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EN
During the period of partitions, eastern Greater Poland was in a special situation. It was doubly a linguistic periphery, both with regard to the rest of the region and to the major centres of cultural life (Cracow and Warsaw). In the 19th c., the principle “we speak as we write, and we write as we speak” was in wide use, meaning that the manuscripts from those times can be used to analyze the non-normalized language. Based on this assumption, the article discusses acts of civil status from the year 1821 from Golina and Kawnice (Konin municipality).
EN
Edward Blyth was born on 23 December 1810. When he was a young man he took an interest with the zoology which became his life's passion. As a young naturalist he was a conscientious observer of nature and a man gifted with a superb memory. Unfortunately his career was not successful in London because of a conflict with the younger of the Gray brothers. Facing the prospect of no employment in The British Museum, Blyth decided to leave England for Calcutta where he was offered a post of a museum curator. The English naturalist spent in India in the years 1841 to 1862. During that time he greatly enriched the zoological collection of the museum and consequently the place had much more visitors. Regarding his private life he got married in 1854 to Elisabeth Mary Turner Hodges. Undoubtedly the next four year were the happiest in Blyth's life. After his wife's death Blyth's health condition deteriorated. The ongoing conflicts he kept having while the first stay in India and constant struggle to improve his financial status made him decide to return to England. Blyth left India in 1862. After coming back to his homeland he continued the naturalistic passion. Nevertheless Blyth was constantly troubled by his financial problems. Also, his health, both mental and physical, systematically deteriorated. Finally the death came on 27 December 1873, in London. Blyth tried in vain to gain the recognition and join the scientific establishment of the 19th century England. Constant lack of satisfactory income and often problems with health prevented the ornithologist to be fully devote to his passion. The aim of this article is to highlight some of the most important and interesting events of Blyth’s life. Moreover, another objective is to popularise Blyth and his work since he was one of the greatest naturalists of his time.
EN
A deep transformation of Austrian society, and consequently that of the aristocratic community occurred during the reign of Franz Joseph I. They lost their role as mediator between the Monarch and his subjects, i.e. their nobility rights, serfdom was also abolished. The aristocratic title as such was, however, preserved and the granting of it continued to be an important means of creating a group of inhabitants loyal to the sovereign and the state. This study interprets in detail the reasons for the change of Austrian aristocratic society after 1848 and the consequences of this situation for both the aristocratic community and the monarchy as a whole.
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A short introduction to a special issue of Theoretical Practice , entitled “Early Socialism and the Future.”
EN
During the period of partitions, eastern Greater Poland was in a special situation. It was doubly a linguistic periphery, both with regard to the rest of the region and to the major centres of cultural life (Cracow and Warsaw). In the 19th c., the principle “we speak as we write, and we write as we speak” was in wide use, meaning that the manuscripts from those times can be used to analyze the non-normalized language. Based on this assumption, the article discusses acts of civil status from the year 1821 from Golina and Kawnice (Konin municipality).
EN
The removal (Schub), i.e. the enforced transportation of people to their "official home", is today a forgotten process which existed in the Habsburg monarchy from the mid-18th century and was adopted by both the First Austrian Republic and First Czechoslovak Republic. This study analyses removal using legal-historical analyses and a micro-historical approach. An analysis of the legal rulings surroundig removal shows an ever greater centralization of the removal agenda and, a the same time, the decentralization of removal costs. The micro-historical approach presents a view of an ordinary day in a Moravian village in 1828, which lay on the main removal route. This study attempts to show how communities were put under pressure by removal, which regularly and over the long term drained human resources and was a source of conflict in the rural communities.
EN
Tadeusz Bulharyn (1789–1859), of Polish origin, was an offi cer in the Russian army and the French army, and at the same time one of the best-known writers in Russia during the fi rst half of the 19th century. He was a co-owner and the main editor of the daily Северная пчела [English: The Bee of the North] as well as the editor of a few other periodicals. In 1828 Bulharyn bought the Karłowo [Russian: Карлово] estate near Dorpat [Estonian: Tartu], where he moved with his family four years later. He lived in Livonia for almost 30 years. He described the region in his articles,sharinghis knowledge of the area throughout Russia. Bulharyn was impressed by the quiet and academic ambience of Dorpat. He also liked the town’s geographical location and communication system with Saint Petersburg. He praised the university of Dorpat, which he considered to be a model for other universities in the Russian Empire; Estonians and Latvians, whose customs were little known among Russian readers, also absorbed his attention. Bulharyn contributed to the cultural development of Livonia. He owned one of the biggest libraries in Livonia; he informed Livonians about the most important events, invited outstanding artists and urged the authorities to open new cultural institutions.
