The paper aims to analyze and evaluate the state aid granted in the Member States of the European Union in the years 2006–2011. The analysis concerns the amount of aid provided, as well as forms and instruments used. The author analyzes the trends of changes in the volume of the aid, as well as changes in the structure of its types and forms. The main conclusion is that the scope of non-crisis state aid granted in the 27 EU countries in the analysed period was reduced both in absolute terms and in relation to the average GDP of the European Union. Structure of state aid has also changed. There was an increase in spending on horizontal and regional aid and a decrease in spending on regional aid. One can also observe the change in structure of state aid instruments; there was an increase in the share of active instruments (subsidies for companies). At the same time a relatively large share as passive instruments (tax and deferred tax) has been observed.
The aim of the article is to present state aid instruments used during the COVID- 19 pandemic, as well as to describe general regulations concerning the admissibility of granting state aid, including the provisions of primary and secondary law, the jurisprudence of the Court of Justice of the European Union. In addition, the article presents of soft law regulations regarding the admissibility of state aid (Temporary framework) and describes Polish aid programs for enterprises affected by the coronavirus pandemic. At the end of the article, reference was made to the types of aid instruments used and the selection of supported sectors. Research has shown a limited use of tax instruments as well as a fairly high concentration among aid granted state aid (central government administration and government agencies). At the same time, the selection of the supported sectors was not a planned economic program.
PL
Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie instrumentów pomocy państwa wykorzystywanych w trakcie pandemii COVID-19, a także opis ogólnych regulacji dotyczących dopuszczalności udzielania pomocy państwa, w tym zapisów prawa pierwotnego i wtórnego oraz orzecznictwa Trybunału Sprawiedliwości Unii Europejskiej. Dodatkowo w artykule przedstawiono regulacje prawa miękkiego dotyczące dopuszczalności udzielania pomocy państwa (tymczasowe ramy) oraz opisano polskie programy pomocowe dla przedsiębiorstw dotkniętych skutkami pandemii koronawirusa. W końcu artykułu odniesiono się do rodzajów wykorzystywanych instrumentów pomocowych oraz wyboru wspieranych sektorów. Badania wykazały ograniczone wykorzystanie instrumentów podatkowych, a także dosyć dużą koncentrację wśród podmiotów udzielających pomocy (centralna administracja rządowa i agencje rządowe). Wybór sektorów wspieranych nie miał charakteru zaplanowanego programu gospodarczego.
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