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Poradnik Językowy
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2023
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vol. 801
|
issue 2
77-90
EN
This article contains an analysis of 17th-century proto-names from the area of the Daleszyce parish (Świętokrzyskie voivodship, Kielce poviat) for the presence of phonetic dialectal characteristics. The research material was excerpted from the manuscripts of four parish registers (records of birth) written in Latin. The analysis showed that the examined anthroponymic material was a storage of various phonetic characteristics throughout the 17th c. The Daleszyce historical anthroponyms recorded typically Lesser Polish features (the shift from -ch to -k in the fi nal position), Masovian features (fluctuations in the ge : g’e, ke : k’e groups; hardening of l’), Masovian and Greater Polish features (fluctuations in the -ew-/-ow- groups), and general dialectal features (Masurian influences and the presence of prosthetic consonants). The analysed material contained also various manifestations of hypercorrection with respect to dialectal forms, such as e.g. the so-called szadzenie, removal of h- and j- in the initial position heard as forms with prothesis, secondary nasalisation of e in positions other than ones arising from the phonetic assimilation to the neighbouring nasal consonants. This article might fi ll, to an extent, the gap in the anthroponymic research on the Kielce region in the 17th c.
Poradnik Językowy
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2020
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vol. 779
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issue 10
61-76
EN
This paper concerns the interpretation problems accompanying the contemporary surnames with the formative -yk/-czyk (on the example of the Białystok region). Its aim is to present various manners of explaining the origin of anthroponyms with this suffix. As the analysis has shown, the complexity of the problems involved in determining the etymology of the discussed surnames is manifested mainly (Dziemiańczyk, Tomczyk), appellative surnames (Gołowaczyk, Kulawczyk), surnames coined based on expressions indicating a profession or function (Atamańczyk, Tokarczyk), and ones coined based on place names (Majdańczyk, Nurczyk).
PL
The proposed paper presents the functioning of German-origin names with their root and etymology of German origin borne by Poznań burghers in the seventeenth and the eighteenth centuries. The source material for the study was provided by archival registers of the taxpayer of the tax on production and sale of alcoholic beverages. The work has attempted to determine the motivation behind the names and to track down their development, while the applied research method involves the motivational analysis that results in a pool of particular types of surnames that includes surnames motivated by German proper names and German appellatives. The set of all foreign surnames of the population of Poznań, amounting to nearly 20% of all onomastic material attested in the available archival documents, includes far more German surnames or surnames of German origin than any other surnames. In time, the given names of German people were Polonized both in the phonetic and the morphological plane. A small part of them was incorporated into the Polish language in their original form. In the material under scrutiny the Polonized forms were in preponderance as compared to purely German names. Language adaptation was also responsible for the formation of surnames of women – hybrid feminine forms from German names with Polish feminine suffixes appended onto foreign names. On numerous occasions it was impossible to unequivocally establish the German etymology of some of the surnames, which forced a conclusion leading to a proposition of a multi-motivational character of Poznań anthroponyms that, beside the motivation by a Polish anthroponym or appellative, also referred to German anthroponyms and appellatives. The bulk of surnames of German origin have remained vital and have been testified in the resources of present-day Polish anthroponyms.
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Polskie nazwiska od nazw ptaków

100%
PL
Based on a dictionary of contemporary Polish surnames, the article collects surnames that are identical as bird names, and includes the number of persons who bear such names. The number is surprisingly high (642 277 persons). The article demonstrates, through examples, how various qualities of birds motivate the metaphorical use of bird names as nicknames, and subsequently as surnames.
EN
Sources of research and subject literature do not give a clear picture of differentiation of the peasantry in terms of financial status. The problem concerns both the amount of property owned by them (land and livestock) and place in the hierarchy. This fact is very much difficult, sometimes even impossible to study the layers of peasant and any generalizations about it. It seems that the only possible way to study the most populous state in the Republic is to track individual fates of individual units that make it possible not precise enough to qualify for the category of the peasantry, but observe the changes taking place in the financial status over time and associated with the action taken.
