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Russian comprehensive approach toward Arctic Race

100%
ŚLIWA Z.
Security Dimensions: International & National Studies
|
2014
|
vol. 12(12)
212-234
EN
Arctic has lately slipped slightly from the radar of the International Community as a consequence of the Ukrainian, economic austerity, Ebola spread and also combating radicals like Islamic State. Even global warming is not major topic of news. In spite of this, the Arctic race is ongoing involving all the nations interested in that region considering future profits connected with resources, shipping routes and fishery. Among them Russia is currently a key player in many domains especially as it is treating Arctic very seriously and has already invested into grounding national position there. Present-day peaceful cooperation is very promising but growing military presence in Arctic, especially Russian build-up, is causing more and more concerns about the future. The paper is discussing major reasons of the Arctic race, depicting briefly legal aspects e.g. UNCLOS, international organizations like the Arctic Council and also role of actors there. International disputes are also mentioned especially those related to the Russian Federation, being major player there. The main focus is on Russian interests, economy related competition and also military developments to support national interests. The Western sanctions are negatively influencing exploration of natural resources making Moscow nervous and the country must be treated very seriously to avoid creating new “Cold War” type icy relations and confrontation.
2
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Human Security of the Indigenous Peoples in the Arctic. The Sami Case

88%
Szpak A.
International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal
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2017
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vol. 20
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issue 1
75-96
EN
For many years, indigenous peoples, their rights, culture and identity have been neglected. This depressing statement also refers to the Sami who reside in the Arctic. This paper presents the understanding of the term “indigenous peoples” and a number of their rights, including the right to selfdetermination. Their implementation is necessary for human security as they empower indigenous peoples to make decisions in matters that affect them. The author examines the concept of human security and the threats to this security in the Arctic in particular to the Sami as well as the most important provisions in international legal documents regarding the rights of indigenous peoples which include references to human security.
3

Participation of the Northern Indigenous Peoples in the Management of the Russian Arctic Territories and Its Legal Protection

88%
Gladun E., Chebotarev G.
NISPAcee Journal of Public Administration and Policy
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2015
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vol. 8
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issue 1
111-133
EN
The paper is an overview of the participation of the northern indigenous peoples in the public management of the Arctic territories in Russia. Different forms of participation are described, and most attention is paid to the co-management of the governments and the indigenous peoples when their mutual aim is protecting the Arctic and its natural landscapes in the period of extensive industrial development. The principle objective of the paper is to analyze the international and national legal regulations and to show some effective legal mechanisms through which participation can be developed in Russia. The authors study definitions of participation, the main international principles of participation and give a deep analysis of the legislation of the Russian Federation, which provides the framework for indigenous participation. Much attention is paid to the legislation of the federative regions of Russia which are inhabited by the northern indigenous peoples. Mostly the authors study the example of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Area, the Arctic area of Russia with the biggest gas reserves, inhabited by the Nenets. The first conclusion made in the paper is that the Arctic countries must not only prioritize the exploitation of rich Arctic resources, but also be aware that the Arctic is primarily the home and the area of the traditional lifestyle and occupations of the northern indigenous peoples who have lived there for a long time. The northern indigenous peoples are interested in cooperation with the governments according to their traditional values and knowledge; they want to be involved in the decision-making process and management of their territories and resources. The second conclusion is that a patchwork of federal laws regulating indigenous issues in Russia does not grant any special rights that let the northern indigenous peoples participate in the decision-making process concerning the lands and resources in the Arctic areas. The federal government mostly implements the concept of paternalism but not the concept of participation. The federative regions in their regulations provide considerably more opportunities for participation. However, the regions are quite restricted by the federal legislation. The regulations are fragmentary on both the federal and the regional levels, there is no system of public authorities providing for consultation, cooperation, agreements and other forms of indigenous participation. Moreover, in Russia there is very little experience in the realization of the participation of the Arctic territories and resources. The third, and most important, conclusion is that participation in the management of the Arctic territories should become a new element of the Russian Arctic policy. From this perspective it is necessary to ratify and sign two international documents – Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention No. 169 and the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples – and to incorporate the basic principles of participation into the Russian federal legislation. Also it is vital to establish a specialized federal body on indigenous issues with a special focus on the northern indigenous peoples. Lastly, the legal and administrative capabilities of regions and local authorities should be increased, and the regional and local bodies should be vested with the power to involve indigenous peoples in the management of the northern territories.
4
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The Arctic: Numerous Interests and Multiple Players

88%
Czarny R. S.
Torun International Studies
|
2019
|
issue 12
125-142
EN
The article attempts to present what seems to be of critical importance to the planet in terms of the influence on the life of all of us, namely the current changes occurring in the Arctic, as well as tries to show how complex the issue is. The main theme is the climate, presented also in a historical perspective. The work will also present the interesting connection between the Arctic and the two Nobel Peace Prize winners: one of the year 2007, namely Albert Arnold "Al" Gore, Jr., and the other of the year 2010 to Liu Xiaobo of China, which brought us international tensions and affected Arctic deliberations as well. In addition, the work endeavors to describe briefly the role of the Arctic Council in responding to the problem and presents the countries vying for the participation in it, including their possible reasons for doing so. Through the example of China, a fairly new country with the permanent observer status in the Arctic Council, the author attempts to present the complexity of international relations and diversified interests of separate countries and organizations, as well as evaluates some potential developments in the Arctic geopolitical sphere.
5
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Historyczny wymiar rosyjskiej obecności w Arktyce. Przykład „Ziemi Sannikowa”

63%
kubiak k., czarny r.
Rocznik Bezpieczeństwa Międzynarodowego
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2015
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vol. 9
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issue 2
101-115
EN
Sannikov Land was one of the greatest myths of the Russian Arctic. Supposedly seen for the first time in the 13th century, it fascinated and attracted attention and the conviction of its existence translated into the organisation of expeditions. The biggest undertaking of this kind was the Eduard Toll’s expedition. It finished tragically for the explorer and did not clarify the doubts regarding the Sannikov Land. Only the systematic cartographic activity carried out by the Soviets, supported once by the expedition of a German zeppelin, made them disappear. Despite the fact that the Sannikov Land does not exist in the real geographical space it has a permanent place in the mass culture through books, films and computer games.
PL
Ziemia Sannikowa była jednym z największych mitów rosyjskiej Arktyki. Ujrzana jakoby po raz pierwszy w wieku XVIII, przez kilkaset lat fascynowała, przyciągała uwagę, a przeświadczenie o jej istnieniu przekładało się na organizowanie odkrywczych wypraw. Zakrojonym na największą skalę przedsięwzięciem tego rodzaju była wyprawa Eduarda Tolla. Zakończyła się ona tragicznie dla tego badacza, choć wątpliwości dotyczących Ziemii Sannikowa nie rozstrzygnęła. Te przestały istnieć dopiero w wyniku systematycznej działalności kartograficznej prowadzonej wysiłkiem sowieckim, jednorazowo wspartej ekspedycją niemieckiego sterowca. Mimo że w rzeczywistej przestrzeni geograficznej Ziemia Sannikowa nie istnieje, zdobyła sobie ona trwałe miejsce w kulturze masowej za sprawą książek, filmu i gier komputerowych.
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