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EN
The region of Opole Silesia, and from 1950 the Opole Voivodeship (province), encompassed a vast majority of the newly formed Polish–Czechoslovakian borderland, shaped in consequence of World War II. This particular part of the state border was characterized by lack of significant natural barriers. This circumstance created favorable conditions for escape attempts from a country ruled by communists. Odra River, a communication “spine” of the region, also offered a chance of flight to the West.
EN
The aim of the article is to present the major issues related to the protection of the Polish border from the perspective of the tasks and functions of the Border Guard and border checkpoints. The present analysis is a result of research conducted with use of theoretical research methods used in the social sciences. The aforementioned research was carried out with the purpose of diagnosing the functioning of the state border protection and traffic control system. The result of the research leads to the conclusion that the Polish border protection and traffic control system is being gradually improved, which is a result of changes in the security environment, primarily related to the emergence of new threats and increasing levels of existing threats. This leads to the expansion of the range of functions performed not by the Border Guard in general, but specifically by border checkpoints, which are closely related to field government and local authority administration bodies. These bodies have a definitive influence on local security, and thus on the security of areas controlled by the Border Guard.
EN
The Opole Voivodeship (province) encompassed a vast majority of Polish–Czechoslovakian borderland. This particular part of the state border was characterized by lack of significant natural barriers. This circumstance created favorable conditions for escape attempts from a country ruled by communists. Odra River, a communication “spine” of the region, also offered a chance of flight to the West. Refusal to return after a legal trip abroad was a specific form of illegal immigration.
EN
Border studies (currently also cross-border cooperation issues) is an interdisciplinary research specialization. The aim of the article is to present the spatial proximity influence of the state border on the everyday life reality of inhabitants of the Kysuce region in the 20th Century (overlapping with the present day) in both the local and supra-local context. With reference to the theory of the Irish sociologist Liam O'Dowd, it focuses on the Slovak state borders with Poland and the Czech Republic as a possible barrier, but also a bridge, a source of opportunities and a symbol of identity. It points out that in the villages bordering the Polish and Czech territories there has always been a relatively intensive mutual cultural transfer and contact of populations and therefore the borders cannot be perceived as an exclusively geopolitical phenomenon; their social and cultural dimension must be taken into account.
EN
In the article the international legal status of the territory, and the territory of the state was ascertained, and the features of the legal status of a state border were identified. The main problem of the thesis is to show the causes of conflicts in determining the borders of the Central Asian states from the perspective of Russian scholars. The main issues of regulating international relations in the sphere of the delimitation of state borders under the international law in Central Asia are outlined.
RU
В статье рассмотрены международно-правовой статус территории, установ- ление территории государства, и определены особенности правового ста- туса государственной границы. Основная проблема статьи – показать при- чины конфликтов в определении границ Центрально-азиатских государств с точки зрения российских ученых. Изложены основные вопросы регули- рования международных отношений в сфере делимитации государственной границы в рамках международного права в Центральной Азии.
EN
In the article, the authors summarised the concept of state border security. They have suggested a wider interpretation of the border security model. They discussed modern models of border security in a theoretical context. They presented progressive models of security and functioning of Ukraine’s borders and described their features. They emphasised that the modern Ukrainian-Polish boundary represents a partially liberal model of security and functioning and it can be characterised by the operational security model. Different models of the functioning of the Ukrainian-Polish boundary (asymmetrical, selectively simplified, and symmetrical) were identified and connected with the transformational processes of the Ukrainian-Polish relations.
EN
Cross-border security is part of both external and internal security of a state; hence the responsibility for it is usually divided. Similarly, the responsibility for Polish border administration is split in both subjective and objective sense. The Constitution of the Republic of Poland in art. 146 indicates that the Council of Ministers, and in particular the Minister of National Defence, the Minister competent for Internal Affairs and the Minister competent for Public Finance shall ensure external and internal security as well as public order in the state. To a lesser extent, the responsibility for state security is also shared by other ministers supervising central administration bodies that have state border protection within their scope.In addition, very important functions directly or indirectly related to border security are carried out also by voivodes.In the current paper, the author presents individual institutions and state bodies involved in cross-border security of the Republic of Poland, demonstrating their impact on the overall level of this security.