PL
The article studies name derivatives referring to rural population recorded in the eigh­teenth-century baptismal books of Września. The core of the study are 164 surnames formed by the addition of the suffixes -ski, -ewicz, -owicz as well as the basic -k-. The studies completed demonstrate that in the process of creation of names, over the entire 18th century, the most dominating were the word formation models with suffixes including the basic -k-. Within this category the suffix -ak was the most active element. Of marginal importance (only in the creation of formal derivatives) was the suffix -ski and the derived suffixes. Only 20 formations were created with their use during the whole century. On the basis of the analysis of the documents, it can be assumed that in the rural area near Września there were no word-formative models with the formatives -ewicz and -owicz. The attested surnames (7), recorded between 1753 and 1760, must have been brought from other areas.
EN
Most strings of female surnames registered in the Czech Republic are lexically different from related male surnames. This article provides a method of grouping surnames by similarity and computing surname frequencies for these grouped surnames. The method reduces the 251,723 registered surname variants to 142,586 groups. Grouped surname frequencies can be used for linguistic research of similar surnames, determining geographic distribution of surnames, or by researchers which require surname frequencies irrespective of gender.
EN
This article presents the origins and structure of German surnames in the Old Town Braniewo in the 15th century. The author verified the presence of the preposition “von”, surname variants, Lower German roots, and evident linguistic phenomena which occurred in them. The discussed surnames are derived from first names, place of origin, nicknames and the names of occupations. Other names are multi-motif surnames, or it was impossible to explain their etymology. As for the structure of the described anthroponyms, non-derivative surnames predominate. Only in the case of one surname were variants recorded. Middle Low German and Lower German provenance is present in about 25% of the examined anthroponyms. In some surnames, manifestations of the East Central German dialect are visible. Several anthroponyms have been Polonised, and one was subject to a contraction.
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Lidové výklady českých příjmení

75%
EN
This paper analyses 379 folk etymological interpretations and other 141 assumptions about the foreign origin of surnames, all received either by the radio programme On the Origin of Surnames, the Language Counselling Centre of the Czech Language Institute, or the information service Ask the Library. These inquiries were sent by the public along with requests for a confirmation of the suggested etymological interpretations of the surnames in question, or for an official (correct / scientific) explanation. The analysis shows that most often the folk etymology consists in erroneous decomposition of the name or in connecting the name with an incorrect original form, i.e. usually a familiar noun recognized in the name. The folk etymologies do not respect the word-forming structure of names. They also ignore the age and origin of the surname which they like to look for in foreign languages (especially in French, Polish, Hungarian), regardless of the origin of the family.
EN
On divergent etymologies of Polish and Lithuanian surnamesThe conflict of national Polish and Lithuanian historiographies typically involves divergent interpretations of the shared history, but it is seldom noticed that linguistic interpretations (including the onomastic ones) may be divergent too. These linguistic interpretations can also become a tool of language policy, especially of the policy focused on personal names. The present article analyses selected examples of genetically Lithuanian surnames currently in use in Poland which in some Polish linguistic sources are etymologised as genetically Polish, as well as – conversely – those of Polish origin which in some Lithuanian research are interpreted as genetically Lithuanian. Although inadvertent and accidental mistakes cannot be ruled out, in the case of homonymic surnames there is a visible tendency to give priority to native etymologies. It may be assumed that for the society at large, the origin of a surname somehow implies the nationality of its bearer; in the case when the researchers’ attitudes are nationalistic, this fact may be used as an argument in public debates whose scope far exceeds that of onomastics. O rozbieżnych etymologiach nazwisk polskich i litewskichKonflikt narodowych historiografii polskiej i litewskiej zazwyczaj wiąże się z rozbieżnymi interpretacjami wspólnej historii, ale rzadziej się zauważa, że podobnie rozbieżne są też interpretacje językoznawcze, w tym onomastyczne. One także mogą stać się narzędziem polityki językowej, a w szczególności polityki, której przedmiotem są nazwy osobowe. Niniejszy artykuł przedstawia i analizuje wybrane przypadki używanych współcześnie w Polsce nazwisk pochodzenia litewskiego, które w niektórych polskich pracach językoznawczych są etymologizowane jako genetycznie polskie, a także – odwrotnie – tych nazwisk polskiego pochodzenia, które w niektórych źródłach litewskich interpretowane są jako etymologicznie litewskie. Choć nie można oczywiście wykluczyć niezamierzonych i przypadkowych omyłek, w przypadku nazwisk homonimicznych wyraźnie zauważalna jest tendencja do oddawania pierwszeństwa etymologii rodzimej. Wolno przypuszczać, że w odbiorze społecznym geneza nazwiska w jakimś stopniu implikuje narodowość jego nosiciela; przy nacjonalistycznym nastawieniu badaczy fakt ten może być używany jako argument w publicznych debatach, których zasięg dalece wykracza poza onomastykę.
