Search results - CEJSH

1

The effect of transparency on a three-cycle model of manipulative discourse

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Saeed Almaroof R. A.

Crossroads. A Journal of English Studies

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2017

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vol. 16

EN

It is assumed that manipulative discourse can carry various types of messages on the continuum of sincerity, such as: truth, persuasion (argumentation), deception and manipulation. These different intended meanings can cause variations within the ‘transparency factor’. The transparency factor is controlled by specific social and pragmatic factors. Generally speaking, manipulative discourse is far away from transparency because it entails the use of implicit strategies and processes to achieve a final goal. The highly transparent type of discourse is the testimony where the speaker’s intention is to present truth that is supported by explicit strategies and processes. Within this continuum, there is the persuasion where the speaker’s intention is to convince the addressee without exerting any power upon the receiver. Other types, such as coercion and deception, may show a lower degree of transparency because they are used to mislead the hearer with or without the use of the social effect such as ‘power’. Accordingly, a theoretical framework which treats manipulation as a three-cycle of the meaning-making process is proposed. It is assumed that this model helps in classifying manipulative texts into different types based on the transparency factors. The aim of this study is to provide a theoretical framework that can be adopted by researchers to analyze types of discourse in terms of transparency taking into consideration the speaker, the text itself and the hearer. All these factors in the three-cycle model help in shaping the degree of transparency that a text may show.

2

Traumatyczna tęsknota za przeszłością (na materiale prozy Olgi Bergholc)

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Pawletko B.

Studia Rossica Posnaniensia

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2019

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vol. 44

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issue 1

41-52

PL

The article attempts to analyze the role of the Siege of Leningrad in life and works of Olga Bergholz. It is traumatic in the personal plan but at the same time extremely successful, intense and creative period. Thanks to radio broadcasts, Bergholz becomes the voice of the besieged Leningrad, raising the civilians of the city on the Neva, but work in the radio station is also a form of autotherapy. The importance of the siege in the poet’s life is also evident in the postwar period when it comes to claiming the memory of the victims.

3

Między doświadczeniem a wydarzeniem. O zobowiązaniach świadka

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Ciarkowska A.

Zagadnienia Rodzajów Literackich

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2019

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vol. 62

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issue 1 (129)

55-66

EN

The aim of this article is to outline the definition of literary testimony and to define the position of the witness as an obliged writer. A basic definition reveals testimonial literature as a set of texts, ontologically uncertain, full of tensions and aporias. These tensions between testimony and document, testimony and autobiography, and also relations truth-fiction, individual-collective, experience-event delimit the area of literary testimony. In this complicated structer the witness, charged, limited by the obligation with is double. This is the obligation to take an action — bear witness and the obligation towards the Other.

4

Świadectwo artystyczne – przypadek Ottona Dov Kulki

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Bojarska K.

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2018

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vol. 72

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issue 4(323)

50-59

PL

Autorka przedstawia cechy świadectwa artystycznego i literackości rozumianej jako wehikuł świadectwa historycznego ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem aspektów poznawczych i afektywnych. W kolejnej części tekstu proponuje szczegółowe studium przypadku, jakim jest książka „literacka” historyka Zagłady i antysemityzmu Otto Dov Kulki, a następnie wskazując na pewne cechy analizowanego przypadku proponuje alternatywną formułę świadectwa artystycznego i świadka jako twórcy.

EN

A presentation of the features of artistic testimony and literal quality conceived as a vehicle of historical testimony, with particular attention paid to its cognitive and affective aspects. The successive part of the text proposes a detailed study of a single case - the “literary” book by Otto Dove Kulka, an historian of the Holocaust and anti-Semitism. K. Bojarska went on to indicate certain features of the analysed case and proposed an alternative formula of artistic testimony and of the witness as creator.

5

(In)visibles persévérances de l’absence. Les enjeux de la mise en forme dans Les Années d'Annie Ernaux

89%

Rachwalska von Rejchwald J.