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PL
W artykule zaprezentowano wątpliwości dotyczące definiowania pogranicza polegającego na przyjęciu granicy państwowej jako podstawowego kryterium definicyjnego. Autor wychodzi z założenia, że granica państwowa może tworzyć różne relacje z pograniczem i nie jest koniecznym warunkiem istnienia pogranicza. Przede wszystkim możliwe jest wykształcenie się pogranicza społecznego, w którym to procesie granica państwowa nie odgrywa żadnej roli. Autor przedstawia siedem argumentów wyjaśniających to podejście a następnie przedstawia typologię pograniczy ze względu na ich relację z granicą państwową, dzieląc je na: pogranicze nadgraniczne, pogranicze reliktowe, pogranicze migracyjne, pogranicze mieszane.
EN
The aim of this paper is to present a problem of defining the borderland in relation to the state border, and to compare the theoretic approaches in Polish social sciences. Author assumes that state border can create several different relations with borderland: it is possible the emergence of borderland in a process, in which the state border plays no role. Author presents seven arguments to explain this approach and then presents a typology of borderlands in relation with state border.
EN
The paper presents transformations that the Polish border have passed, from the period after World War II, when the pre-war location and extent of the Polish state have changed as a result of arbitrary decision of the leaders of the Soviet Union, Britain, and the United States, until today, when the status and the functions of the border of the Third Republic were changed as a result of Polish membership in the EU and the Schengen area. The emphasis is put on three modifications of the political status and the control function of borders. The first one is related to establishing very restrictive rules of border protection and border crossing (typical for communist countries) not only by third country nationals (TCNs) but also by Polish citizens. The second one is an effect of a radical change of rules of border protection and control as a part of systemic and economic transformation in Poland in the early 1990s. Then the Polish border was open for liberal movement of people and goods. The third change of the Polish border is a result of the process of integration of Poland with the EU and the Schengen area. Generally speaking, the change meant the transformation of the Polish border in internal and external borders of the EU, what fundamentally transformed its control function and political status. All these changes of the Polish state border highlight the changeable nature of Polish state and its sovereignty.
PL
W artykule ukazano przeobrażenia, jakie przeszły granice Polski od okresu powojennego, gdy w wyniku arbitralnych decyzji państw trzecich zostały zmienione przedwojenne usytuowanie i zasięg państwa polskiego, aż do dnia dzisiejszego, gdy status i funkcje granic III Rzeczpospolitej uległy gruntownej zmianie w wyniku członkostwa w UE i strefie Schengen. Szczególny nacisk położono na analizę trzech zasadniczych zmian statusu politycznego i funkcji kontrolnych tych granic. Pierwsza odnosi się do ustanowienia typowych dla ówczesnych krajów komunistycznych restrykcyjnych zasad ochrony i przekraczania granic tak przez obywateli polskich, jak i obywateli państw trzecich. Druga związana jest z radykalną zmianą zasad ochrony i kontroli polskich granic wraz z transformacją ustrojową i gospodarczą Polski na początku lat 90. XX w., polegającą na względnym otwarciu wszystkich polskich granic na przepływ ludzi i towarów. Trzeci proces przeobrażeń polskich granic stanowi efekt integrowania się Polski z UE i jej przystąpienia do strefy Schengen. Polega na dywersyfikacji polskich granic na granice wewnętrzne i zewnętrzne UE, co istotnie zmienia nie tylko ich funkcje kontrolne, ale także status polityczny. Ukazanie powyższych zmian uzewnętrznia zmieniającą się naturę polityczną polskiego państwa i jego suwerenności. Analizy prowadzone są w ujęciu politologicznym, w oparciu o źródła instytucjonalno-prawne i literaturę przedmiotu.
EN
In 2002, the counterintelligence reports of the Intelligence Border Protection Corps – formation set up to protect – generally speaking – the eastern Polish border, were declassified. The most important neighbor on this part of Second Polish Republic was the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Therefore, the selection has been conducted so as to choose the most important parts of the report relating to specific border authority in this section is the so-called Polish-Soviet zone. In addition to statistical data, forms and methods of intelligence work, dislocation of KOP Intelligence units was analyzed. The article contains topics on the Polish side, and the most important characteristic of specific elements of the work of the then Soviet intelligence. The subject was realized on a basis of the report relating to the 1936.