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PL
Artykuł ukazuje postrzeganie gwary ludowej w XIX wieku w czterech perspektywach. Omawia rozwój badań naukowych nad gwarami, zapoczątkowanych przez etnografów i kontynuowanych przez dialektologów. Pokazuje sposoby wykorzystania gwar ludowych w literaturze, wyodrębnia funkcje, jakie pełni mowa ludowa w dziele literackim. Na podstawie najważniejszych słowników dziewiętnastowiecznych ustala relacje między leksyką gwarową a ogólną. Analizując zasób rejestrowanej leksyki nacechowanej terytorialnie i sposób jej kwalifikowania, zmierza do rekonstrukcji świadomości językowej dziewiętnastowiecznych słownikarzy. Na podstawie poradników językowych ustala stosunek ówczesnej normy poprawnościowej do form gwarowych.
EN
The article presents the perception of folk dialect in the 19th century in four perspectives. Research into dialects initiated by ethnographers and, continued by dialectologists are discussed in the article. The article also shows how the dialects have been used in literature. It extracts the features of folk speech in literature. On the basis of the most important nineteenth-century dictionaries the author indicates the relationship between dialect and general lexis. Through the analysis of registered territorial lexes and how it is qualified, the article aims to reconstruct the linguistic consciousness of the 19th century dictionariy writers. On the basis of language guides the article shows the ratio of contemporary standards of correctness to folk dialect word forms.
EN
"The Domestic Notes" by Bishop Maciej Wołonczewski (Motiejus Valančius) as a contribution to the knowledge of the social and linguistic situation on the territory of the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania under the rule of the tsarsThe article introduces the interesting, albeit controversial, figure of Maciej Wołonczewski (Motiejus Valančius), an important member of the nineteenth-century clergy, and his Polish-language legacy. The bishop of Samogitia’s "Domestic Notes" document persecutions of the Catholic Church in Lithuania after the November and January Uprisings at the hands of Russian Tzarist authorities, and reflect the state of Polish language and its social functions in this historical period.Valančius’ manuscripts, published in the volume edited by the historians Aldona Prašmantaitė and Jan Jurkiewicz [Motiejus Valančius, Namų užrašai (The Domestic Notes), Vilnius: Baltos Lankos, 2003], were subjected to the far-reaching standardization of spelling, thus they are not a reliable source for a linguistic research. A linguist, who would make the effort of describing the Polish language of the author, should therefore locate and take advantage the original sources, dispersed in various archives in Vilnius. "Домашние записки" епископа Матвея Волончевского. К вопросу о социальной и языковой обстановке на территории бывшего Великого княжества Литовского во время царского правленияСтатья приближает интересную, но спорную, личность священника XIX-го века и его письменное наследие на польском языке. Заметки епископа Матвея Волончевского документируют репрессии, применяемые царским правительством по отношению к Католической церкви в Литве после восстаний против царской власти, и – одновременно – отражают состояние тогдашнего польского языка и его общественные функции. Изданные в научной разработке историков: Альдоны Прашмантайте и Яна Юркевича рукописи Волончевского [Motiejus Valančius, Namų užrašai (Домашние заметки), Vilnius: Baltos lankos, 2003] сильно кодифицированы и не могут быть достоверным источником лингвистических исследований. Лингвист, который захочет изучить польский язык жемайтского автора, будет вынужден работать с подлинниками, разбросанными по разным вильнюсским архивным фондам.
Praktyka Teoretyczna
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2017
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vol. 23
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issue 1
160-194
EN
This article tackles the conceptualisation of the working class amongst the Polish left from the period of the establishment of the Polish Democratic Society (1832) until the convention in Paris, which resulted in the creation of the Polish Socialist Party (1892). The first part of the article concerns the period between 1832-1846. It analyses the first uses of concepts such as “proletarjat” in the Polish political language. It presents a reflective way of transferring political concepts from French. The second part of the article (1846-1878) tackles the slowdown in the process of adaptation of new concepts referring to the working class and looks at generational transformations among Polish left-wing circles. The third part of the article describes the period 1878-1892. Its aim is to show that only in the last decades of the 19th century could one speak of conceptual changes resulting from common Polish experiences. Workers in this last period were pictured as victims of capitalism, yet simultaneously as a class capable of destroying the very same capitalism.