PL
Badaniem objęto nazwiska o niemieckiej genezie, odnotowane na Warmii pod koniec XVIII wieku. Celem artykułu jest znalezienie odpowiedzi na pytanie, jakie wartości i antywartości zostały utrwalone w antroponimach z badanego okresu. Materiał badawczy do niniejszego szkicu pochodzi z czasopisma „Zeitschrift für die Geschichte und Altertumskunde Ermlands“, z zeszytu specjalnego pt. „Die Bevölkerung des Ermlands 1773. Die ältesten Präsentationstabellen des Hochstifts. Band 3 – Register“. Jest to kataster sporządzony przez Niemców po pierwszym rozbiorze Polski dla celów podatkowych na Warmii. Analizę przeprowadzono na podstawie wybranych przykładów. Zbiór warmińskich nazwisk wskazuje, jakie wartości ceniono najbardziej lub na jakie cechy charakteru lub wyglądu zwracano baczną uwagę. Należą tu nazwiska z klas: «Witalność i jej brak»; «Chudość i otyłość / nieumiarkowanie w jedzeniu»; «Erudycja i prostactwo»
EN
The study encompassed surnames of German origin, recorded in Warmia at the end of the 18th century. Its aim was to find out what values and anti-values were preserved in anthroponyms of the period. The study material was taken from the periodical “Zeitschrift für die Geschichte und Altertumskunde Ermlands“ from its special volume entitled “Die Bevölkerung des Ermlands 1773. Die ältesten Präsentationstabellen des Hochstifts. Band 3 – Register”. It is a cadastral register prepared by the Germans for fiscal purposes in Warmia after the first partition of Poland. The analysis was conducted on selected examples. The set of Warmian surnames indicates what values were most esteemed or what traits of personality or appearance attracted people’s attention. These are surnames belonging to the following classes: Vitality or a lack thereof; Thinness and obesity / Intemperance in eating; Erudition and crudeness.
Onomastica
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2021
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vol. 65
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issue 2
179-188
EN
The subject of the article is to show a new, modified way of avoiding Polish inflection by the Church, understood here as an institution represented by priests. The analysis included first names and surnames excerpted from Holy Mass intentions and parish announcements published on the Internet from October 2020 to March 2021 by selected parishes of the Podkarpacie region. Publishing Mass intentions on the parish website resulted in the fact that inflection mistakes became permanent and could easily be indicated. In order to avoid criticism for linguistic incorrectness, the Church decided not to inflect first names and surnames in the messages published online. The analysis of the Mass intentions indicates that the Church promotes the use of an official and practical model of inflection that prefers nominativisation of names and surnames, as well as writing them in the form of lists. First names and surnames of the deceased (which are preceded by the symbol of the cross) are written in the nominative form, as opposed to inflected names of living parishioners. As a result, a name/surname that is not inflected (even without the cross) has begun to be perceived as a linguistic symbol of a dead person.
