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State Capitalism in Poland

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EN
Theoretical background: The article is devoted to the knowledge gap in understanding processes of growing state interventionism in a number of post-communist countries, Poland being one of the most notable examples. This evolution is still understudied in the literature, both in terms of evidence and proper theoretical framework. Existing theoretical perspectives have been created for studying other types of economies an do not fully fit the transition ones. Among these perspectives, the state capitalism (SC) one seems to be the most promising.Purpose of the article: The task of this paper is to study the growing state interventionism in Poland using the state capitalism approach which had to be refined by the authors in order to be more applicable for analyzing transition economies. Using this framework, the history of SC formation and its present state in Poland are studied, including specific features of Polish state capitalism, e.g. the importance of the state-owned enterprise (SOE) sector as the source of rents, as well as the varieties of the state control over the enterprise sector.Research methods: The article makes use of mostly qualitative methods, quantitative ones playing an auxiliary role by systematizing evidence used in qualitative research. The study was based on analysis of the existing literature and evidence of interventionist practices of the Polish government. The authors attempted to fine-tune the SC approach both through refining its definition and including areas previously mostly neglected by SC studies such as relationships between the state and the enterprise sector. They created a typology of SC phenomena in transition economies which made it possible to study the Polish case in a comprehensive way.Main findings: At this stage, the authors think that no strict definition of state capitalism is possible because of its highly contextual character. Thus, the outcome of the study may not be universal, but the authors believe that their concept of six basic features of state capitalism may be applicable not only to Poland, but to other transition economies as well. Besides, the article raises awareness of the importance of state-controlled enterprises in studies on state capitalism. The article also identifies challenges for further research and the still existing knowledge gaps. Among others, the questions remain, whether the statist trends in Poland and other countries lead to a system change and what are the roots of these trends.
PL
Spektrum współczesnej gospodarki kapitalistycznej obejmuje kapitalizm państwowy, rozumiany współcześnie jako forma gospodarki opartej na prywatnej własności czynników produkcji, w której państwo interweniuje po to, by bronić interesów wielkich firm. W swej klasycznej postaci, kapitalizm państwowy rozumiany był jako model gospodarki, w której kapitalistyczne stosunki produkcji, oparte na własności prywatnej, znajdują się pod ścisłą kontrolą instytucji państwowych. Na przeciwległym krańcu spektrum kapitalizmu znajdują się poglądy anarchokapitalistów, tj. doktryny, w myśl której możliwe jest zastąpienie wszystkich funkcji społecznych spełnianych do tej pory przez państwo przez takie, które będą oparte na dobrowolnych umowach rynkowych. Mniej skrajne poglądy głoszą minarchiści, skłonni zaakceptować pewne funkcje państwa, jednak pod warunkiem odpłatności za konkretne usługi. Pomiędzy tymi skrajnymi podejściami plasuje się większość współczesnych gospodarek kapitalistycznych.
EN
The spectrum of the contemporary capitalist economy includes state capitalism, understood as a form of modern economy based on the concept of private ownership of the factors of production, in which the state intervenes to defend the interests of big companies. In its classic form, state capitalism was understood as a model of economy in which capitalist relations of production based on private property, are under the strict control of state institutions. At the opposite end of the spectrum of capitalism, there are the views of anarchocapitalism followers, i.e. the doctrine, according to which it is possible to replace all the social functions fulfilled so far by the state for those that will be based on market’s voluntary agreements. Less extreme views proclaim minarchists, willing to accept certain functions of the state, but under the condition of payment for specific services. Between these two extreme approaches can be found the most modern capitalist economies.
EN
In many countries we observe co-existence of markets and states of an authoritarian face. State capitalism is an economic-social system in which governments manipulate market outcomes for political purposes. There is a wide-spread fear that foreign direct investment, state owned enterprises and sovereign wealth funds are guided in their decisions by political and geostrategicrationales rather than by the traditional marked-oriented mind frame, thus distorting competition. Contemporary state capitalism is not a new phenomenon but an aftermath of the recent global crisis which seems to have legitimised the renaissance of state capitalism. Consequently, many economies see their governments resort to stronger roles. In this paper the question we ask is whether state capitalism changes free-market capitalism conceptually and practically and whether it offers, instead, an attractive alternative to emerging economies. State owned enterprises and sovereign wealth funds adapt to market conditions rather than seek to realise their political goals. State capitalism is not a new type of an economic system but a new category that can be treated within the existing theoretical frameworks. Yet, a close look at the model shows its weaknesses. When the government favours its own entities, the other suffer, and the producers and consumers pay (alternative costs). State capitalism does not guarantee stability and works well only when  directed by a competent state. State capitalism seems to be a political and economic reality but it must be treated as a stage in the development of diversified market economy. In this perspective, state capitalism is the road to prosperity through the use of unorthodox economic tools.