PL
Autor bada sposoby konceptualizacji klasy robotniczej w kręgach polskiej lewicy od powstania Towarzystwa Demokratycznego Polskiego (1832) aż do zjazdu paryskiego, w efekcie którego utworzono Polską Partię Socjalistyczną (1892). Pierwsza część artykułu poświęcona jest okresowi 1832–1846. Zawiera ona analizę pierwszych użyć pojęć takich jak „proletarjat” w polskim języku politycznym, a także ukazuje refleksyjny charakter transferu pojęć politycznych z języka francuskiego. W drugiej części tekstu (1846–1878) z jednej strony podejmowana jest problematyka spowolnienia procesu adaptacji nowych pojęć odnoszących się do klasy robotniczej, z drugiej zaś strony – pokazana zostaje zmiana pokoleniowa zachodzącą w kręgach polskiej lewicy. W trzeciej części omówione są lata 1878–1892. Jej celem jest wskazanie, że dopiero w przypadku schyłku dziewiętnastego wieku można mówić o sytuacji, w której zmiany pojęciowe były rezultatem sumowania doświadczeń polskiej wspólnoty. Robotnicy w tym ostatnim okresie ukazywani byli jako ofiary kapitalizmu, ale także jako ta klasa, która ów system obali.
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Przyszłość kobiet

71%
Praktyka Teoretyczna
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2018
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vol. 29
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issue 3
17-29
EN
This is the first Polish translation of Jan Czyński’s 1841 brochure, Avenir des femmes, an important text that was re-published three times in France and also translated into Spanish before the end of the 19th century. Czyński, an ardent Polish supporter of Charles Fourier’s ideas, reflected on the contemporary situation of women and how to improve it. The organization of labor into phalansteries was his first and foremost solution to the then existing flaws in society. Translation, introduction: Piotr Kuligowski
PL
Jest to pierwsze polskojęzyczne tłumaczenie broszury Jana Czyńskiego Avenir des femmes, wydanej po raz pierwszy w 1841 roku. W wieku dziewiętnastym tekst ten był łącznie trzykrotnie publikowany we Francji, doczekał się wtedy również tłumaczenia na hiszpański. Czyński był gorącym zwolennikiem i propagatorem idei Charlesa Fouriera. W tej broszurze rozwinął on swe refleksje na temat sytuacji kobiet, poszukując możliwych sposobów poprawy ich położenia. Podstawowym rozwiązaniem ich problemów, wynikających z wad ówczesnego społeczeństwa, była wedle niego ustanowienie nowej organizacji pracy poprzez tworzenie falansterów.   Tłumaczenie, wstęp: Piotr Kuligowski
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Cabet i Ikaryjczycy (1892)

71%
Praktyka Teoretyczna
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2018
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vol. 29
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issue 3
98-117
EN
The first Polish translation of two from a total of seven sections of Aleksander Hołyński’s memoirs, Cabet and the Icarians. The material is particularly noteworthy because it is based on the author’s personal sojourn in an Icarian colony in Nauvoo, taken while he was traveling across America. A series of Hołyński’s articles about the colony was published in the French journal La Revue socialiste in 1891-1892.
PL
Jest to pierwsze polskojęzyczne tłumaczenie dwóch z łącznie siedmiu części cyklu wspomnień Aleksandra Hołyńskiego o Cabecie i Ikaryjczykach. Zasługują one na szczególną uwagę, ponieważ bazują na osobistych doświadczeniach autora, który podczas swych podróży po Ameryce przebywał w kolonii ikaryjskiej w Nauvoo. Wspomniany cykl tekstów był publikowany w latach 1891-1892 na łamach pisma La Revue socialiste. Tłumaczenie: PIOTR KULIGOWSKI
EN
Newspapers and calendars from 1884–1939 contain forgotten works of Michal Kayka. *** ["Lecz niestety drogi człecze"] published in "Nowiny Szląskie" (1886, issue 41) is one of them. It reminds the reader of the last judgment that await every man. God sees everything and writes it all down in a "book". The poem was also Kayka's reaction to the thievery of sheep, which happened in Ogródek village. The article is about Masurian poet's first attempts at his craft, and his struggles towards popularizing his own works at the beginning of his artistic career.