PL
Przedmiotem  artykułu jest pokazanie nowego, zmodyfikowanego sposobu unikania rodzimej fleksji przez Kościół rozumiany tu  jako instytucja reprezentowana przez księży. Materiałową podstawę pracy stanowią imiona i nazwiska wyekscerpowane z intencji mszalnych i ogłoszeń parafialnych zamieszczanych w internecie od października 2020 r. do marca 2021 r. przez wybrane parafie podkarpackie. Umieszczanie intencji mszalnych  na stronach internetowych parafii spowodowało, że  błędy fleksyjne nabierały trwałego charakteru i łatwo mogły być wykazane. Aby się nie narazić na krytykę niepoprawności językowej, w tekstach ogłoszeń Kościół zdecydował się więc na  zastosowanie wybiegu omijania odmiany imion i nazwisk. Analiza tekstów intencji mszalnych wykazała, że w Kościele gwałtownie szerzy się urzędniczy, praktyczny model odmiany preferujący nominatywizację imion i nazwisk i zestawianie ich w formie wykazów. Kostnienie, w postaci mianownikowej, imion i nazwisk zmarłych (poprzedzonych symbolem krzyża), w opozycji do czynnych fleksyjnie nazw własnych osób żyjących, powoduje, że w intencjach mszalnych unieruchomiona fleksyjnie forma imienia i nazwiska (nawet bez krzyża) zaczyna być traktowana jako językowy symbol osoby zmarłej. 
Forum Filologiczne Ateneum
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2022
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vol. 10
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issue 1
161-173
EN
This paper presents the origin of genetically German surnames, to determine their structure and to determine whether the surnames under study were still present in Warmia in the 18th century. Regarding the origin of surnames, the classification of surnames with one motivation is partly based on the classification introduced by S. Rospond (1967). Moreover, the classification of surnames by their etymology, e.g. according to the Duden. Familiennamen dictionary, was also taken into account. The linguistic phenomena in certain surnames were also highlighted. The material database has not previously been used in anthroponymic research. Most of the surnames described here are non-derivative, while others are derived with inflectional and word-formation suffixes. The vast majority are names with a single motivation. 65.5% of the surnames had ceased to exist by the 18th century. The personal names under investigation feature, among others, the following linguistic phenomena: Polonisation, Latinisation by means of inflectional formants, e.g. -i, -is and the word-forming -us, and the doubling of consonants without justification.
PL
Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie pochodzenia nazwisk genetycznie niemieckich, ustalenie ich struktury, stwierdzenie, czy badane nazwiska notowane są jeszcze w XVIII wieku na Warmii. Odnośnie do pochodzenia nazwisk to klasyfikacja nazwisk jednomotywacyjnych bazuje częściowo na podziale S. Rosponda (1967). Ponadto kierowano się podziałem nazwisk ze względu na etymologię m.in. ze słownika Duden. Familiennamen. Zwrócono też uwagę na zjawiska językowe występujące w niektórych nazwiskach. Baza materiałowa nie była wykorzystana dotąd w badaniach antroponimicznych. Większość opisanych nazwisk jest niederywowana, pozostałe derywowane są sufiksami fleksyjnymi i słowotwórczymi. Przeważająca część mian jest jednomotywacyjna. 65,5 % nazwisk nie dotrwała do XVIII wieku. W omówionych nazwach osobowych mamy do czynienia m.in. z następującymi zjawiskami językowymi: polonizacją, latynizacją za pomocą formantów fleksyjnych, np. -i, -is i słowotwórczego -us, podwajaniem spółgłosek bez uzasadnienia.
