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EN
Objectives: Determination of the phases in a stand-to-sit-to-stand task based on a derivative of the parameter with the lowest variance calculated based on the modified symmetry index. Material and Methods: The study group comprised 11 healthy women and 11 healthy men from the University of Physical Education in Warsaw. The examination of the kinematic and kinetic parameters of sitting down and standing up from a chair was carried out using the Vicon Mx system and Kistler force platforms. Results: The modified symmetry index was employed to select the parameters used to choose those with the lowest variance. Consequently, the phases in a stand-to-sit-to-stand task were determined. Conclusions: It was demonstrated that the task of sitting down is a reverse task with respect to standing up in terms of the symmetry of the parameters analyzed.
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EN
The paper presents chosen statistical tests used to verify the hypothesis of the symmetry of random variable’s distribution. Detailed analysis of the symmetry kernel test is made. The properties of the regarded symmetry kernel test are compared with the other symmetry tests using Monte Carlo methods. The symmetry tests are used, as an example, in analysis of the distribution of the Human Development Index (HDI).
PL
W pracy przedstawiono wybrane statystyczne testy wykorzystywane w weryfikacji hipotezy o symetryczności rozkładu zmiennej losowej. Szczegółowej analizie poddano test symetryczności oparty o metodę jądrową. Porównano własności zaprezentowanych testów symetryczności oraz zastosowano je go analizy rozkładu wskaźnika rozwoju społecznego (HDI).
EN
This paper discusses the resources for deconstruction offered by cognitive science, drawing inspiration from David Gunkel’s work on the topic (Deconstruction, MIT Press 2021). The gesture of deconstruction is seen as having a positive impact on the development of this interdisciplinary field by challenging misleading dichotomies and examining its underlying assumptions, such as the symmetry of integration.
EN
The Platonic theory of ideas was recognized in Greek antiquity as an essential part of Plato’s philosophy. Already within his Academy, it was subjected to multiple interpretations. It is enough to mention Speusipus, Xenocrates, or Aristotle. This process continues until today. Such is the strength of this Platonic concept that each era must subject it to its own specific interpretation, taking into account the language, science, and philosophy at its disposal. Today, of course, with much time-created perspective, we can see some essential elements of Plato's proposal with greater clarity. In the article I consider the hypothesis that the mathematical solutions present in Greek science in Plato's time influenced his formulation of the theory of ideas. It also seems important to note that many important mathematical intuitions that appeared in later times can already be found in Plato. It seems that these intuitions had a serious influence on his philosophical thinking. This concerns, first of all, one of the basic concepts of Greek mathematics, the concept of symmetry. I would like to show the role of symmetry in the formulation and creation of Plato’s theory of ideas.
EN
Here is a puzzle, which I learned from Terence Parsons in his “True Contradictions” [8]. First Degree Entailment (FDE) is a logic which allows for truth value gaps as well as truth value gluts. If you are agnostic between assigning paradoxical sentences gaps and gluts (and there seems to be no very good reason to prefer gaps over gluts or gluts over gaps if you’re happy with FDE), then this looks no different, in effect, from assigning them a gap value? After all, on both views you end up with a theory that doesn’t commit you to the paradoxical sentence or its negation. How is the fde theory any different from the theory with gaps alone? In this paper, I will present a clear answer to this puzzle – an answer that explains how being agnostic between gaps and gluts is a genuinely different position than admitting gaps alone, by using the formal notion of a bi-theory, and showing that while such positions might agree on what is to be accepted, they differ on what is to be rejected.
EN
The present article is divided into two parts: the first focuses on the affections of the soul in general, while the second part investigates the case of melancholy, as it is studied from Aristotle and the Stoics to Galen. The main point of the first part is an analysis of the Chrysippean treatise On the Affections of the Soul as it appears in the Galenic treatise On the Doctrines of Hippocrates and Plato. The analysis identifies several Chry­sippean influences from Plato and Aristotle regarding the psyche. In the second part, the case of melancholy is analyzed through the pseudo-Ar­istotelian treatise Problem XXX 1. The discussion shows the common points between the Aristotelian text and the Chrysippean fragments regarding the issue of melancholy. This article aims to bring to light the evolution of the phenomenon of melancholy in Galen’s thought, which is connected with the study of both medical and philosophical texts already existing before him.
