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1
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Dwór Magnacki w Wielkim Księstwie Litewskim jako Regionalne Centrum Społeczne w drugiej połowie XVII w.

100%
Sawicki M.
Przegląd Wschodnioeuropejski
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2012
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vol. 3
13-27
EN
In the 17th century in Poland after moving the deciding centre to the province, magnate estate started to play greater role among the local society. The estate became a centre of life of the nobility living in its areas as well as in magnate’s barony. In the magnate estate the nobility recieved help in judicial matters, solving conflicts with neighbours and protection of private magnate army. The estate became the centre of social, economical, cultural and political life. Thanks to the influential intercession of the magnate it was possible to get a clerical promotion and supervision over sons and daughters in the magnate estate. Sons of the nobility could start their clerical or military career there, while daughters learned good manners. In the magnate estate the nobility recieved help in traiding and financial matters. Magnates were desired quests on noble weddings and christenings. The magnate estate was also a place where it was possible to get the latests information about country’s politics, new trends in art, literature and fashion. Without a doubt the magnate estate, like magnet attracted the nobility who counted on the benefits. It became the only avaible centre of social life in the area.
2
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Statuty Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego

100%
Bednarski Ł.
Przegląd Wschodnioeuropejski
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2012
|
vol. 3
29-40
EN
The abovementioned study titled “The Statutes of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania” outlines the issues concerning attempts to codify Lithuanian law in the age of Renaissance. In the beginning deals with the question of statutes functioning as three separate legal documents or only one divided into three parts. Further, short overview of selected European countries’ efforts to put their law systems in order is presented. Then 3 Statutes (one by one) are being described along with stating the main purpose of establishing them. The study also presents how the Lithuanian legal system has evolved, by indicating modifications in the matter of comprehending the idea of law itself and the issue of specifying and clarifying its regulations as well. Elaboration emphasizes the great importance of the most distinguished prominents of legal profession who were experts in both Roman and Canon law and the part they have taken in initiating and drafting the Statutes, which were indeed the masterpieces of legislation art. Statutes have become legal documents of greatest historic value. Finally, the influence of the Roman law on Statutes and impact of Lithuanian legal principles on neighbouring countries is briefly characterized. All facts are presented in chronological order.
3
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Сотенная организация в городах Великого княжества Литовского

88%
Волков Н.
Miscellanea Historico-Iuridica
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2022
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vol. 21
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issue 1
499-534
EN
Sotnya’s (hundreds) in the cities of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the early New Age are a unique phenomenon in which Belarusian historians see traditions of the ancient Rus. However, in the sources of the 15th–18th centuries there are no mentions of continuity with the urban tradition of the previous era, and the spread of hundreds and tens in the cities on the border of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was caused by the military confrontation with the Moscow State and the Crimean Khanate. They may have originated on the basis of local traditions of the organization of the infantry, which has its roots in times of ancient Rus, at the same time on their formation could have a significant influence the pattern of organization of the Polish infantry. Hundreds and tens remained of military importance until the middle of the 17th century, but from their appearance until the 18th century, they were equally effective fiscal and administrative units and influenced local government.
4

Jean Emmanuel Gilibert i Francuzi w Polsce i na Litwie w latach 1770-1780

88%
Beauvois D.
Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki
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2015
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vol. 60
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issue 1
7-16
EN
The author is trying to remind us of great role of French culture and French people in spreading the ideas of Enlightenment in Poland. Common use of French language in high societies in 18th century and excellent knowledge of books from Paris created favourite conditions for contacts of Poland with France. The best evidence of common culture of Enlightenment was the Commission of National Education (KEN) and the deep social changes. The direct contacts of French thinkers, writers and scientists with Poland also caused the changes of horizons of aristocracy and gentry. We will remind the main animators of this movement followed A. Jobert. J.E. Gilibert takes a very important place among the animators of Enlightenment. Author intends to present the phases of knowing him, generally mentioning the main conclusions of many research on Gilibert. At the same time author leaves to next speakers a detailed analyze of Gilbert’s contribution to the development of Polish science
5

The issue regarding “the reform of the union” of Lublin in Lithuanian policy in the period of three interregna following the death of king Sigismund Augustus (1572–1588)