Quêtes littéraires

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2011

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issue 1

122-136

EN

A dialectic between presence and absence, remembrance and oblivion, testimony and silence, body and its trace reflects the gist of the most recent Ernaux’es book. It constitutes not only plenteaus thematic confluence but also or even majorly an axis of the book’s construction. Its structure encompasses various layers such as: rhetorical, stylistic and typographic, which separately and together combined reside in prevailing tensioned coexistence of presence and absence.

6

Représentations de l’absence et du manque : de La Dispersion au Livre brisé de Serge Doubrovsky

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Levy N.

Quêtes littéraires

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2011

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issue 1

111-121

EN

Author and academic, Serge Doubrovsky is an important figure in contemporary French literature. His numerous publications foretell the emergence of a new literary concept, positioning him in the domain of post-modernism with the emergence of auto-fiction. From The Dispersion to The Broken Book, the auto-fiction unfolds in a jerky narrative while the genesis of the work revolves around a profound sense of lack and absence that the writer tries to fill through his writing. The experience of World War II left a life long indelible mark on the writer’s own identity and brings forth the creation of this hybrid autobiography that aims at tearing down ge-neric and literary boundaries. Letters and words are used to confront what is missing in his life in a transgressing style that describes the violence of this experience. In this way, Doubrovsky leaves a trace of his existence, transforming his life into a novel – a work of fiction – and by giving space to imagination when telling his own story.

7

Niezdolność świadków do spostrzegania lub komunikowania spostrzeżeń w postępowaniu administracyjnym i w postępowaniu podatkowym

88%

Paduch A.

Forum Prawnicze

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2018

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issue 2 (46)

78–95

EN

The study discusses main issues arising from the regulation of witnesses’ incapa- bility of perception and communication of observations under Polish administra- tive and tax proceedings. The proper collecting of evidences is the core matter of administrative and tax proceedings. In cases where hearing witnesses is necessary, identifying a group of persons capable of testifying is a key element in order to guarantee proper factual findings. Polish procedural law, administrative and tax law in detail, defines this circle by establishing groups of people who are inca- pable of testifying. The key group of persons incapable of testifying consists of those who are unable to perceive or communicate their own observations. That wording, used in the regulation of the Polish Code of Administrative Proceedings and Tax Ordinance, is inexact. In order to specify the group covered by the scope of this provision it is necessary to use not only textual, but also substantive interpre- tation. It is important to highlight that an interpretation of Polish administrative and tax proceedings in the area of capability to testify includes international treaties and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the UN Convention of Rights of Persons With Disabilities, and the UN Convention of Rights of The Child. The interpretation should also include science and medicine results.

8

La réception du témoignage à l’épreuve du silence. L’aîné des orphelins de Tierno Monénembo

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Giguère C.

Quêtes littéraires

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2017

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issue 7

192-200

EN

From the perspective of the reader-response criticism, this article underlines the ethical and esthetical tension between the duty of memory and the unspeakable in the context of the project « Rwanda : écrire par devoir de mémoire » and specificly in the novel L’aîné des orphelins by Tierno Monénembo. Although the « horizon » of expectations typical to the commitment toward the duty of memory is reinforced by the peritext (Genette, 1987), Monembo’s novel challenges the reader’s expectations by silencing and delaying the personnal story of young narrator-survivor Faustin.This stepback from direct violence allows the novel to focus on structual forms of violence (Galtung 2010) and urges the public to question his responsability in the testimonial reception.

9

Testimony as Political Argument

88%

SZALAY M.

