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Selected issues concerning expert witness and specialists in Polish penal proceedings and forensic science

100%
Cieśla R.
Nowa kodyfikacja prawa karnego
|
2015
|
vol. 38
79-92
EN
The article aims at presenting general characteristics of two subjects in the proceedings, i.e. an expert witness and a specialist. Both institutions are discussed in terms of theory and practice of Polish penal proceedings and forensic science. The issues are especially important in view of the amendments to the Polish Code of Penal Procedure of 1997 concerning the institution of a specialist and the amendments of 2015 concerning an expert witness’s opinion. It should be emphasised that in the course of the proceedings to take evidence, including technical examination of documents, cooperation between an expert witness as its author and a specialist as an assistant may in many cases be necessary or even indispensable.
2

Selected issues in handwriting examination, graphology and their technology in document examination

72%
Cieśla R., Grębowiec-Baffoni J.
Nowa kodyfikacja prawa karnego
|
2017
|
vol. 45
63-80
EN
This article aims at introducing the complex nature of handwriting examination for judicial purposes and the resulting competences which ahandwriting expert must have. The knowledge of neurophysiological conditioning of handwriting strokes, together with the knowledge of inks, their physical and chemical reactions with surfaces on which handwriting is applied, techniques allowing their observation and acquiring clear enlarged photographic images are indispensable for acorrect expert examination, explanation of how the conclusions were arrived at and illustrating the results. Appropriate selection of techniques of acquiring images requires not only the knowledge of optical and lighting equipment but also practical skills in its appropriate use. Thus, handwriting examination combines the knowledge from various areas: neurophysiology of movement, psychology of handwriting, chemistry, physics and use of optical equipment, which together guaran­tee objective and reliable examination yielding correct results.
3
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Badania uwierzytelnionej notarialnie kserokopii dokumentu na przykładzie свидительства o рождении (świadectwa urodzenia)

58%
Juszkiewicz J., Malewska J.
Problemy Kryminalistyki
|
2020
|
issue 310
26-33
EN
This article attempts to address certain aspects of forensic-legal examination of the authenticity of a document on the basis of a notarized photocopy (certified copy). The article outlines the essence of the notarial act – regulated in Article 98 of the Polish Notary Public Law – of certifying the conformity of a copy, extract or photocopy with a presented document and the dangers that may arise from regarding a notarized photocopy of a presented document as a photocopy of an authentic document. The role of the notary in terms of document authenticity verification has been signaled. From a forensic point of view, the lack of evidentiary equivalence between an original document and a certified photocopy in the process of testing the authenticity of a document was emphasized. Based on examples from the practice of an expert witness, the possibility of identifying a forgery on the basis of a notarized photocopy of a document свидительствo o рождении is presented. The authors attempt to formulate several postulates concerning the making of photocopies of documents and their subsequent notarization.
PL
Niniejszy artykuł jest próbą nakreślenia niektórych aspektów kryminalistyczno-prawnych badań autentyczności dokumentu na podstawie notarialnie poświadczonej za zgodność kserokopii (odpisu) tego dokumentu. W artykule wyjaśniono, na czym polega istota uregulowanej w art. 98 Prawa o notariacie czynności notarialnego poświadczenia zgodności odpisu, wyciągu lub kopii z okazanym dokumentem oraz jakie niebezpieczeństwa wynikają z traktowania poświadczonej notarialnie kserokopii okazanego dokumentu jako kserokopii dokumentu autentycznego. Zasygnalizowano, jaka rola przypada notariuszowi podczas weryfikacji autentyczności dokumentów. W ujęciu kryminalistycznym zaakcentowano brak równorzędności dowodowej dokumentu oryginalnego i uwierzytelnionej kserokopii w wypadku konieczności przeprowadzenia badań autentyczności dokumentu. Na podstawie przykładów z praktyki biegłego sądowego przedstawiono możliwość identyfikacji falsyfikatu na podstawie poświadczonej notarialnie kserokopii dokumentu свидительствo o рождении. Autorzy podejmują próbę sformułowania kilku postulatów dotyczących sporządzania kopii kserograficznej dokumentów, a następnie ich notarialnego poświadczania.
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