EN
Surnames are an integral part of a person’s family identity and accompany a person throughout their life. The study of regional anthroponymy is the basis for dialectology, lexicography, etymology, word formation, and comparative linguistics. This paper considers various principles of classifi cation of surnames in general, and in particular it analyses surnames of Ukrainians from Eastern Galicia, motivated by their own Polish names. The source of the surnames was the telephone books of Ivano-Frankivsk, Lviv, and Ternopil. The sample consists of 657 surnames, out of which 57 names were used: 41 male and 16 female ones. Most names became the basis for the formation of not one but many surnames. The materials and results of the research can be used in writing comparative works on Ukrainian and Slavic onomastics, in research on lexicology and history of language.
UK
У словниковому складі кожної мови існує певна кількість запозичених прізвищ, які відображають міжетнічні та міжмовні контакти. Метою статті було виявити і проаналізувати прізвища українців Східної Галичини, мотивовані власними польськими іменами, розглянути різні принципи їх класифікації. Джерелом дослідження послужили телефонні довідники Івано-Франківська, Львова, Тернополя. Вибірка становить 657 прізвищ, твірними для яких послужило 57 імен: 41 чоловіче та 16 жіночих. Більшість імен стала основою для утворення не одного, а багатьох прізвищ. Матеріали і результати дослідження можуть бути використані при написанні порівняльних праць з української та слов’янської ономастики, у дослідженнях із лексикології та історії мови.
Acta onomastica
|
2023
|
vol. 64
|
issue 1
203-209
EN
The contribution is a critique of the article by J. Klenovský, who presented his own classification of the surnames of Moravian Jews. However, the thesis shows many professional shortcomings (e.g. missing citations, insufficient description of the material) and many of the presented etymological interpretations are highly questionable.
EN
The article presents the objectives and methods of analyzing the evaluative lexis which motivates the surnames of Poles. As already announced in the sketch, the paper maintains the conviction that the valuation is the basics of the categorization of reality, and the act of naming is a particularly interesting field of research, since it is a person who is being evaluated. The analysis of appellatives is carried out in the anthropological contexts. The lexis discussed in the article accords with the semantic categories based on the typology of values created by Jadwiga Puzynina.
EN
Polish inflexional morphology, with its rich inventory of rules relating to noun declension, also involves surnames of foreign origin. Generally, these surnames should be inflected just as Polish common names or adjectives are, depending on the inflexional paradigm to which they belong. However, the declension of foreign nouns involves various complications of phonetic, orthographic, and, most of all, inflexional natures, not only because of a relatively high number of rules governing the Polish morphological system, but also because some of these rules have not yet been determined in a definitive manner and the declension itself, in some cases, is optional. For this reason, speakers of Polish, to avoid inflecting a given surname, often prefer to adopt various editorial strategies, so to speak; in their texts, however, we can still find numerous incorrect inflexional forms and inconsistent or outright wrong inflexional strategies. With this article, then, I intend to expose the detailed rules relating to the declension of Italian surnames in Polish and analyse the occurrences of these surnames in Polish texts that have appeared in Italica Wratislaviensia.
IT
La morfologia flessiva polacca, con il suo ricco inventario di regole relative alla declinazione sostantivale, coinvolge ugualmente i cognomi di provenienza straniera. In linea di massima, simili cognomi andrebbero declinati come nomi comuni o aggettivi polacchi, a seconda del paradigma flessivo cui appartengono. In realtà, la declinazione dei sostantivi stranieri comporta vari problemi di natura fonetica, ortografica e, soprattutto, flessiva, non solo per via di un numero relativamente alto di regole che governano il sistema morfologico polacco, ma anche perché alcune regole non sono state determinate in maniera definitiva e la stessa flessione, in alcuni casi, non è obbligatoria. In effetti, gli utenti della lingua polacca, per evitare di declinare un dato cognome, preferiscono spesso ricorrere a varie strategie redazionali. Nei loro testi non mancano, però, né forme sbagliate dei cognomi, né strategie flessive incoerenti o addirittura scorrette. Con il presente lavoro si intende, quindi, esporre in maniera possibilmente più dettagliata le regole relative alla declinazione dei cognomi italiani in lingua polacca insieme all’analisi delle occorrenze di tali cognomi nei testi polacchi apparsi su Italica Wratislaviensia.
