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EN
The present article aims at summarizing the results of the corpus-based study of the semanto-syntactic behaviour of the emotionally-loaded Polish adverb niestety ‘unfortunately/regrettably’. It will be claimed that the different uses of niestety are governed by the processes of subjectification, both at the synchronic and diachronic level. Such a perspective also allows us to explain the intersubjective senses in which this highly grammaticalized adverb is sometimes used in Polish.
EN
The research on grammaticalisation has shown that morphosyntactic change is not necessarily unidirectional as originally postulated. Semantic change, however, tends to be unidirectional: the meaning undergoes subjectification, shifting from the speaker-external to the speaker-internal perspective, never the other way round. The analysis presented in this paper focuses on two modal verbs, English must and Polish musieć, and it shows that, semantically, both verbs developed in the same direction. To account for the changes, the author uses the Invited Inferencing Theory, as put forward in Traugott and Dasher (2005). The data presented clearly support the thesis that unidirectionality does hold at the semantic level.
EN
A contrastive view of adjectives in Croatian, Polish and English: subjectification as a local phenomenonA study of English adjectives (Athanasiadou 2006) suggested that subjectification (defined as the degree to which the conceptualizer plays a role in construing the objective scene; Langacker 2000) may be helpful in examining the various uses of adjectives in English. In this paper we attempt to do the same, comparing and contrasting three languages: English (as the point of reference), and Croatian and Polish. Croatian and Polish were selected because they allow relatively free combinations, with the caveat that Polish uses postposition for classifying senses. We examine whether subjectification may be taken as the organizing principle behind the prenominal, postnominal and predicative positions found in the three languages, i.e. whether the role of subjectification is global – working across constructions, or local – working within a construction. Examples from three languages showed that although subjectification does play a role in the various positions, it may not be taken as the organizing principle behind the differences. We argue that this is due to the fact that subjectification is a local phenomenon which works within a single construction, which is delimited formally and functionally. This is corroborated by other subjectified constructions. We believe that this is due to the gradual nature of subjectification, which requires recoverable links to previous stages.
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EN
This article examines the issue of the ill body from two perspectives which are at the same time two parts of this paper. The first one which follows Michel Foucault, concerns production of the specific type of the subject, namely the patient and includes a scrutiny of the hospital as a disciplinary apparatus. The goal of the second part is to analyse illness as a counter-apparatus which undermines any given order. I argue that power, violence, the process of subjectification and a way of eluding their moulding force are reflected in the issue of the ill body. For the ill body simultaneously is extremely vulnerable (as something that needs to be fixed) and invulnerable (because of the rebellious ‘nature’ of illness) to the apparatus investments.
EN
The situation of the pandemic and the March lockdown allows us to look at education in Poland as an element of a complex system of influences and heterotopias, in line with Foucault’s concept. Realizing the importance of a well-planned educational policy in the context of social needs will allow teachers to set goals more accurately and effectively. The pandemic has exacerbated the social inequalities existing in Poland which have an impact on the effectiveness of education. Education focused on empowerment and, implemented by strengthening cognitive autonomy in the lessons of critical reading, may be an answer from the field of the Polish studies. The text also proposes lesson activities based on the procedural reading method.
PL
Sytuacja pandemii i marcowego lockdownu pozwala spojrzeć na edukację w Polsce jako na element złożonego systemu wpływów i heterotopię, zgodnie z koncepcją Foucaulta. Uświadomienie sobie ważności dobrze zaplanowanej polityki edukacyjnej w kontekście potrzeb społecznych pozwoli celniej i skutecznej postawić cele działalności nauczycieli. Pandemia wzmocniła istniejące w Polsce nierówności społeczne, które mają wpływ na efektywność kształcenia. Odpowiedzią na gruncie polonistyki szkolnej może być kształcenie nastawione na upodmiotowienie, realizowane przez wzmacnianie autonomii poznawczej na lekcjach krytycznego czytania. W tekście zaproponowano także propozycję działań lekcyjnych opartych na metodzie czytania proceduralnego.
EN
The following paper describes the microgenetic analysis of the translation process of 'Le Petit Chaperon Rouge' carried out by six students during the Translation Seminar of Scientific and Literary Texts and its Didactics, instructed at the Institute of Research in Education of the University of Veracruz. This article’s purpose is to demonstrate the process which was carried out during the microgenetic analysis, as well as to give an initial report of its results and the advantages that this kind of analysis could represent for the translation teaching-learning process. Furthermore, we describe the computer program called El Espía, which enabled us to explore thoroughly and automatically the students’ translation process, in order to identify learning scenarios and carried out a microgenetic analysis.
PL
In the present article the subjectification process is being discussed in relation to the concept of interactional dynamics. It is suggested that to encode various semantic-pragmatic profiles can lead to changes at the level of communicative behavior patterns, which, for their part, are dominated by a particular order of socio-cultural conventionalization. The scope of conversational markers or nominal forms of address (NFA), which are submitted to analysis in the present study, indicates that the routinizing language use, together with an explicit grammatical manifestation, covers areas that appear to be semantically and pragmatically important in a given speaking community.