EN
Through myths that pattern and repeat we figure the world to ourselves. The desire to be done with myth, to surpass mythic thinking in favor of a “more” rational way of thinking, is but one way of perpetrating violence in the guise of similitude. The rejection of muthos by logos is itself a form of violence, with significant ramifications. The following analysis will explore the work of Luce Irigaray’s Speculum of the Other Woman, and Jean-Luc Nancy’s Inoperative Community, focusing on the ways in which myth becomes mythology, and the inescapable question of violence that attends this operation. This paper, although touching upon the matter, is not an attempt to answer the larger question of what myth is. The scope of this analysis is constrained to a discussion of both Nancy and Irigaray’s understanding of myth as foundational, as well as interrogating the nature of the violence of representation. I will briefly touch upon the long and elaborate conversation surrounding the muthos–logos divide.
EN
Peter Greenaway’s cinema questions the numerical, verbal and pictorial determinations of sets and systems. Two or one, even or odd? (Twelve drawings or ‒ thirteen?) Is two, as a stabilization of symmetry, undermined by decompositions in time and space that defy any possible reduction to sub-binaries? This latter question is reserved mainly for A Zed and Two Noughts (1985), though it is anticipated in Vertical Features Remake (1978) and especially The Draughtsman’s Contract (1982), which I will treat as a response to both questions at once. The plot of this film, with its riderless horses and lack of an heir, raises the question Lévi-Strauss raised in the most influential exposition of structuralism we have, The Structural Study of Myth. Two or one? Are we born of parents or are we autochthonous? Lévi-Strauss’s reading of the Oedipus myth is an allegory of structuralism itself: are intelligible signs born from the differentiation of two other signs (binaries) or do they arise parthenogenetically, as “natural signs,” from the autonomous self-identity of what they represent? On the other hand, in the dissolution of identity we see in the body of Mr. Herbert raised from the moat, are there appearances that dissolve identity altogether? The paper will show how the overdetermined frame and its symmetries (the stationary camera, the draughtsman’s viewfinder and grid, the “framing” of Mr. Neville, etc.) are confirmed and disconfirmed by invasions of the frame, and the ways in which drawing, painting, and landscaping both “fix on paper” and disrupt the offspring or sterility of twinning.
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EN
Atherosclerosis remains the main cause of death worldwide. Most important issues concerning atherosclerosis are hemodynamics and how it affects plaque prevalence and distribution, as well as the symmetry and asymmetry of vasculature and plaques. To present the symmetry in the vascular system an analysis of PubMed and MEDLINE databases was performed. As of February 21, 2023, the results were as follows: for “symmetry” AND “atherosclerosis” there were 47 results; for “symmetry” AND “atherosclerotic lesions” – 20 results; for “symmetry” AND “artery stenosis” – 82 results; for “asymmetry” AND “atherosclerosis” – 87 results. Not without meaning are preventive measures. In the light of the Fourth Industrial Revolution artificial intelligence (AI) solutions help to develop new tools outperforming already existing cardiovascular risk scales. The aim of this paper is to present a current view on symmetry within vasculature and atherosclerosis as well as present a new approach to assess individuals’ cardiovascular risk in accordance with precision medicine assumptions. Symmetry and asymmetry within the human vascular system play a crucial role in understanding of arterial diseases, including atherosclerosis. Moreover, it is unavoidable to use AI in cardiovascular risk stratification.
PL
Systemy ekonomiczne i społeczne należą do szerokiej klasy systemów złożonych stanowiących przedmiot zainteresowania licznych dziedzin nauki. Istnieje wiele ujęć złożoności takich systemów różniących się sposobem definiowania i objaśniania źródeł skomplikowanych zachowań. Ponieważ złożoność jest jednak zjawiskiem powszechnym i w przyrodzie, wydaje się uzasadnione poszukiwanie pewnego uniwersalnego wzorca powtarzalnego we wszystkich rodzajach systemów złożonych. W artykule przedstawiono nową koncepcję złożoności organicznej rozumianej jako zespół trzech atrybutów: asymetrii, mnogości i interaktywności elementów systemu. System posiadający te cechy będzie dysponować zdolnością wytwarzania złożonych struktur lub zachowań. Prezentowane podejście może być przydatne w tworzeniu modeli ekonomicznych i społecznych systemów złożonych.