PL
This study deals the use of personal names among Slovakia Hungarians. The bilingual environment of Slovakia Hungarians affects their use of personal names. Bilingual persons can choose names from a larger set of names. Choosing a variant of a personal name from one language or the other can depend on several factors: the communicative domain, the communication partners, the social or linguistic context etc. The dimensions of time, space and society play an important role in the change anddiversity of personal names. A Hungarian dominant use of names characterizes Slovakia Hungarians in the informal domains, and Slovak dominant use in the formal domains. A dual use of names or bi-naming can characterize a dual identity, however, most people employ this as a pre-emptive strategy trying to avoid a possible language or communication problem by using the form conforming with the majority norm in a majority language context and the form conforming with the minority norm in a minority language or informal context. Personal names have an identity marking function, and can indicate the language affiliation and nationality of their bearer.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono zależność między poszczególnymi typami strukturalnymi współczesnych nazwisk mieszkańców Bielska Podlaskiego a przynależnością konfesyjną ich nosicieli. Celem nadrzędnym była próba weryfikacji zasadności funkcjonowania stereotypów konotowanych przez określone modele nazwisk z uwzględnieniem czynnika etniczno-wyznaniowego. Do analizy wykorzystano nazwiska rodziców dzieci ochrzczonych w dwóch bielskich parafiach — prawosławnej i rzymskokatolickiej. Poszczególne typy nazwisk omówiono na tle obu grup wyznaniowych. Uwagę zwrócono na formanty nazwiskotwórcze antroponimów (przede wszystkim -ski, -owicz/-ewicz oraz -uk/-czuk). Badania wykazały, że omawiana zależność tylko częściowo znajduje potwierdzenie we współczesnym nazewnictwie mieszkańców miasta. Antroponimy z przyrostkiem -ski stanowią 44,1% zbioru wszystkich analizowanych nazwisk bielskich katolików i 21,9% zasobu nazwisk bielszczan wyznania prawosławnego. Dla nazwisk na -owicz/-ewicz odsetek ten wynosi odpowiednio 9,4% i 12,1%, natomiast dla nazwisk na -uk/-czuk — 12,3% (katolicy) i 33,7% (prawosławni
EN
The paper presents the relationship between individual structural types of modern surnames of people living in Bielsk Podlaski, and the religious denomination of their owners. The main aim of the study was to verify the legitimacy of stereotypes connoted by certain models of surnames with an emphasis on ethnic and religious aspects. Parental surnames of children baptised in two parishes of Bielsk Podlaski, Orthodox and Roman Catholic, were analysed. Individual types of surnames were discussed with reference to both religious groups. The analysis was focused on surname-forming elements of anthroponyms (mainly -ski, -owicz/-ewicz and -uk/-czuk). The study demonstrated that the discussed relationship is only in part reflected in the contemporary surnames of town residents. Anthroponyms with the -ski suffix account for 44.1% of all surnames of Roman Catholics and 21.9% of all surnames of Orthodox people from Bielsk Podlaski. For surnames ending with -owicz/-ewicz this ratio is 9.4% and 12.1%, respectively, and for surnames ending with -uk/-czuk — 12.3% (Roman Catholics) and 33.7% (Orthodox).
EN
This article constitutes an analysis of old surnames of the parish dwellers of Strzegowo in Masovia. According to the analysis, the most substantial group comprises the surnames coined by using the suffix -ski (248 units, including 169 toponyms and 79 structural ones). Patronimical surnames, on the other hand, consist of only 105 units; most of these formations (43) end, in turn, with the suffix -’ak. Merely a few surnames are coined via the transference of appellatives (26 formations), professional names (16 formations) and names (9 formations) to the class of names. In the linguistic material, also 6 foreign names are noted.
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