EN
The paper aims to find out which theoretical framework, grammaticalization theory or construction grammar, is better suited to account for mechanisms underlying the emergence of Old French reciprocal string ‘se Verb li uns l’autre’. The data to conduct the analysis have been retrieved from large Latin (Perseus and Vulgate) and Old French (DECT and CoRPTeF) corpora. First, diachronic layers are characterized, encompassing Latin reiterated clusters, late Latin ‘unus alterum’, early French bipartite markers, and the very ‘se Verb li uns l’autre’. Then, their changes are claimed to have come about in response to the evolving system-defining structural properties, as outlined in Natural Morphology. As a result, instead of being couched in terms of more / less grammatical, the reconstruction of how particular reciprocal structures came into being is more felicitous if they are treated as full-fledged form-meaning pairs. Indeed, they exhibit significant variation along two clines: schematic – substantive and complex - atomic. As for further stages of its evolution, ‘se Verb li uns l’autre’ is shown to have become different from its forerunners in that it had reached a discursively more subjective status.
EN
Expert discourses are often viewed, following Foucault, as the means of normalization and subjectification of individuals. In this perspective, normalization is understood as a way of regulating individual practice and identity by subsuming them under normal/pathological dichotomy established by the power/knowledge networks. In my paper this one-sided approach to the social consequences of expert discourses put into question by highlighting the ways in which ‘normalization’ – understood more broadly than in the Foucaultian tradition – can underwrite individual subjectivity and agency, helping individuals to develop coherent and socially acceptable identities. Arguments for this standpoint are drawn from the theory of reflexive modernization by Anthony Giddens and a brief case study of the impact the Kinsey reports on the sexuality of American males and females (a paradigmatic example of a ‘normalizing discourse’) had on sexual identities in the United States.
PL
Dyskursy eksperckie często postrzega się – wzorem Michela Foucault – jako narzędzie normalizacji i ujarzmiania jednostek. Normalizacja jest z tej perspektywy sposobem regulo- wania jednostkowej praktyki i tożsamości przez podporządkowane jej kategoriom „normy” i „patologii”, będącym wytworem sieci wiedzy-władzy. W tekście podejmuję polemikę z tak jednostronnym ujęciem społecznego wpływu dyskursów eksperckich, wskazując na sposoby, w jakie „normalizacja” – rozumiana szerzej niż w nurcie Foucaultowskim – może wspierać podmiotowość i sprawczość jednostek, ułatwiając im wypracowanie spójnej i akceptowalnej społecznie tożsamości. Argumenty za takim stanowiskiem pochodzą z koncepcji refleksyjnej modernizacji Anthony’ego Giddensa oraz ze studium przypadku, w którym przeanalizuję wpływu, jaki raport Kinseya dotyczący seksualności amerykańskich mężczyzn i kobiet (będący modelowym wręcz przykładem „dyskursu normalizacyjnego”) wywarł na tożsamości seksualne w Stanach Zjednoczonych.
EN
In spite of the growing interest in the relations that hold between language and culture, most works written within the frameworks of ethnolinguistics or cultural linguistics focus on lexical material. The purpose of this article is to substantiate von Humboldt’s statement that “grammar reflects spiritual identity of nations more intimately than lexis”. One of the crucial aspects of historical narrative is discussed: the influence of the English system of grammatical tenses upon the linguistic worldview that emerges from historical narrative of a particular type, as well as the changes that occur in its Polish translation, due to systematic differences between English and Polish. The focus falls on the domain of time, which is crucial for historiography.The paper claims that conceptualizations differ significantly between languages, even in the case of languages which belong to cultures that are not very distant; a case in point is that of grammatical tenses and their relation to time in English and Polish. The problem falls within the domain of research on linguistic worldviews, as these differences result, on the one hand, from different conceptualizations of time as an element of the (conventional) worldview, and, on the other hand, from its relation to people who experience time and who talk about time.The main types of historical narrative are defined according to the criterion of Langacker’s concept of subjectification. The empirical part brings an analysis of fragments of Beneath Another Sky. A Global Journey into History by the British historian Norman Davies and their Polish translations.
PL
Mimo rosnącego zainteresowania związkami języka z kulturą, w większości prac powstających w ramach językoznawstwa kulturowego i etnolingwistyki dominują analizy materiału leksykalnego. Niniejszy esej jest próbą dostarczenia dowodów na poparcie tezy Humboldta, że „gramatyka jest bliższa duchowej swoistości narodów niż leksyka”. Przedmiotem analizy jest jeden z istotnych aspektów narracji historycznej: wpływ gramatycznej kategorii czasu w języku angielskim na językowy obraz świata wyłaniający się z anglojęzycznej narracji historycznej określonego typu oraz zmiany tego obrazu w polskim przekładzie, które się pojawiają w wyniku różnic systemowych między językami angielskim i polskim. Rozważania teoretyczne koncentrują się na domenie czasu, która stanowi podstawowy wymiar historiografii.Na wstępie uzasadniono tezę, że w konceptualizacjach domeny czasu występują znaczące różnice – także między językami z nieodległych kultur – na przykład w obrębie systemu czasów gramatycznych i ich relacji do czasu fizykalnego. Problem ten wpisuje się w zakres tematyki badawczej JOS, ponieważ jego korzenie tkwią z jednej strony w rozbieżności sposobów pojmowania czasu jako elementu (konwencjonalnego) językowego obrazu świata, z drugiej zaś – w jego relacji do ludzi, którzy doświadczają (upływu) czasu i którzy o nim mówią.W artykule omówiono sposoby konceptualizacji czasu oraz językowych odniesień do domeny czasu w obu językach, a także zdefiniowano podstawowe rodzaje narracji historycznej, wyróżnione według kryterium Langackerowskiej subiektyfikacji. W części empirycznej artykułu omówiono kilkanaście fragmentów książki brytyjskiego historyka Normana Daviesa Na krańce świata w oryginale i w polskim przekładzie.
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