EN
Economic and social systems belong to a wide class of complex systems, the subject of research in many areas of science. There are many approaches to the complexity of such systems, which differ in how they define and explain the sources of complex behaviour. As complexity is widespread in nature, it seems legitimate to seek a universal pattern repeated in all kinds of complex systems. This article presents a new concept of organic complexity, understood as a set of three attributes: asymmetry, multiplicity and interactivity of a system’s components. Systems with these characteristics will have the ability to develop complex structures or behaviours. The organic complexity approach can be useful in building models of complex economic and social systems.
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Piękno – geneza i funkcje

63%
PL
Piękno jest jedną z charakterystycznych cech harmonii świata. Spełnia ono również ważne funkcje biologiczne, sprzyjając przetrwaniu człowieka jako gatunku w warunkach naturalnych. Poczucie piękna ma charakter uniwersalny i jest uwarunkowane genetycznie. W wyniku tego rzeczy piękne były takimi zarówno dla człowieka pierwotnego, jak dla żyjącego współcześnie. Podstawą piękna jest symetria. Jednostkami symetrii są fraktale. Geometria fraktalna pozwala wykryć piękno ukryte w pozornie chaotycznych strukturach.
EN
Beauty is one of the most characteristic traits of the world. It also plays important biological functions by supporting the survival of man as a species in natural conditions. A feeling of beauty is universal and genetically conditioned. Due to this, beautiful objects were considered as such by both the Neolithic and contemporary man alike. The most important trait of beauty is symmetry. Fractals are the units of symmetry. Fractal geometry helps to discover beauty in seemingly chaotic structures.
EN
One of directions of reformation of physics education in higher educational establishments is strengthening of its methodological orientation. The level of formation of students’ knowledge in physics is determined by mastering of fundamental physical concepts (for example, symmetry), laws, theories and principles. Actual question at the modern stage of development of physics education is the theory of symmetry, based on fundamental co-operations. The concept of symmetry that is fixed in basis of modern physical theories is analyzed in the article and examined. It is stressed that the theory of large association, based on principles of symmetry, is in the stage of development. The role of principles of invariance in physics is not yet out investigated, and we are distant from the universal natural law. Symmetry finds out connection of physical laws, simplifies understanding of difficult processes that flow in micro world and are examined in physics. The different types of dynamic symmetries are exposed in the article, such, as a gauge invariance, symmetry of identical particles, mirror and unitary symmetry, and also displace attention on a concept oddities of elementary particles, on that principle of isotopic is widespread. As a result of the conducted research it is established that expedience of submission of maintenance of educational material from physics is based on fundamental concepts, one of which is symmetry which is examined in many sections of physics. The idea of symmetry in a course of the study of physics needs to take into account didactics requirements, and also it is necessary for clarification and generalization of physical concepts, conformities to law. Accordingly an acquaintance and study of this concept by students will be instrumental in forming of modern scientific thought, and also will provide systematization of knowledge from the general course of physics in the university and forming of scientific world view, for providing of inter-subject connections. The prospects of subsequent searches in the direction of research consist in the detailed analysis of concept of symmetry in the process of study of general course of physics by students in higher educational establishments and development of method of studies of physics with the use of this concept.
EN
The images of lakes and rivers situated in Suwałki, Warmia and Mazurian Regions in the poetry by Leszek A. Moczulski and Zbigniew Chojnowski are constructed on the basis of the space categories related to mobility, immobility, symmetry and asymmetry. A canoe trip, which evokes the aforementioned categories, becomes a metaphor of life or subject’s condition. The properties of lakes/rivers and their activity in the aquatic imagination of authors combine with the issue of individual and collective memory/ oblivion, religious experience, anthropology and history of lands described in the poems. Especially in the poetry of Zbigniew Chojnowski, the lake is the centre of life formation (also an ontogenetic metaphor), the lake’s rhythm determines the subject’s existence. In the poems, the element of water favours also the sexualisation of poetical images.