88%
Kempa T.
Zapiski Historyczne
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2014
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vol. 79
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issue 4
53-88
PL
The Union of Lublin signed in 1569 between Poland and Lithuania created a kind of federation of two states ruled by one monarch elected by the szlachta from both states; moreover, both states had a common parliament and ran a common foreign and defence policy. The magnates, who played the key role in Lithuanian politics, unlike the Lithuanian szlachta – were not fully satisfied with the resolutions of the union of Lublin. Earlier they wanted to establish a less strict relationship with Poland, maintaining separate parliamentary systems. Nevertheless, King Sigismund Augustus’s support for the idea of a closer union, which was forced by the Poles, determined the shape of the new union. Additionally, in 1569 the Grand Duchy of Lithuania lost vast areas including the Kievan land, Volhynia, Bratslav land and Podlachia, which constituted over a third of the whole territory of the state. Lithuanian dignitaries found it extremely humiliating, for it was the king who fulfilled the demands of the Poles and incorporated the areas into Poland despite Lithuanian protests. After the death of Sigismund Augustus during the subsequent interregna (1572–1573, 1575–1576, 1586–1587) the leading Lithuanian magnates, particularly Mikołaj Radziwiłł ‘Rudy’ [‘the Red’] , Mikołaj Krzysztof Radziwiłł ‘Sierotka’ [‘the Orphan’] and Jan Chodkiewicz planned to regain the territories. They referred to the plan as the “reform of the union”. However, it turned out that they could not carry out the project without the support of the magnates and szlachta from the incorporated lands. The term the “reform of the union” also meant other changes that would secure the Grand Duchy of Lithuania a more equal position in the union with Poland. Few Lithuanian demands were fulfilled by the Polish party and the subsequent monarchs. Nevertheless, the confirmation of the new codification of Lithuanian law (III Statute) by King Sigismund III in 1588, which consolidated and, in some points, even extended the Lithuanian autonomy, was a momentous event for the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
6
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Pogranicze jako determinanta historii Białorusi. Uwagi na marginesie monografii Белорусы: нация пограничья

75%
Opacki Z.
Przegląd Wschodnioeuropejski
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2014
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vol. V/1
13-29
EN
In 2011 in Vilnius, there was a monograph published concerning the history of Belarusians as a borderland’s nation. The author of this article critically evaluates adopting the borderland’s perspective on the history of Belarus. The author criticizes especially the appropriateness of this perspective when Belarusian lands constituted a part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, as well as the unilateral recognition of the influence of Polish culture on Belarusian culture and its polonization. The author, however, emphasizes the importance and value of the part of the published monograph which concerns the period of the Belarusian land history as a part of the Russian Empire, in which the modem Belarusian national consciousness was being established. Moreover, the author points out the rather political than scientific nature of the undertaken discussion (discourse) in the published Belarusian history textbooks which are dedicated to the importance of the period of World War II in the Belarusian national consciousness.
7

Misja Benedykta Makraia w nowym ujęciu

75%
Szybkowski S.
Zapiski Historyczne
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2011
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vol. 76
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issue 2
95-110
XX
In this article the author evaluates and completes the monograph of Wiesław Sieradzan concerning the mission of Benedict Makrai in the years 1412–1413, who acted in the international conciliatory trial between Poland – Lithuania and the Teutonic State, in which the mediator was Roman and Hungarian King Sigismund of Luxembourg. The monograph would be more comprehensive if it contained chapters devoted to international conciliatory trials and the Polish-Lithuanian and the Teutonic intellectual background during the conduct of Benedict. It seems that the problem concerning the social background of Makrai’s family can be defined. The careers of his closest family members indicate that the owners of Gacsalkéri, from whom Makrai came, belonged at most to the more affluent Hungarian gentry. The monograph of Sieradzan fails to include some episodes concerning the Polish and Teutonic diplomatic contacts soon after the war of 1409–1411 ( the convention in Murzynno/ Grabie). Moreover, some persons involved in Benedict’s mission could be better identified. Another issue which should have been presented in a clearer manner is the origin of claims of West-Pomeranian dukes to Eastern Pomerania (the Kamień treaty of 1264 and the Słupsk treaty of 1287).
8

Przestrzeń Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego na mapie radziwiłłowskiej Tomasza Makowskiego z 1613 roku w świetle treści kartograficznej i opisowej