Studies in Global Ethics and Global Education

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2016

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issue 5

72-92

EN

On the one hand, when compared with the ‘original meaning’ of politics in the Classical or Christian thought, contemporary liberal democracies in general understand politics in a reduced sense. On the other hand, however, democratic debates constantly allow for opening new horizons of interpreting politics. One way to radically renew politics is accepting authentic testimonies as political arguments. To illustrate this point, I offer the reflective analysis of a concrete case concerning the hotly debated topic of migrants in Europe: a Benedictine monastery receives and hosts illegal migrants in Hungary. This example deserves our interest for – when not tendentiously misinterpreted – it can neither be classified as an argument of the conservative approach to migrants nor does it support the liberal reading of the events. It implies, at the same time, a positive and a negative critique to both approaches by simply going beyond the usual political categories. In order to see how testimony works as a political argument I undertake three steps: 1) Instead of defining testimony, I show through a phenomenological analysis three characteristics of the given example that are both, essential and relevant for political discourse: a) the essentially indeterminate meaning of testimony; b) self-exposure and self-sacrifice; c) the particular political message of authentic testimony. In the next step, I offer a brief analysis of contemporary political discourse to highlight those aspects concerning which authentic testimonies may transform the meaning of politics: a) mediatization; b) lack of authenticity and credibility; c) technical scientific language; d) impersonal approach to political issues. As a third step, I unite these two analysis by asking what counts as a political argument in general and whether and how testimonies can function as political arguments. In my conclusion, I distinguish two types of politics according to their attitude towards testimony: one that is open to authentic testimonies and one that rejects them. By showing some fatal consequences of the latter option I argue for recovering some of politics’ original meaning.

10

Baptism in the Synoptic Gospels and the Acts of the Apostles

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Tarocchi S.

Poznańskie Studia Teologiczne

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2018

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issue 32

29-45

PL

The baptism of Jesus and John, presented in the synoptic Gospels, shows it as an event full of the dynamics of the Spirit. It takes place according to the assumptions of each Gospel and the Acts of the Apostles. In the Gospel of Mark Jesus shares with humanity the same nature that has been subjected to sin. Baptism becomes the beginning of a new saving economy in which it is necessary to bear witness. The essential element of this testimony is the cross which all His disciples have to share with the Lord. The community on the one hand then needs baptism as a way to go out, and on the other, it is strengthened by the gift of the Spirit that leads to the testimony.

11

Biografie polsko-żydowskie i żydowsko-polskie: rekonesans ponawiany

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Czyżak A.

Poznańskie Studia Polonistyczne. Seria Literacka

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2013

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issue 22

157-172

EN

The article contains reflections on changes in biographical writing, especially biography of persons of heterogenous ethnic identity. The biographies are not only reconstructions of an individual’s life, but also a clear testimony and reflection of changes in collective consciousness. It turns out that biographies also discover, in a peculiar way, the author’s identity, who, in the process of selection and creation of a biographical text, reveals a part of their own history. This aspect is clearly seen in texts by second and third generation Holocaust survivors, and is demonstrated by interpretations of Magdalena Tulli’s Włoskie szpilki [Italian High Heels] and Piotr Paziński’s Pensjonat [Boarding house].

12

Postmodernistyczne wymazywanie Zagłady (Raymond Federman, Georges Perec, Anatol Ulman)

76%

Tomczok M.

Poznańskie Studia Slawistyczne

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2017

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issue 12

299-315

EN

The article presents three strategies elaborated in the seventies of the last century by the postmodern prose, in order to tell us about the genocide. To name these strategies, the authoress makes use of the terms of blurring, patch, and “sous rapture”, which serve discussing Double or Nothing by Raymond Federman, W, or the Memory of the Childhood by Georges Perec, and Cigi de Montbazon by Anatol Ulman. The essential part in the discussion on the genocide is the reception of the above mentioned novels reconstructed among others on the base of works by Susan Rubin Suleiman along with her conception of the “1.5 generation”. The article also aims at a presentation of the interference between Cigi de Montbazon and European postmodernism exposed in Brian McHaleʼs idea of “worlds under erasure”. It is worth adding that the indicated presentation has not been yet considered.

13

“Mis on möödas ega see ei kordu…” Kurt Eiskopi kirjad Edith Eiskopile aastaist 1940–1941 kui ajalootunnistaja tunnistus

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Hollo M.