EN
Asymmetry of warfare, or more often asymmetric warfare, is an issue often referred to in descriptions of contemporary political and military relations affecting the state. It is even presented as an entity threatened by these hostilities. Meanwhile, these acts are a form of an armed conflict in which opposing sides have different military potentials. One of the potentials is the power of the state. We must wonder then how the state uses it. Is it not an entity who uses it in a way disproportionate to the situation of conflict? The paper argues that a contemporary state is not without sin and it is not just that it is not able to protect its interests from asymmetric threats. Warfare still is, which many forget, the basis for hostilities (war). In the author’s understanding (erroneous perhaps?) asymmetry does not only occur at the level of war, but it also happens in its key dimension – warfare. It has emerged not only through the change in the status of the fighting party, but also through the time of warfare and using the warfare terrain.
EN
Background. The anthropometric status of judokas is most frequently measured in samples containing judokas in all weight categories. It is therefore essential to undertake research into specific weight categories. Problem and aim. This study seeks to examine the status of body symmetry in youth judokas in the under 73 kg category. Methods. A group of Slovenian youth judokas (n=10, age: 17.28 ± 1.46 years; height: 177.53 ± 3.71 cm; weight: 73.86 ± 3.01 kg) were recruited for this study. 3D anthropometric measurement of the judokas’ bodies was performed by the NX-16 ([TC]2, 3D body scanner Cary, North Carolina). Using software, we extracted values for 15 paired variables. To determine the differences in symmetries we used a paired T-Test with statistical significance set at p ≤ 0.05. Results. In five variables we found statistically significant differences between right and left body pairs. Those were elbow girth t(9)=4.08, p = 0.003, forearm girth t(9)=2.84, p = 0.019, thigh girth t(9)=3.87, p = 0.004, mid-thigh girth t(9)=5.81, p = 0.000 and calf girth t(9)=2.45, p = 0.037. Conclusions. It is of great importance for right hand-stance dominant judokas to train their nage waza – throwing techniques – bilaterally to achieve increased technical -tactical solutions in a judo bout and also to develop their morphological characteristics in a symmetrical direction. Those factors will help reduce the dropout rate and will contribute to the systematic and healthy development of youth athletes into competitive senior judokas.
PL
Tło/perspektywa. Status antropometryczny judoków jest głównie mierzony w grupie ankietowanych obejmującej judoków ze wszystkich kategorii wagowych, w związku z tym konieczna jest analiza indywidualnej kategorii wagowej. Problem i cel. Niniejsze opracowanie ma na celu zbadanie stanu symetrii ciała judoków w kategorii juniorów w wadze do 73 kg. Metody. W badaniu brali udział młodzi słoweńscy judocy (n = 10, wiek: 17,28 ± 1,46 lat; wzrost: 177.53 ± 3,71 cm; waga: 73,86 ± 3,01 kg). Antropometryczny pomiar ciała judoków został przeprowadzony przy użyciu skanera ciała 3D NX-16 ([TC]2. W celu określenia różnic w symetrii użyto sparowanego T-Testu z istotnością statystyczną zmiennych na poziomie p ≤ 0.05. Wyniki. W pięciu zmiennych znaleziono statystycznie istotne różnice między prawymi i lewymi częściami ciała np. obwód łokcia t (9) = 4,08, p = 0,003, obwód przedramienia t (9) = 2,84, p = 0,019, obwód uda t (9) = 3,87, p = 0,004, obwód w połowie uda t (9) = 5,81, p = 0,000 i obwód łydki t (9) = 2,45, p = 0,037. Wnioski. Ogromne znaczenie dla judoków o dominującej prawo-stronnej postawie ma szkolenie techniki rzucania nage-waza dwustronnie dla zwiększenia rozwiązań techniczno- taktycznych w walkach judo, a także by symetrycznie rozwijali swoje cechy morfologiczne. Czynniki te pomogą zmniejszyć wskaźnik przerywania treningu judo i przyczyniają się do systematycznego oraz zdrowego rozwoju zawodników juniorów w judoków seniorów.