EN
The brotherhood movement was born in the Church in the 4th century. Brotherhoods were  attached to churches and monasteries, and their aim was to strengthen the devotion among the faithful through the implementation of the devotional objectives as well as social and charitable activities. In Poland religious brotherhoods emerged in the 13th century and evolved over the centuries. They flourished in the 17th and 18th centuries in most parishes. In the region of Lublin they appeared in the late 14th century. In Lublin in the 19th century, there were 14 religious brotherhoods. They included a great number of the city residents, taking care of strengthening their piety and morality. Patriotism and religiousness nurtured by the members of religious associations were often not approved of by the authorities of the partitioners, which often resorted to different kinds of repression, including the liquidation of many brotherhoods. In the years 1875-1876, as a result of the Government's order, two brotherhoods were liquidated: the Brotherhoods of the Heart of Jesus and the Holy Name of Mary, and also the association of the penitents attached to the Brotherhood of the Rosary. Despite this repression, the citizens of Lublin were strongly connected with the brotherhood movement, effectively opposing secularism and taking care of their identity as well as values such as love of God and their own country.
EN
The article presents the documents found in the National Archive of the Odessa District. The documents concern a network of Catholic parishes and religious life. Several fonds contain archival materials referring to churches built in Odessa and clergy encouraged to work among the German settlers, and registry books of some parishes. The last ones are a valuable source for determining social origin and the countries from which the settlers arrived. Some of the materials also concern relations with the Orthodox Church, which has a dominant position in the Russian Empire. Archival materials fill in the gaps in already known sources and publications on Catholic parishes on the south coast of the Black Sea.
PL
Przedmiotem badań jest ukazanie koncepcji opisu dialektów polskich przez geografa i znanego pisarza Wincentego Pola (1807-1872). Badacz wydzielił i opisał osiem dialektów polskich funkcjonujących na terytorium Polski przedrozbiorowej. Do prezentacji dialektów zastosował kryterium geograficzne, językowe i historyczne związane z osadnictwem ludności.Praca Pola o dialektach pozwala zaliczyć go do prekursorów dialektologii polskiej.
EN
The paper presents the way of describing Polish dialects by a geographer and a famous writer Vincent Pol (1807-1872). The scholar isolated and described eight Polish dialects in use on the territory of pre-partition Poland. He employed a geographical, linguistic and historical criterion related to human settlements in order to present the dialects. Pol’s work enables him to be classified as a precursor of Polish dialectology.
EN
This article deals with the foundations for the poor set up by Prague Jewish middle classes in the second half of the 19th century. This group of citizens was rather often involved in interconfessional foundations destined to benefit both the Jews and the Christians alike. In terms of their concept, the foundations were based on the social self-interpretation of their Jewish patrons. Until the last third of the 19th century, i.e. their emancipation in 1867, they understood themselves as separate from the majority society as it was stipulated by law. Thus, the Jewish patrons were primarily concerned with the social categories of “Jewish” versus “non-Jewish” which were to be balanced in their equal foundations. As a result, the nationality question, which evolved into its most virulent form towards the end of the 19th century, did not, in fact, play any role in the foundations for the poor existing at that time.
PL
Historykowi zajmującemu się badaniem przeszłości Mazowsza Północno- Wschodniego w XIX i XX wieku niezbędne są pozostałości aktowe władz i instytucji, których funkcjonowanie jest efektem zmieniającej się przynależności administracyjnej tych obszarów. Zachowały się one w bardzo różnym stopniu i znajdują się w różnych archiwach. Dla dziejów tych ziem w wieku XIX najwięcej źródeł przechowywanych jest w AGAD-zie. Są to zespoły związane z działalnością organów władzy rożnego szczebla z okresu Księstwa Warszawskiego i Królestwa Polskiego. Początek XX wieku to lata wojny oraz odbudowy państwa polskiego. Z tego okresu zachowały się akta władz okupacyjnych oraz zespoły wytworzone przez tworzone instytucje polskie. Znajdują się one przede wszystkim w AAN oraz archiwach państwowych na terenie Mazowsza. Podobnie jest w przypadku akt z lat okupacji hitlerowskiej. Otwartym zagadnieniem jest badanie dziejów Mazowsza Północno-Wschodniego w okresie powojennym, do którego archiwalia znajdują się w archiwach państwowych. Niniejsze opracowanie ma pomóc w poszukiwaniach źródeł do opracowania historii Mazowsza Północno-Wschodniego.