Mäetagused

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2023

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vol. 86

53-72

EN

This article examines the letters of a young Estonian man, Kurt Eiskop (1919–1944), to his beloved and future wife, Edith Eiskop (1919–1991). Kurt Eiskop’s 55 letters were handed over to the Estonian Cultural History Archives in 2022, as a result of the collection campaign “Letters in my life”, a competition organised cooperatively by the Estonian Life Stories Association and the archives. Most of the letters were written between 16 April 1940 and 29 June 1941, while Eiskop was doing his military service in the army of the Estonian Republic. In this article I consider his letters as a testimony of a historical witness, based on what he saw and experienced during the arrival of the Red Army forces in the Estonian Republic in June 1940 and its subsequent annexation. What interests me in Eiskop’s letters as testimony is, first and foremost, the author’s subjective experience, which can be seen in the way emotions are expressed in his letters. As is characteristic of love letters, the main topic of Eiskop’s letters is emotions – longing for the beloved and nostalgia for life before the army. In retrospect, the latter seems like a paradisaical idyll to him, while the present reality seems like being in prison. In addition to the expression of emotions, the subjective experience of the writer emerges in the letters through descriptions of everyday life in the army, which also contain the author’s thoughts, moods, and attitudes toward the new regime. It emerges from Eiskop’s letters that service in the army of the Estonian Republic was disagreeable to him, as it separated him from his beloved and impeded their beginning a life together. The arrival of reinforcements of the Red Army in the Estonian Republic in June 1940 put the Estonian Army and those performing their military service there in a complicated situation: they had to get used to alienating new circumstances and rules; likewise there were fears that the war would spread to the Estonian territory and that soldiers would be sent to fight the war for the Soviet Union. In a politically complicated time, which also entailed complications for personal life, writing letters provided support and a way of sustaining relationship despite being apart. The letters Eiskop wrote to his beloved during his military service became a kind of refuge for him, a safe world, the creation of which was enabled by nostalgic memories. These are poeticised and idealised images of the past which provide comfort and strength, while intensifying his closeness to the addressee. It is interesting that in Eiskop’s letters nostalgia is not always unidirectionally aimed at the past, but some memories are bound to the author’s hopes and plans for the future. However, nostalgia is not the only emotion that Eiskop expresses in his moments of solitude. Eiskop’s letters are also filled with longing for the beloved, expressed by the author in bursts of emotion, sometimes more controlled, sometimes more expressive, in some letters also as desperation.

14

TO THE RECOMMENDATION OF USING “LINGUISTIC FINGERPRINTS” IN THE CRIMINAL PROCEDURE

75%

ELEK B.

Comparative Legilinguistics

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2016

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vol. 28

119-136

EN

The author is a High Court judge of Criminal Division, and university lecturer. He wrote his PhD dissertation “Influencing testimonies in the criminal procedure” in 2008. His field of research includes the common area of forensics and applied linguistics, forensic linguistics. In his present research, he is discussing the questions of using linguistic evidence in forensics and criminal procedures, primarily from the perspective of identification and verification theory. It occurs more and more often that a forensic linguist is hired during the criminal procedure, who assists in drawing conclusions about the authors and the making of different texts by analyzing them. A forensic linguistics expert may also provide a lot of information on the linguistic data coming from what was heard during the confessions (effects of word usage, sentence structure, wording, stereotypes). This is important when searching for the truth in criminal cases because often the meaning of linguistic communication is not found in the particular words. Thus the judge is expected during making a decision to be familiar with the accomplishments of forensic linguistics, and of other related sciences, such as sociology, sociolinguistics, and psychology. The research method is the study of forensic files. The aim of his research is to lower the rate of false judicial decisions, and to increase the extent to which judges' decisions cover reality.

15

Trauma Drama: Victims’ Traumatic Memories in Kay Adshead’s the Bogus Woman (2001) and Timberlake Wertenbaker’s Credible Witness (2001).

75%

Klein H.

