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EN
Surtitling, one of the multiple modern forms of stage translation, consists in the projection on a screen above the stage the text necessary for the understanding of the original drama. It is also a kind of hybrid form of translation situated between interpretation and translation and between audiovisual and literary translation. Based on the theatre semiotics, the author of this paper will determine the difference between surtitling and other forms of audiovisual translation and traditional theatre translation. The main purpose is to define phases of the work on the French version of surtitles for „(A)pollonia” – Polish drama directed by Krzysztof Warlikowski. As theatre art is always based on collaboration, we will determine and describe the contributions of the translator, director and surtitler to the final result – a play with surtitles.
EN
Opera is undoubtedly a particularly high and traditional genre of art, but recently there have been numerous attempts at breaking this stereotype and presenting opera in a contemporary light. The most popular way of achieving this aim is either staging modernized opera productions, i.e. transferring their plot from their traditional setting to the here and now, or considerably changing their interpretation. Staging modernized productions involves, first of all, the issue of stage design, and an alteration in the traditional interpretation is mostly created by acting, but nowadays it is also the translation shown in the form of surtitles that creates the significance of operatic productions.
EN
Opera is undoubtedly a particularly high and traditional genre of art, but recently there have been numerous attempts at breaking this stereotype and presenting opera in a contemporary light. The most popular way of achieving this aim is either staging modernized opera productions, i.e. transferring their plot from their traditional setting to the here and now, or considerably changing their interpretation. Staging modernized productions involves, first of all, the issue of stage design, and an alteration in the traditional interpretation is mostly created by acting, but nowadays it is also the translation shown in the form of surtitles that creates the significance of operatic productions.
PL
Nadpisy (ang. surtitles) stały się niemal niezbędne we współczesnych przedstawieniach operowych. Dzięki nim obcojęzyczne opery stają się dostępne dla szerszej publiczności, zapewniając zespołom operowym większą swobodę w komponowaniu swojego repertuaru. Dzięki ścisłemu powiązaniu nadpisów z wykonaniem opery odbiegają one do pewnego stopnia od innych form przekładu audiowizualnego, jak napisy dolne (ang. subtitles). W procesie przekładu nadpisów biorą także udział inni uczestnicy, którzy pozostawiają swój ślad w tłumaczeniu, w tym reżyserzy i dyrygenci. W pierwszej części artykułu omówiono zjawisko nadpisów, przedstawione w szerszym kontekście przekładu audiowizualnego. Wprowadzenie nadpisów nie dokonało się łatwo, ponieważ opór przed nimi przyszedł właśnie ze strony świata opery. W drugiej części artykułu autor analizuje przyczyny tego oporu, a także na podstawie najnowszych recenzji spektakli operowych podejmuje próbę ustalenia recepcji nadpisów w Niderlandach.
EN
Surtitles are almost indispensable in contemporary opera performances. Surtitles make operas performed in a foreign language more accessible to a wider audience and give opera companies more choice in composing their repertoire. Due to its close connection to the performance of an opera, surtitles differ somewhat from other forms of audiovisual translation such as subtitling. In addition, surtitles involve other players in the translation process, such as directors and conductors. In the first part of this article, surtitles are explained and placed in the broader context of audiovisual translation. The introduction of surtitles, however, was not without its struggles. In the world of opera in particular, there was resistance to them. In the second part of this article, we take a closer look at the reasons for this resistance and, on the basis of recent reviews of opera performances, we try to establish how surtitles in opera are currently viewed in the Netherlands.
NL
Boventitels zijn bijna niet meer weg te denken uit hedendaagse operavoorstellingen. Dankzij boventitels worden opera’s die in een vreemde taal worden opgevoerd toegankelijker voor een breder publiek en krijgen operagezelschappen meer keuze bij het samenstellen van hun repertoire. Dankzij de nauwe band met de opvoering van een opera wijkt boventitelen enigszins af van andere vormen van audiovisueel vertalen zoals ondertitelen. Bovendien zijn er bij boventitelen in het vertaalproces andere spelers die een stempel op de vertaling drukken, zoals regisseurs en dirigenten. In het eerste deel van dit artikel wordt boventitelen nader uitgelegd en in de bredere context van het audiovisueel vertalen geplaatst. De introductie van boventiteling is echter niet zonder slag of stoot gegaan. Vooral in de operawereld was er sprake van weerstand tegen boventitels. In het tweede deel van dit artikel zal nader worden ingegaan op de redenen voor deze weerstand en zal aan de hand van recente recensies van operavoorstellingen worden getracht vast te stellen hoe er in Nederland op dit moment wordt aangekeken tegen boventitels in de opera.
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