75%
Łuczyński J.
Zapiski Historyczne
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2013
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vol. 78
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issue 1
73-99
EN
The map of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania prepared by Tomasz Makowski in 1613 from the foundation of Duke Mikołaj Krzysztof Radziwiłł the Orphan (also called the Radziwiłł map) presents the Lithuanian state in its borders before 1569, and provides a rich compendium of information (not only geographical) about the country. The knowledge was transmitted in maps and in the textual information including a large text depicting Lithuania in its “new” borders aft er 1569. The map consists of two parts: the main map presenting the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the map of the course of the Dnieper with extensive information about rapids on the river and other curiosities. The woods are marked in a modest way on the map. Moreover, a reader is given comprehensive characteristics of the cultural landscape including also historical and ethnographic descriptions (Cossaks customs). On this map 1020 settlement points are marked. The map was prepared according to the standards of the time- the lands of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania were marked on the basis of measurements and local observations, while the neighbouring lands were presented as a result of a compilation of diff erent maps. In the description of Lithuania Tomasz Makowski presented the features of natural and cultural landscapes as well as the most important events and customs of Lithuania. The Radziwiłł map of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania for over 100 years was the most important source of information concerning the territory of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in Europe.
9

The representation of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the final stage of the seym of Lublin (June–August 1569)

75%
Padalinski (Падалінскі) U. У.
Zapiski Historyczne
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2014
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vol. 79
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issue 4
27-51
EN
The aim of the article is the analysis of the composition of the representation of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania at the last stage of the seym of Lublin in June–August 1569. Most envoys of the Grand Duchy belonged to the lower and middle szlachta. Envoys belonging to the titled or affluent szlachta constituted a minority. Voivodeships and counties in Lublin were normally represented by nobles connected with the land they represented, mostly of Ruthenian (Belarussian and Ukrainian) and Lithuanian origin. The percentage of envoys with Polish roots was relatively high – they had lived in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania for some time. Most envoys of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania were officials at the county level or nobles holding no offices. Many envoys were connected with the judicial system of the Grand Duchy. Let us underline that over half of the envoys had been associated with the hospodar’s court earlier. I think that it is an important evidence for the influence of Sigismund Augustus on the election and activity of representatives of the Grand Duchy in Lublin in the summer of 1569. At the same time, the data acquired show that almost two-thirds of envoys participated actively in the public life of the state. Many envoys enjoyed esteem and authority among the local szlachta – they tended to evince a high level of political culture and legal knowledge. About one-third of the envoys of the Grand Duchy for the seym of Lublin after 1569 achieved higher levels of the political career. Nevertheless, only four of them managed to enter the senate of the Rzeczpospolita.
10

Unia horodelska w historiografi i litewskiej

75%
Błaszczyk G.
Zapiski Historyczne
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2013
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vol. 78
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issue 3
59-65
EN
The article constitutes an analysis of the publication of Lithuanian historians from the years 1988–2009 and the hitherto unpublished Encyclopedia of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The Union of Horodlo was not the subject of separate research; it was incorporated into discursive writings on Polish-Lithuanian relations. Originally, it was presented in a traditional and ambiguous manner – underlining both the advantages and disadvantages of the union for Lithuania. The Union of Horodlo was properly presented in the academic synthesis of the history of Lithuanian up until 1795 written in 1998. However, the only fragment which expresses any reservations is the one which criticises the Polish-Lithuanian rapprochement, the result of which was the Union of Lublin in 1569, also perceived negatively. Other publications such as the syntheses of E. Gudavičius and M. Jučas generate considerable doubts due to the fact that the interpretation of facts is given priority over their presentation; moreover, the judgments presented in those books are biased. Recent years have welcomed important changes in contemporary Lithuanian historiography, an example of which is a multi-volume synthesis of the history of Lithuania (vol. 4 of 2009) and encyclopaedic entries to the previously mentioned Encyclopedia of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Th e works are based on the concept of the so called “compound monarchy” – the term of “the Crown of the Polish Kingdom” which is well known in Polish historiography. It explains contradictions on the acts of the Union of Horodlo between the act of incorporation of Lithuania into Poland and Lithuanian’s self-determination. Also new is a positive evaluation of the Union of Horodlo, which had been absent in Lithuanian historiography so far.
11

