszystkim przedstawienia Ni-anch-Chenemu i Chenemu-hetepa we wspólnym grobowcu w Sakkarze, wizerunki par jednopłciowych, graffiti i rysunki na ostrakonach, ukazujące (homoseksualne?) pary w trakcie stosunku płciowego. Znaczna część źródeł jest niejednoznaczna (a w przypadku żeńskiego homoseksualizmu po prostu niepewna). Dane na temat stosunku starożytnych Egipcjan do relacji homoseksualnych są co najmniej ambiwalentne. Niewątpliwie były one społecznie postrzegane jako niewłaściwe, ale nie były penalizowane.
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