EN
For a historian examining the history of North-Eastern Mazovia in the 19th and 20th centuries, essential will be the records remains of the authorities and institutions, whose functioning is the effect of a changing administrative affiliation of those areas. They preserved in various conditions and are kept in different archives. For the history of those lands in the 19th century, the majority of records are kept in AGAD. These are the fonds related to the activity of the authorities of different level from the period of the Duchy of Warsaw and the Kingdom of Poland. The early 20th century is the time of war and restoring Poland. From that period, the records of the occupant’s authorities preserved as well as the fonds created by the established Polish institutions. They are kept mainly in AAN and in state archives in the area of Mazovia, similarly to the records from the period of th Nazi occupation. Open is the issue of researching the history of North-Eastern Mazovia in the post-war period, for which the archival materials are kept in national archives. The aim of the present dissertation is to help in the search of sources for developing the history of North-Eastern Mazovia.
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Zapiski Historyczne
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2018
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vol. 83
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issue 3
117-141
EN
The article concerns Wojciech Kętrzyński (1838–1918), the long-term director of the Ossoliński National Institute in Lviv. He was above all an outstanding historian, a passionate researcher with great methodological background. For the contemporaries, he was undoubtedly a scientific authority, an expert in the Polish Middle Ages, Prussian lands, genealogy and diplomacy, and a publisher of historical sources. Less known are his other merits in the field of research, such as interest in the history of law. There is no doubt that they remained beyond his main scientific interests; nevertheless one may say that Kętrzyński was also a researcher in the history of law. It should also be noted that he received a good education in this respect during his studies in Königsberg, especially in the field of Roman law and German law. Mostly, his research concerned the history of law in the Prussian lands and the original socio-legal system of Polish lands. It should be emphasized, however, that in these disciplines Kętrzyński usually limited himself to searching for sources of law and the system, their analysis and explanation. He rarely made detailed analytical or wider synthetic conclusions. He kept up to date with the historical and legal literature; he also maintained intense contacts with the entourage of Polish and foreign (German-speaking) scholars dealing with the history of law. Kętrzyński’s findings were scarcely maintained, but they undoubtedly constituted a step forward in the development of historical and legal sciences. The source publications and possibly their translations remain valid, as do numerous extracts from archival sources, which are nowadays partly missing.
DE
Der Artikel behandelt Wojciech Kętrzyński (1838–1918), den langjährigen Direktor des Nationalen Ossoliński-Instituts in Lemberg. Er war vor allem ein bedeutender Historiker, ein Forscher mit Leidenschaft und ausgezeichneter handwerklicher Vorbereitung. Für sein Zeitgenossen war er ein unanfechtbare wissenschaftliche Autorität, ein Kenner des polnischen Mittelalters, der preußischen Gebiete, der Genealogie und Diplomatik sowie ein Herausgeber von historischen Quellen. Weniger bekannt sind seine anderern Verdienste auf dem Feld der Froschung wie zum Beispiel das Interesse für Rechtsgeschichte. Ohne Zweifel nahmen sie gegenüber seinen wissenschaftlichen Hauptinteressen nur eine Nebenrolle ein, dennoch kann man die Aussage wagen, dass Kętrzyński auch ein Erforscher der Rechtsgeschichte war. Es sollte auch gesagt werden, dass er in diesem Bereich bereits während seiner Studien in Königsberg eine solide Ausbildung erhalten hatte, vor allem im römischen und deutschen Recht. Seine Forschungen betrafen hauptsächlich die Geschichte des Rechts in preußischen Landen und die ursprüngliche sozial-rechtliche Ordnung in den polnischen Gebieten. Es ist jedoch zu betonen, dass Kętrzyński sich in diesen Disziplinen normalerweise mit der Suche nach den Quellen des Rechts und der Ordnung, ihrer Besprechung und Übersetzung begnügte. Seltener bemühte er sich um besondere analytische oder um breitere synthetische Schlussfolgerungen. Er verfolgte ständig die historisch-juristische Literatur und unterhielt auch intensive Kontakte mit den Kreisen polnischer und ausländischer (deutschsprachiger) Gelehrter, die sich mit Rechtsgeschichte befassten. Von den Befunden Kętrzyńskis hat sich nicht viel gehalten, doch ohne Zweifel stellten sie einen Schritt nach vorn in der Entwicklung der historisch-juristischen Wissenschaften dar. Aktuell bleiben die Quellenausgaben und eventuell ihre Übersetzungen sowie die zahlreichen Exzerpte aus archivalischen Quellen, die heute zu Teil verloren sind.
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