EN
The Parish in Wójcin was one of the 38 pastoral units in the district of Wieluń during WWI. Geopolitically, it bordered the Prussian State. The then parish priest Rev. Andrzej Witulski, who was a keen chronicler, recorded the events of the GreatWar in respect of the above–mentioned parish and neighbouring localities. A huge asset of his description is a chronological presentation of war events starting with the incursion by German and Austro-Hungarian troops and relating to the social, religious, economic, educationaland interfaith situation of those times. The priest hoped that the beginning of WWI would mark the final withdrawal of the hated Russians from the administration of the Kingdom of Poland and that it would lead to the establishment of independent Poland thanks to the help of German and Austro-Hungarian troops that were supposed to drive the Moskals to the Far East. However, after 4 years of the War, the priest expressed his bitter disappointmentwith the negative behaviour of the Germans and the Austro–Hungarians – not only did they cause extensive damage to the church property and civilians of the parish, but they also plundered the above–mentioned ones.
PL
Parafia w Wójcinie była w czasie I wojny światowej jedną z 38 placówek duszpasterskich w powiecie wieluńskim. Geopolitycznie graniczyła z państwem niemieckim.Ks. Andrzej Witulski – ówczesny proboszcz parafii, posiadający zacięcie kronikarskie – spisał wydarzenia Wielkiej Wojny w wymiarze tej parafii oraz sąsiednich miejscowości. Wielkim atutem jego opisu jest chronologiczne ukazanie wydarzeń wojennych, począwszy od wejścia wojsk niemieckich i austrowęgierskich, i związanej z tym sytuacji społecznej, religijnej, gospodarczej, oświatowej i międzywyznaniowej. Duchowny wiązałz rozpoczęciem wojny nadzieję na ostateczne opuszczenie administracji Królestwa Polskiego przez znienawidzonych Rosjan i zaprowadzenie niepodległej Polski, w czym miałypomóc niemieckie i austrowęgierskie wojska wypierające Moskali na wschód. Niestety, duchowny po 4 latach wojny w gorzkich słowach przedstawił swoje rozczarowanie negatywnym zachowaniem Niemców i Austro-Węgrów, którzy dokonali szeregu zniszczeń oraz kradzieży mienia kościelnego i osób cywilnych.
RU
Современные угрозы представляют собой многоаспектную проблему, а кроме старых и хорошо известных, постоянно появляются новые, которые динамично изменяют среду безопасности. Почва этих угроз безопасности разнообразная и эволюционирует вместе с развитием международных отношений, изменением интересов государства и его позиции на международной арене. Примером этого является агрессивная, имперская политика Российской Федерации, которая способствует нестабильности в регионе и серьёзно угрожает суверенитету соседних стран. Гарантия безопасности польской границы (особенно восточной – внешней границы Европейского Союза) является серьёзной задачей и должна постоянно адаптироваться к изменяющимся угрозам, возникающим в мирное время, в ходе кризиса и во время войны. Автор характеризует современную среду безопасности Польши и сопровождающие трансграничные угрозы, представляет процесс формирования системы безопасности внешней границы ЕС вместе с текущим состоянием управления безопасностью польской государственной границы. Он также делает выводы о том, что государственная граница должна по-прежнему находиться в центре интересов органов государственной власти и указывает, что в результате сложившейся внешней угрозы государству необходимо улучшить взаимодействие служб и учреждений ответственных за безопасность государственной границы в национальном и международном измерении.
EN
Modern threats are a multidimensional problem, in addition to the old and well-known, there are constantly new, dynamically changing security environments. The grounds for security threats are diverse and evolve along with the development of international relations, changes in the interests of the state and its position on the international arena. The aggressive, imperial policy of the Russian Federation is an example of this and contributes to instability in the region and seriously threatens the sovereignty of neighboring countries. Guaranteeing the security of the Polish border (especially the eastern – external of European Union) is a serious challenge and must be constantly adapted to the changing threats occurring in times of peace, crisis, and also in times of war. The author characterizes the contemporary security environment of Poland and the accompanying cross-border threats, presents the process of shaping the EU external border security system together with the current situation of the security management of the Polish state border. It also draws conclusions that the state border must still be in the center of interest of the state authorities and indicates that as a result of the current external threat to the state, there is a need to improve the cooperation of services and institutions responsible for the security of the state border in the national and international dimension.
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