Gender Studies

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2012

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vol. 11

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issue Supplement

62-73

EN

In our contemporary society there exists a fascination with trauma and testimony. Thus, my paper looks at traumatised protagonists in the above-mentioned plays that testify to the manifold victimization of asylum seekers. First they were tortured and persecuted in their home countries, and then subjected to new traumatic humiliation in prison-like detention centres in Great Britain. Both plays assume a political position by appealing to the individual conscience of the audience who, through the characters’ outrageous narration, become witnesses to appalling violations of human rights.

16

Kobiety w łagrach

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Czerska T.

Annales Neophilologiarum

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2011

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issue 5

59-74

EN

The essay is devoted to Polish literature about the sovietic camps, with a particular focus on the testimonies written by women. The borderline situations and its contemporary representations in the works of Polish writers are analyzed through the categories of feminist discourses. The paper is an attempt to discuss concepts that are crucial for the study: gender, body, sex, sexuality. Finally, the main focus centers on the value of the degraded and captive body and the recognition of gender’s roles in literary testimonies from “not-human world”.

PL

W ostatnich latach pojawiają się wznowienia oraz nowe relacje z łagrów i zesłania w głąb ZSRR autorstwa kobiet. W dotychczasowych licznych omówieniach tego nurtu nie brano pod uwagę perspektywy gender/women studies. Dlatego warto odświeżyć lekturę tych utworów i zadać pytania, których im do tej pory nie stawiano. Szkic poświęcony jest analizie wspomnień Barbary Skargi Po wyzwoleniu… (1944–1956), odwołuje się też do innych tekstów poświęconych łagrom i zesłaniu autorstwa kobiet. Barbara Skarga nie pomija tzw. wstydliwych aspektów życia w łagrze. Werystyczne relacje kobiet w porównaniu z męskimi nie poszukują uniwersalnych paraboli, ale bardziej koncentrują się na fizycznych aspektach egzystencji. Ciało okazuje się jedynym możliwym językiem oporu wobec zideologizowanego języka dyskursu publicznego. W świecie totalitarnego reżimu aktywność seksualna jest jednym z niewielu obszarów niepodlegających indoktrynacji. Dla ideologii rodzina, jakakolwiek więź, która sytuuje jednostkę poza kolektywem, była zagrożeniem. Rozdzielenie więźnia z najbliższymi, pozbawienie go możliwości kontaktu stanowiło nie tyle karę, ile mieściło się w ramach pedagogiki systemu. Kobiece relacje utrwalają przykłady działań zmierzających ku temu, aby nie poddać się presji łagiernej rzeczywistości. Zabiegi higieniczne, dbałość o odzież i bieliznę są koniecznością, ale i próbą ratowania poczucia własnej godności, a równocześnie przejawem troski o zachowanie zewnętrznych wyznaczników płci.

17

A human being after Auschwitz and Gulag or How to Interrogate about a Human Being

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Smirnov S.

Our Europe. Ethnography – Ethnology – Anthropology of Culture

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2015

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issue Vol. 4

95-108

EN

The paper focuses on possibility and problematicity of modern interrogation about a human being. Problematicity emerges as a man is put in a situation called “after Auschwitz”, which is described with the categories of irreducibility (irreducibility of experience, means of self-determination). It is shown that the cultural form of representing such ultimate experience is testimony, which itself problematizes after Auschwitz. Precedents of such testimonies are described with examples of the works by Primo Levi and Varlam Shalamov. The author reveals the principal difference in the answers given by witnesses and the answers offered by interpreters such as contemporary philosophers. An attempt is made to substantiate that the modern experience of philosophizing about a human being – the modern anthropology – has to reject traditional efforts to determine a human being as “thing existent” or find some determinant essence. It is due to the situation “after Auschwitz” that questions all previous methods of human thinking. Moreover, a modern person increasingly chooses the so-called withdrawal scenario for a human being, rejection of actual social life in favour of imitating life and generating simulacrums, withdrawal to the virtual reality. The author takes a provocative example of Jean Baudrillard, who showed that the entire contemporary creative work of human beings is reduced to generating simulacrums – empty, meaningless signs. The latter becomes a popular trend obtaining a mass character. In response to this withdrawal trend the author proposes a different scenario: an anthropological alternative in the form of anthropological practices of self-determination and testimonies about such anthropological practices.