PL
W wielu krajach następuje współwystępowanie rynków oraz państwa o obliczu autorytarnym. Kapitalizm państwowy to system ekonomiczno-społeczny, w którym rządy manipulują rynkiem dla swoich celów politycznych. W ogólnych obawach bezpośrednie inwestycje zagraniczne, firmy i fundusze państwowe, realizują swoje polityczne i geostrategiczne plany bardziej niż te o charakterze rynkowym. Współczesny kapitalizm państwowy nie jest nowym zjawiskiem, ale następstwem globalnego kryzysu, który powoduje wzrost udziału państwa. Zatem pytanie brzmi, czy kapitalizm państwowy zmienia w sposób konceptualny i praktyczny dotychczasowy kapitalizm wolnorynkowy i stanowi atrakcyjną alternatywę dla rozwijających się gospodarek. Firmy państwowe i fundusze państwowe raczej adaptują warunki rynkowe, niż realizują założenia polityczne. Kapitalizm państwowy to nie jest nowy typ systemu ekonomicznego ani teorii ekonomicznej. Wykazuje swoje słabości. Jeśli rząd faworyzuje swoje jednostki, koszty tego ponoszą producenci i konsumenci (koszty alternatywne). Kapitalizm państwowy nie gwarantuje stabilności i jest efektywny, jeśli państwo jest efektywne. Kapitalizm państwowy wydaje się polityczną i ekonomiczną rzeczywistością, ale musi się zmagać z rozwijającą się i zdywersyfikowaną gospodarką rynkową. W tej perspektywie to droga do dobrobytu przez zastosowanie nieortodoksyjnych narzędzi ekonomicznych.
EN
In the paper the Author presents the reorientation of Polish policy during the period of fiscal expansion preceding the outbreak of the WWII. He argues that such intense public spending had obviously changed the structure of ownership in the national economy (in particular in production and banking sectors), but economic effect on growth was not sustainable.
EN
This article aims to verify the hypothesis of the growing importance of state ownership in the world economy in recent years. For this purpose, we analyze state-owned enterprises on the Fortune Global 500 list from 2005 to 2012. SOEs on the list were examined by the share in total revenues, profi ts, employment, assets and equity. Furthermore, the group was studied by country and industry. The results allow for a positive verifi cation of the hypothesis (the return of the state-owned enterprises) in relation to the world’s largest companies. The number of state-owned enterprises on the list during the period increased from 49 to 95. The increases were also observed in the share of state-owned enterprises in other categories. This was the result of the growth of the Chinese economy, where SOEs have a particularly signifi cant role.
EN
This article deals with the issue of state capitalism through the lens of investment activity of sovereign wealth funds. Using linear regression models, the author aimed at answering the research question whether the origin of money invested by domestic and foreign sovereign wealth funds determine market reaction to the disclosure of information about the transaction made on Chinese stock markets. The empirical findings do not support the hypothesis that abnormal returns and cumulative abnormal returns differ between information disclosure about transaction carried out by Chinese and foreign sovereign wealth funds.
PL
W artykule jest analizowana problematyka kapitalizmu państwowego przez pryzmat działalności inwestycyjnej państwowych funduszy majątkowych. Z wykorzystaniem metod regresji liniowej autor podejmuje próbę odpowiedzi na pytanie, czy kraj, z którego pochodzi państwowy fundusz majątkowy, determinuje odmienne reakcje inwestorów na ujawnienie informacji o zawarciu transakcji zakupu akcji spółek notowanych na giełdach chińskich. Uzyskane w toku badań własnych wyniki empiryczne nie pozwalają na wskazanie, że w przypadku inwestycji krajowych (chińskich) funduszy majątkowych reakcja rynku mierzona ponadnormatywną stopą zwrotu różni się od reakcji na ujawnienie informacji o transakcjach zawieranych przez zagraniczne państwowe fundusze majątkowe.
EN
There is a distinct division in judgements on W. Jaruzelski between people who regard him as a defender of socialism, and those who treat him as a traitor. In fact, Jaruzelski was nether of them. The analysis of his government policy indicates that he upholded the interests of the privilidged ruling group, that had developed into exploitative social class during the period of „real socialism” and perceived the further realisation of its interests only through systemic transformation towards capitalism. The Martial Law was not a form of securing socialism but a move to prepare conditions for overtly capitalist transformation.
PL
Artykuł ukazuje, że to, jak traktujemy rentę polityczną i pogoń za rentą zależy od nastawienia badacza do ingerencji państwa w gospodarkę oraz od tego, jaka teoria regulacji jest mu bliska. Choć teoria pogoni za rentą koresponduje z teorią regulacji opartą na interesie prywatnym (ekonomiczną), badacz musi uwzględnić także podejście bazujące na teorii regulacji opartej na interesie publicznym, jeśli chce właściwie ocenić wpływ pogoni za rentą i kreacji renty politycznej na dobrobyt społeczny. Artykuł zawiera także konceptualizację renty politycznej. Opisuje też różne formy pogoni za rentą i najbardziej podatne na nią systemy ekonomiczne.
EN
This article shows that how we look at political rent and rent-seeking depends on our position on state interference in the economy and which theory of regulation we are familiar with. Although the theory of rent-seeking is in accordance with the paradigm of the private interest (economic) theories of regulation, the researcher also needs an insight based on the public interest theories of regulation if he wants to judge the impact of rent-seeking and the creation of political rent on social well-being properly. The paper is also a conceptualization of political rent. It describes forms of rent-seeking and economic systems most amenable to it.
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