Influx of the “outside” nobility into Samogitia in the 16th century

75%
Saviščevas E.
Zapiski Historyczne
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2014
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vol. 79
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issue 4
5-26
EN
Recent studies of migration in Grand Duchy of Lithuania show the influx of foreign nobility into Samogitia in the second half of the 16th century. This article attempts to clarify the three so far unexplored, but very important, circumstances of this migration. 1. The role of Polish migration. There is no doubt that the Poles made up the majority of migrants. At that time Samogitians dissatisfaction was directed against both Polish and Ruthenian, German, Hungarian and Lithuanian (!) migrants. The migration of Lithuanians into Samogitia had not been investigated. It is, therefore, likely that the number of Polish migrants in the context of total migration is undeservedly exaggerated. 2. In the 16th century the movement of the noble from one region to another was not a matter of fact. This usually happened when the Ruler rewarded distinguished noblemen with land and peasants from his ducal domain. The domain of the Grand Duke in Samogitia was just recreated in the fourth decade of the 16th century. And only after that did the Ruler hand benefice. The study of the dynamics of benefices during the 16th century clarifies that land distribution for nobles of non-local origins sharply increased during the last years of Sigismund Augustus’ reign. In part this can be explained by the Ruler wishes to reward meritorious Rittmeister of Livonian War. 3. In addition to the Ruler’s benefice policy the Lithuanian magnates’ patronage had heavy influence on nobility migration too. In the middle of the 16th century Chodkiewicz family of Ruthenic origin established itself in Samogitia. The clientele of Hieronim Chodkiewicz was composed of the nobility of the Ruthenian and Polish origin who moved into Samogitia. The latter fact led to the displacement of the nobles of Samogitian origin from the region elite.
12

The necessity to reexamine the question of Lithuanian particularism during the reign of Sigismund III and Władysław IV

75%
Ambroziak T.
Zapiski Historyczne
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2014
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vol. 79
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issue 4
89-109
EN
The article includes the critical evaluation of the achievements of the research on Lithuanian particularism; the author puts forward a number of suggestions for looking at the problem during the reign of the first two Vasas in a new light. Detailed research should be carried out in order to prepare an exact definition of the phenomenon, its extent and the analysis of the characteristic features of Lithuanian particularism. An important aspect of the problem is comparative research which could reveal similarities and differences in the attitudes of the szlachta of the Crown and the Lithuanian szlachta and their attitude to the common state. The frequency and dynamics of the Polish-Lithuanian conflicts should also be examined, and the quantitative analysis of demands put forward by Lithuanian dietines ought to be conducted.
13
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Tłumaczenia biblijne w Wielkim księstwie Litewskim

75%
Kozhinowa A.
Język. Religia. Tożsamość
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2023
|
issue 1 (29)
191-206
PL
Artykuł poświęcony jest ogólnemu przedstawieniu tłumaczeń biblijnych stworzonych w XVI w.na terenie Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego; rozpatruje się w nim technikę translatorską oraz przyczyny różnic między tekstem oryginalnym i przetłumaczonym na inny język. Dokładność tłumaczenia może być zakłócona poprzez odmienne rozumienie tekstu z powodu różnic religijnych. W czasie stworzenia większości słowiańskich tłumaczeń biblijnych chrześcijańska egzegetyka zasadniczo różniła się zarówno od starożytnego rozumienia świętych tekstów, jak i od interpretacji przyjętej w tradycji rabinicznej. Również różnice intertekstualne mogą wynikać z różnic kulturowych, które nie mają nic wspólnego z systemem religijnym. Różnica między oryginałem a tłumaczeniem wynika z faktu, że nie wszyscy tłumacze byli równie utalentowanymi lingwistami, znali dobrze język oryginalny. Dlatego w strukturze tekstowej tłumaczenia możemy się spotkać z różnego rodzaju odchyleniami od treści i formy oryginału, aż po błędy językowe i merytoryczne.
EN
The article provides an overview of biblical translations created in the 16th century on the territory of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. In the article a specific translation technique and the reasons for the differences between the original and translated text are considered. A strong opposition to the accuracy of the translation is a different understanding of the text, due to differences in religion. By the time of the creation of most Slavic translations, Christian exegetics was fundamentally different both from the ancient understanding of sacred texts and from the interpretation adopted in the rabbinical tradition. Intertextual differences may be due to differences in culture that have nothing to do with the religious system. The difference between the original and the translation is due to the fact that not all translators were equally gifted linguists; they didn’t know the original language and the subject in question equally well. Therefore, in the textual structure of the translation, we can meet with various kinds of deviations from the essence and form of the original, up to language and substantial mistakes.
14
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Mariusz Robert Drozdowski, „My o nas i o innych. Szlachta Rzeczypospolitej wobec Kozaczyzny zaporoskiej w latach 1648–1659”, Instytut Badań nad Dziedzictwem Kulturowym Europy, Białystok 2015, ss. 480

