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EN
Teleworking and telecommuting are the newest and very popular ways of employment. This kind of employment is connected with changing the place of employment. An employee moves from the head offices (which are frequently based in the centre of a big town) to his home. Employment in this system permits to save time, driving expenses, operating costs, etc. From the employers` viewpoint, teleworking has a direct impact on the company’s costs reduction (equipment, accident and national insurance), while from the point of view of employees, it raises their degree of independence and develops discipline and diligence. Teleworking also takes advantage of the Internet, contributes to the development of the information society and raises its level of informatization. It has an important influence on the society’s structural components.
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The aim of this paper is to give an insight into text mining techniques in the context of unstructured text collections of location independent job offers. In order to extract useful information, uncover interesting patterns and features of remote work, we analyze the five most popular and most visited websites containing job offers. We examine clusters of remote job offers, the keywords describing those clusters, as well as the linkages between strongly associated terms describing mobile work offers. It is interesting to observe the maturity of the text mining tools which have broadened their applications to new research topics and have become suitable to explore new phenomena.
EN
ObjectivesThe work system reform and the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan have prompted efforts toward telecommuting in Japan. However, only a few studies have investigated the stress and health effects of telecommuting. Therefore, this study aimed to clarify the relationship between telecommuting and job stress among Japanese workers.Material and MethodsThis was a cross-sectional study. In December 2020, during the “third wave” of the COVID-19 pandemic, an Internet-based nationwide health survey of 33 087 Japanese workers (The Collaborative Online Research on Novel-coronavirus and Work, CORoNaWork study) was conducted. Data of 27 036 individuals were included after excluding 6051 invalid responses. The authors analyzed a sample of 13 468 office workers from this database. The participants were classified into 4 groups according to their telecommuting frequency, while comparing scores on the subscale of the Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ) and subjective job stress between the high-frequency, medium-frequency, low-frequency, and non-telecommuters groups. A linear mixed model and an ordinal logistic regression analysis were used.ResultsA significant difference in the job control scores of the JCQ among the 4 groups was found, after adjusting for multiple confounding factors. The high-frequency telecommuters group had the highest job control score. Further, after adjusting for multiple confounding factors, the subjective job stress scores of the high- and medium-frequency telecommuters groups were significantly lower than those of the non-telecommuters group.ConclusionsThis study revealed that high-frequency telecommuting was associated with high job control and low subjective job stress. The widespread adoption of telecommuting as a countermeasure to the public health challenges associated with the COVID-19 pandemic may also have a positive impact on job stress.
PL
Kontrolowanie telepracowników jest procesem skomplikowanym przede wszystkim ze względu na brak bezpośredniego kontaktu pomiędzy menedżerem a jego podwładnym. Celem artykułu jest identyfikacja najczęściej stosowanych form kontrolowania telepracowników przez ich przełożonych. Aby osiągnąć wyznaczony cel, dokonano przeglądu literatury w podanym zakresie oraz przeprowadzono badanie ilościowe z wykorzystaniem ankiety internetowej w liczącej kilkaset osób grupie telepracowników różnych branż. Badanie wykazało, że główny zakres kontroli telepracownika przez przełożonego obejmuje sprawdzenie efektów pracy. Najczęściej telepracodawca ocenia wyniki pracy podwładnego osobiście lub prosi go o sporządzenie raportu z tychże wyników. Wykorzystanie czasu pracy weryfikowane jest zazwyczaj poprzez sprawdzanie raportów telepracownika oraz czasu jego logowania się do systemu. Równocześnie właśnie te formy kontroli zostały przez telepracowników uznane za najsilniej motywujące do pożądanych zachowań pracowniczych.
EN
Controlling teleworkers is a complicated process, mainly due to the lack of direct contact between the manager and subordinate. The purpose of the article was to identify the most common forms of controlling teleworkers by their supervisors. In order to achieve the goal, a literature review was carried out within the given scope and a quantitative survey was conducted using an online questionnaire among a group of several hundred teleworkers from various industries. The survey showed that the main reason of the control of teleworkers by their supervisors includes verifying the results of their work. Usually the tele-employer evaluates the results of a subordinate's work in person or asks them to report on the results. The use of working time is generally verified by checking the teleworker's reports and the time spent logged into the system; these forms of control were considered by teleworkers to be the most motivating for the desired employee behaviour.
EN
The aim of this article is to describe the notion of telework and show the most popular aspects of telecommuting. Detailed review of the literature points out that there is no one, widely accepted definition of telework. Thus, for the purpose of this article, telecommuting is defined as “Every sort of money-gained activity, caused by external motivation of the individual and/or induced by the organization, no matter what is the extent of time spent on teleworking. What is very important is the fact that teleworking is connected with fulfilling the obligations in a flexible way, outside the conventional workplace, with the use of available telecommunications or computer-based technology to transport it’s effects”. Further investigation of the literature shows that 3 aspects are being the most popular among telework researchers: 1) demographic and psychological characteristic of telecommuting individuals, 2) causes of teleworking, 3) outcomes of teleworking, such as: increased productivity, organizational loyalty, satisfaction and high morale, decreased level of stress and positive work-life balance. Majority of the surveys have got plenty of methodological limitations, thus the results are not to be generalized on wider population. Moreover, obtained data varies in different studies, so that telework with all it’s aspects needs further investigation. At the end of the article there are proposed new directions for the future research.
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