EN
Christoph Bossert has succeeded in proving  symmetries in a serie of cycles inside of Bach’s composing, who are not known already, for example the Chorals of the Neumeister-Collection, the Welltempered Clavier, part 1 and part two and the third part of ClavierÜbung. Inside of ClavierÜbung III are 27 pieces, but 29 different parts belonging to the mesuring. In consequence Nr. 15 Vater unser im Himmelreich is the center, structered in 40 + 1 + 50 bars. The propotion 4 to 5 can be seen in Nr. 17 to 13 as well as Nr. 11 to 19. Another kind of argument for symmetrie are the two trios Nr. 9 and 21. In five pieces Nr. 4 to 26 as well as Nr. 11 to 19 and Nr. 15 as the central piece is the end structered in 13 bars or half bars. the often discussed question of tonality can be answered by the order of the basic ton of every piece – Nr. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 has two of them. The melodical line of the eleison inside the Kyrie can be seen as structure therefore, variated in shorter version, in revers and as inversion. One of the very special questions concern to Nr. 20 to 23 in fis, d, f and e. Because of the so structured order of basic tones it’s obvious, that all pieces without pedal and especially the Duettos belong to the whole work as a cycle as well as the pieces with pedal.
PL
Christophowi Bossertowi udało się udowodnić symetrię w serii zbiorów cyklicznych jako części procesu kompozycyjnego Bacha, które do tej pory nie były znane, na przykład w chorałach ze zbioru Neumeistra, w DWK cz. 1 oraz 2, jak również w trzeciej części zbioru ClavierUbung. Wewnątrz ClavierUebung znajduje się 27 utworów, tworzących za to 29 różnych części według przynależności poszczególnych metrum. Utwór nr 15, chorał Vater unser im Himmelreich, jest centrum o strukturze 40 + 1 + 50 taktów. Proporcja 4 do 5 może być zauważona w nr. 17 do 13, jak również w nr. 11 do 19. Innym rodzajem argumentu przemawiającego za symetriami są obydwie formy trio, nr 9 i 21. W pięciu utworach, nr 4–26, jak również 11–19 oraz 15 jako centrum, zauważalna jest podobna struktura ostatnich 13 taktów lub ich połowy. Często poruszana kwestia tonacji jest wyjaśniona ze względu na układ dźwięków tonicznych, które tworzą linię melodyczną wezwania eleison z części Kyrie, w formie skróconej, w raku i w odwróceniu. Na szczególną uwagę zasługuje pochód utworów od 20 do 23, w tonacjach fis, d, f i e. Z układu dźwięków tonicznych wynika, że utwory manuałowe włącznie z czterema duetami muszą być potraktowane jako strukturalnie należące do całości dzieła.
PL
Artykuł przedstawia najważniejsze aspekty regulacji rynków zakańczania połączeń w sieciach telefonii ruchomej w Unii Europejskiej, w szczególności sposób ustalania wysokości stawek za zakańczanie połączeń. Kluczowe w tym zakresie jest wydane w 2009 r. Zalecenie Komisji Europejskiej, które w sposób precyzyjny określiło dalsze kierunki tej regulacji na poziomie wspólnotowym. W celu zobrazowania praktyki regulacyjnej jaka ma obecnie miejsce w artykule omówiono również wybrane propozycje krajowych organów regulacyjnych, jakie zostały przedstawione Komisji Europejskiej w ciągu ostatniego roku.
EN
The article presents the main aspects of regulation of the markets for call termination on mobile networks in the European Union, in particular the methods of determining the termination rates. Key in this regard is issued in 2009, the Commission’s Recommendation, which accurately determined the future course of regulation at Community level. In order to illustrate the regulatory practice, which is currently taking place, the article also discusses selected proposals of national regulatory authorities, which were notified to the European Commission over the last year.
LT
Nagrinėjamos niekad anksčiau publikacijose nenagrinėtos architektūros natūrinių tyrimų problemos. Yra žinomi 5 atvejai, kai bandyta parengti tokių tyrimų normatyvus, visų bandymų produktai yra iš dalies išlikę ir saugomi Vilniaus apskrities archyve. Pateikiamas šių bandymų nagrinėjimas ir pasiūlymai, paremti straipsnio autoriaus 22 metų asmeniniu įdirbiu tyrimų srityje, kaip pritaikyti kolektyvinę pirmtakų ir savo patirtį nustatant natūros tyrimų principus dabartinėmis paveldosaugos sistemos sąlygomis.
EN
The paper deals with previously unpublished problems of life (live) research in architecture. There have been 5 known cases of attempts to develop standards of such a research, and the results of all the attempts are partially preserved and stored in the Vilnius County archive. Analysis of these attemps and suggestions on applying personal and collective experience of predecessors in determining the principles of life (live) research for the current system of heritage are based on the personal 22-year experience of the author of this paper.
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