63%
Chynczewska-Hennel T.
Studia Polsko-Ukraińskie
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2017
|
vol. 4
PL
The book discusses the attitude of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth nobility to the Cossack problem in the second half of the 17th century. The chronological framework of the work is the period between the outbreak of the Khmelnytsky uprising up to the ratification of the Hadiach union by the sejm of the Commonwealth. The choice of this period made it possible to thoroughly analyze one of the key research subjects of the work, i.e. the evolution of views and attitudes among the nobility regarding the Cossack issue, and the factors affecting this process In the beginning of the book, I mostly concentrate on the determination of the nobility’s views concerning the motives for Cossacks’ armed revolt against the Commonwealth, which substantially affected the evaluation of the character of the uprising. Chapter two presents the main projects of solving the Cossack problem promoted by the contemporary Commonwealth authorities. Chapter three includes a discussion on the nobility’s attitude to the Cossack problem in the 1650–1654 period. Chapter four presents the circumstances which led to the Union of Hadiach, and opinions on that union prevalent among the nobility. It also discusses the main problems connected with the ratification of ghat agreement at the 1659 sejm.
15

Unia horodelska. Skuteczny kompromis czy zarzewie przyszłych konfliktów?

63%
Nikodem J.
Zapiski Historyczne
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2013
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vol. 78
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issue 3
7-38
XX
The author shows causes which led to the Union of Horodlo and attempts to prove that it provided hope for reaching a compromise in Polish-Lithuanian relations. The promising union was adversely aff ected by actions undertaken by Vytautas (Polish: Witold Kiejstutowicz), Grand Duke of Lithuania, from 1420 in connection with the Wrocław verdict formulated by Sigismund of Luxembourg and the ambitions of the Lithuanians which stemmed from the Vytautas’ “political school”. The climax of Vytautas’ liberation plans, which weakened the Union of Horodlo and jeopardised the Lithuanian patrimony of Jagiełło, fell during the years 1429–1430. After the death of Vytautas, territorial conflicts concerning Volhynia and Podole became another tinderbox in Polish-Lithuanian relations. The author examines briefly the issue of the territorial status of the lands from the 14th century. What is more, the author puts forward a thesis that it was possible to establish mutual relations on the basis of new legal regulations of Horodlo and to avoid territorial conflicts. Only when Vytautas attempted to make Lithuania a kingdom did he start a new stage in Polish-Lithuanian relations, which sooner or later had to lead to the questioning of the incorporation the conditions of Horodlo. After the short rule of Švitrigaila, who was very critical of the Union of Horodlo, Sigismund Kiejstutowicz tried to bring the situation back to normal. Discussing the Polish-Lithuanian relations after 1440, the author notices that the Polish party attempted to work out a compromise over the conflict while the Lithuanians used force to introduce modifications in the legal provisions of the union of Horodlo. Finally, the author concludes that the Union of Horodlo could have become a bridge between the two nations. Nevertheless, both the dynastic attempts of Vytautas and the controversial policy of Casimir Jagiellon at the beginning.
16
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What Comes After the Nation? Possible Scenarios of Postnationalism in Central Eastern Europe (The Case of Lithuania)

63%
Savukynas V.
Limes. Cultural Regionalistics
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2008
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vol. 1
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issue 2
113-123
EN
The article analyses possible transformations of nationalism in contemporary Lithuania. The author argues that two forces influence the national identity. On the one hand, local identities have been strengthening. Currently, an attempt to revive / create a Samogitian identity based on certain political goals is rather visible in Lithuania. On the other hand, an opposite process can also be observed: it is a wish to revive a region corresponding to the boundaries of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The article concludes that due to globalization processes national identity receives pressure both from the "above" and "below", i.e. alternative identity models are being offered in relation to either local identities or regional identities covering several states.
LT
Apmąstomos galimos nacionalizmo transformacijos šiuolaikinėje Lietuvoje. Teigiama, kad Lietuvos tautinei tapatybei didžiausią įtaką turi du veiksniai. Viena vertus, vis stiprėjant vietinėms tapatybėms, pastebimos pastangos atkurti arba sukurti žemaičių tapatybę, kuri turėtų tvirtą politinį pagrindą. Kita vertus, pastebimas ir priešingas procesas: siekiama atkurti tą regioną, kuris atitiktų Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės ribas. Galiausiai straipsnio autorius prieina prie išvados, kad dėl tam tikrų globalizacijos procesų įtakos tautinė tapatybė patiria "spaudimą" tiek iš "viršaus", tiek ir iš "apačios", t. y. alternatyvūs jos tapatybės modeliai neišvengiamai susiejami arba su vietinėmis, arba su regioninėmis tapatybėmis, dėl to nunyksta joms būdingi saviti bruožai.
17