18

Choroba psychiczna a świadek w procesie karnym (wybrane problemy na styku prawa i medycyny)

75%

Jagiełło D.

Nowa kodyfikacja prawa karnego

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2020

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vol. 55

51-62

EN

The content of the article aims to outline the basic problems that can be seen at the intersection of law and medicine, and relating to people with mental illness. In criminal proceedings there are a number of witnesses, including those affected by illness. It should not be forgotten that they are the same witnesses as those who do not manifest such conditions, but special care should be taken towards them mainly in terms of the credibility of the testimonies given, as well as their current psychophysical condition. The testimony of mentally ill witnesses cannot be fully overlooked, but every situation should always be analyzed in concreto. Extreme caution and insight must be exercised when considering the suitability of such evidence by a trial body, while respecting it within the limits of the free assessment of evidence.

19

ON THE PROBLEM OF SELF-POSITIONING AND POSITIONING OF THE OTHER IN VLADIMR VERTLIB NOVEL VIKTOR HILFT

75%

Ławnikowska-Koper J.

Studia Germanica Posnaniensia

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2019

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issue 40

163-176

EN

By his novel Viktor hilft (2018), Vladimir Vertlib definitely confirms his place in literature: his meta-narrative invariably constitutes the experience of migration perceived in cultural and anthropological way. It implies a specific, individual experience of the presence and giving the testimony. In this context, it is essential to examine, making use of Wendy Hollowey’s socio-linguistic concept of positioning (Hollowey 1984), how the narrator presents himself and the others in the text. Assuming that the book has some autobiographical features, the Viktor Levin’s character is being analysed as Viktor Vertlib’s alter ego in order to examine how the hybrid like subject places himself and the others in the literature and life. The analysis of Viktor hilft is carried out as a narrator’s selfpresentation and presentation of other characters, which allows you to confirm the thesis that the place of Vladimir Vertlib as a writer with “hybrid culture experience” (Previsič 2012: 50) and as an exophonic writer is the “Third Space” (Bhabha 1994/2000).

DE

Mit dem Roman Viktor hilft (2018) bestätigt Vladimir Vertlib mehrfach seine literarische Verortung: sein Meta-Narrativ bleibt nach wie vor eine kulturanthropologisch fokussierte Migrations-erfahrung. Diese impliziert eine punktuelle Erfahrung der Zeitgenossenschaft und der Zeugenschaft und in eben diesem Zusammenhang wird untersucht, wie sich die Erzählinstanz im Text selbst- und fremdpositioniert, wozu das sozio-linguistische Konzept der Positionierung von Wendy Hollowey wichtige Impulse liefert (Hollowey 1984). Bei der Annahme des autobiographischen Ansatzes des Romans wird am Beispiel von Viktor Levin als Alter Ego Vertlibs die Positionierung eines hybriden Subjekts in Literatur und Leben eruiert, gemäß der These: Aufgrund der Selbst- und Fremdpositionierung der Erzählinstanz im Roman Viktor hilft ist Vladimir Vertlib als Autor mit einem „hybriden- kulturellen Hintergrund“ (Previsič 2012: 50) und damit als ein exophoner Autor im „Dritten Raum“ (Bhabha 1994/2000) zu verorten.

20

Contemplation: If It Makes for Peace, Why Not for Christian Witness Too?

75%

Tarasiewicz P.

Studia Gilsoniana

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2017

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vol. 6

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issue 1

85-96

EN

The author attempts to answer the following question: Why does Christian witness need contemplation? He claims that Christian witness needs contemplation, because contemplation reveals the truth about the nature of reality; it is this truth which is one of the factors that constitute the foundation of Christian faith. In a sense, contemplation is analogical to mysticism: as mystical visions make Christian belief grounded on the immediate experience of (meeting with) the Truth, so the contemplation of the creatures makes Christian belief based on the indirect experience of the Truth (i.e., the meeting with the traces left by the Creator in the world).

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