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Stymulatory i bariery działalności innowacyjnej i transferu technologii

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Panek R.
Zeszyty Naukowe Małopolskiej Wyższej Szkoły Ekonomicznej w Tarnowie
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2009
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issue 2(13) t. 2
43-60
PL
W artykule przedstawiono sytuację innowacyjności polskich przedsiębiorstw w oparciu o syntetyczny wskaźnik innowacyjności. Zaprezentowano wpływ mikro- i makrootoczenia na działalność innowacyjną oraz transfer technologii, ukazano czynniki sukcesów i niepowodzeń innowacji, a także stymulatory, które zwiększają transfer technologii ze sfery badawczo--rozwojowej do przedsiębiorstw. W pracy przedstawiono obszerną identyfikację barier rozwoju innowacji w polskich przedsiębiorstwach, a ponadto propozycje ich usuwania, skierowane do przedsiębiorców, jednostek sektora B+R oraz państwa.
EN
In the introduction to the article the author presented the issue of innovations of Polish enterprises, based on synthetic rate of innovation. Then, the influence of micro and the macro environment onto the innovative activities and transfer of technology have been presented. The next part shows conditions for achieving success and providing failure of the innovations as well as stimulants, which improve the transfer of technology from the research and development sector to enterprises. The following part of the article includes identification of barriers to the development of innovation. Last part of the article contains some proposals of how to remove the barriers, which are directed to businessmen, the B+R sector units as well as the state.
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STYMULATORY I BARIERY POSIADANIA STATUSU UZDROWISKA W POLSCE I JEGO WPŁYW NA ROZWÓJ TURYSTYKI UZDROWISKOWEJ

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DRYGLAS D., GOLBA J.
Zeszyty Naukowe. Turystyka i Rekreacja
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2018
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vol. 1(21)
112-128
PL
Celem artykułu jest próba wyodrębnienia listy czynników, które z jednej strony stymulują samorządy lokalne do uzyskania lub utrzymania statusu uzdrowiska w Polsce, z drugiej zaś stanowią dla nich bariery, oraz wykazanie znaczenia posiadania statusu uzdrowiska dla rozwoju turystyki uzdrowiskowej. W artykule zastosowano krytyczną analizę literatury przedmiotu i dokonano przeglądu przepisów prawa uzdrowiskowego, stanowiących podstawę przeprowadzonego wnioskowania dedukcyjnego. Aby osiągnąć sformułowany wyżej cel pracy, omówiono warunki oraz przywileje i ograniczenia wynikające z uzyskania lub utrzymania statusu uzdrowiska w Polsce. Przedstawiono rolę statusu uzdrowiska w rozwoju turystyki uzdrowiskowej. Zaproponowana systematyzacja wskazanych czynników ma walor naukowy, ułatwiając zrozumienie problematyki funkcjonowania i rozwoju uzdrowisk statutowych w środowisku naukowców, oraz walor aplikacyjny dla podmiotów zarządzających uzdrowiskami, wypełniając lukę poznawczą w literaturze przedmiotu z tego zakresu.
EN
The primary aim of the present paper was, firstly, to specify factors which encourage local authorities to obtain or maintain the status of a spa resort in Poland, and factors which constitute potential obstacles. Secondly, the paper investigates the importance of having the status of a spa resort for the development of therapeutic tourism. The status of a spa resort brings a number of both financial and non-financial advantages to a given area. Their extent varies in every single case. The main financial advantages are: 1) possibility of earning direct income in the form of taxes and fees imposed on spa and tourist facilities, 2) higher total tax revenue on real estate tax (large number of hotels and health facilities), 3) the right to levy visitors’ tax, 4) obtaining the so-called spa grant which is equal to the revenue derived from visitors’ tax, 5) privileges related to guaranteed services in spa treatment under a contract with the National Health Fund for the area with the status of a spa resort, 6) the possibility of obtaining special EU subsidies for health and environmental infrastructure, 7) privileged status of spa resorts as regards obtaining EU funding for certain investments in natural environment, transport solutions and culture. Moreover, an area which has been granted the status of a spa resort is accorded non-financial privileges, such as: 1) protection of the spa resort under the Constitution 2) prestige of having the status of a spa resort 3) recognisable brand and relative ease of promotion, 4) legal possibility of protecting health and environmental values of the area, 5) higher quality of the natural environment reflected in ecological infrastructure, protection zones and standards for air, water and soil quality. An area with the status of a spa resort is also faced with the following challenges: 1) public and legal regime in the spa area, which involves excluding the area from general legal order (gradation of rules and bans in spa zones A, B and C), 2) the need to implement legal standards protecting natural medicinal resources (mining areas, spa protection zones), 3) the need to implement legal standards for environment protection (noise, air) specific only to spa resorts, 4) the need to implement legal standards with regard to law and order in the spa area or excluding it from these standards, 5) the need to implement specific legal standards with regard to spatial planning in the spa area, 6) the need to implement specific legal standards with regard to managing real estates in the spa area (public-law statutory and administrative easements) or excluding it from general legislation, 7) introduction of “police-like” rules in the spa area, 8) restrictions on economic freedom by introducing permissions for carrying out specific economic activities within the spa resort area, 9) the ban on carrying out specific economic activities in the spa area, 10) restrictions on investment in certain areas of the spa resort, 11) high costs of maintaining spa and tourism infrastructure (parks, green areas, promenades, boulevards, piers, graduation towers, drinking halls, water inlets, summerhouses, recreational areas, culture facilities etc.), 12) lack of possibility for quick readjustment to other types of business activity, such as industry. In conclusion, applying for or maintaining the status of a spa resort involves an equal number of incentives and deterrents for a given area. The status of a spa resort has gradually become a distinguishing feature of a location and as such – a valuable indicator of quality for potential visitors. It should also be emphasised that the status of a spa resort is a clear signal for the people visiting the area that it meets high standards regarding environment protection, green areas, maintenance and hygiene. Such an area is also guaranteed to offer visitors a wide range of health and recreational services as it needs to provide the above-standard tourism and environment infrastructure under rigorous standards of space and urban planning.
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