Wokół „Zwierciadła kroniki litewskiej” Macieja Stryjkowskiego

63%
Oszczęda A.
Pamiętnik Literacki
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2020
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vol. 111
|
issue 2
259-274
PL
Przedmiotem artykułu jest „Zwierciadło kroniki litewskiej”, nie znany dziś utwór Macieja Stryjkowskiego, który – wedle deklaracji autora – miał zostać opublikowany w 1577 roku. W szkicu przypomniano stan badań nad tekstem, a także przeanalizowano XVI-wieczne świadectwa potwierdzające fakt istnienia druku i informujące o jego cechach swoistych. Na tej podstawie i dzięki rozbiorowi składników tytułu dzieła autorka szkicu zrekonstruowała temat, gatunek i formę piśmienniczą utworu Stryjkowskiego oraz prawdopodobny sposób organizacji treści. Z tych ustaleń wynika, że „Zwierciadło [...]” było wierszowanym historyczno-genealogicznym kompendium traktującym o rodowej elicie Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego i zawierającym charakterystyki władców z dynastii jagiellońskiej, napisanym po polsku i uzupełnionym notami marginesowymi. Dzieło to autorka artykułu wiąże z zachowanym w unikatowym egzemplarzu Ossolineum wierszem Macieja Stryjkowskiego, który datuje na 1577 rok i uznaje za jedyny ocalały fragment „Zwierciadła kroniki litewskiej”.
EN
The subject of the article is “Zwierciadło kroniki litewskiej” (“Mirror of Lithuanian Chronicle”), now unknown piece by Maciej Stryjkowski which, in the opinion of its author, was published in the year 1577. The present sketch recollects the state of art in the text as well as analyses the 16th c. pieces of evidence that confirm the existence of this print and informs about its peculiarities. As based on such evidence and due to an analysis of the title of the piece, the author of the paper reconstructs its theme, genre, the writing form of Stryjkowski’s composition, and the probable mode of organising its content. Oszczęda’s observation points out that “Mirror [...]” was a verse historical-genealogical compendium about the family elite of the Grand Dutchy of Lithuania and that it contained characteristics of the Jagiellonian dynasty rulers written in Polish and supplemented with notes on margins. The author of the paper also links this work with a poem by Maciej Stryjkowski of which a unique copy is treasured at Ossoliński National Institute, she dates back the composition to the year 1577, as well as recognises the piece as the only existing fragment of “Zwierciadło kroniki litewskiej” “(Mirror of Lithuanian Chronicle”).
18

Kwestia upamiętnień władców Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego w polityce historycznej współczesnej Białorusi

63%
Figura M., Staśkiewicz Ł.
Historia Slavorum Occidentis
|
2018
|
issue 1 (16)
89-105
EN
Historically-oriented policy is a fairly important element of preserving national identity and building historical awareness. It is reflected, among other things, in the attitude towards monuments. In the past few years, Belarus has witnessed changes in the central authorities’ and the society’s respective perceptions. More and more frequently, discussions are held about the legacy of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and its role in forging Belarus’ statehood. Among the elements of the historically-oriented policy in Belarus are issues related to mon¬uments to figures from the times of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The society’s opinions are extreme, both approving of the new developments and fiercely opposing them. The monument to the Lithuanian grand prince Algirdas in Vitebsk has been at the centre of this dispute, arousing the most intensive emotions. In the past years, efforts have been also made to commemorate prince Vytautas, king Mindaugas as well as Konstanty Ostrogski and Lew Sapieha.
19
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Задыякальныя луннікі ў Супрасльскім рукапісе

63%
Slizh N.
Acta Albaruthenica
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2022
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issue 22
285-301
PL
Kalendarze księżycowe od dawna są przedmiotem badań w historiografii światowej. W artykule zwraca się uwagę na dwa zodiakalne kalendarze księżycowe oraz na cechy ich treści. Wchodzą one w skład Kodeksu supraskiego, wraz z innymi tekstami astrologicznymi. Zodiakalny kalendarz księżycowy jest prognostykiem opartym na pozycji Księżyca w znaku zodiaku. Udziela porad w sprawach medycznych i życia codziennego. Kalendarz księżycowy odnosi się do popularnej literatury astrologicznej, nie wymaga poważnej wiedzy specjalistycznej, jest łatwy do zrozumienia nie tylko przez astrologów. Tego rodzaju źródła rozpowszechniły się w Babilonie, starożytnej Grecji, Cesarstwie Bizantyjskim, średniowiecznej Europie i Anglii. Takie kalendarze księżycowe przyszły do Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego z Cesarstwa Bizantyjskiego.
BE
Календары Месяца даўно з’яўляюцца прадметам даследавання ў сусветнай гістарыяграфіі. У дадзенай працы звяртаецца ўвага на два задыякальныя луннікі, асаблівасці іх зместу. Яны ўваходзяць у склад Супрасльскага рукапісу, разам з іншымі астралагічнымі тэкстамі. Задыякальны луннік – гэта прагностык, у аснову якога пакладзена становішча Месяца ў знаку задыяку. Асноўная ўвага ў ім надаецца парадам у медычных справах і штодзённым жыцці. Луннікі адносяцца да папулярнай астралагічнай літаратуры, не патрабуюць сур’ёзных спецыяльных ведаў, даступны для разумення не толькі астролагаў. Гэты від крыніц меў распаўсюджанне ў Вавілоне, Старажытнай Грэцыі, Візантыйскай Імперыі, сярэднявечнай Еўропе і Англіі. Дадзеныя луннікі прыйшлі ў ВКЛ з Візантыі.
EN
Lunaries have been a subject of research in world historiography for a long time. The article is devoted to two zodiacal lunaries as well as the specific character of their content. They are part of the Suprasl manuscript, along with other astrological texts. A Zodiac lunary is a prognostic based on the position of the Moon in the zodiac signs. It possesses advice for medicine and everyday life. Generally, lunaries belong to popular astrological literature, do not require serious special knowledge, and are widely available for understanding. This type of sources was widespread in Babylon, Ancient Greece, the Byzantine Empire, medieval Europe and England. These lunaries came to the GDL from the Byzantine Empire.
20
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Osobliwości tłumaczeń biblijnych z terenów Królestwa Polskiego i Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego w XVI wieku

51%
Kozhynava A.
Studia Białorutenistyczne
|
2020
|
vol. 14
EN
The article provides an overview of biblical translations created in the 16th century on the territory of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. On the example of verses 1.5–7 from the Book of Ecclesiastes a specific translation technique and the reasons for the differences between the original and translated text are considered. The study uses the method of textological analysis. The author comes to the following conclusions. Firstly, it can be a clash of different language systems, since the original language and the language of biblical translation refer not only to different language groups, but also to different language families. Secondly, a strong opposition to the accuracy of the translation is a different understanding of the text, due to differences in religion. By the time of the creation of most Slavic translations, Christian exegetics was fundamentally different both from the ancient understanding of sacred texts and from the interpretation adopted in the rabbinical tradition. Thirdly, intertextual differences may be due to differences in culture that have nothing to do with the religious system. Fourthly, the difference between the original and the translation is due to the fact that not all translators were equally gifted linguists; they didn’t know the original language and the subject in question equally well. Therefore, in the textual structure of the translation, we can meet with various kinds of deviations from the essence and form of the original, up to language and substantial mistakes.
PL
Niniejszy artykuł ma charakter przeglądowy, jest poświęcony tłumaczeniom biblijnym, które powstały w XVI w. na terenie Rzeczpospolitej i Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego. W tekście na przykładzie wierszy 1.5–7 z Księgi Koheleta rozpatruje się konkretną technikę translatorską oraz przyczyny różnic między tekstem oryginalnym i przetłumaczonym na inny język. W badaniu zastosowano metodę analizy tekstologicznej. Autor dochodzi do następujących wniosków. Po pierwsze, może to być konflikt różnych systemów językowych, ponieważ język oryginalny i język tłumaczenia biblijnego odnoszą się nie tylko do różnych grup, ale także do różnych rodzin językowych. Po drugie, dokładności tłumaczenia może przeszkadzać odmienne rozumienie tekstu z powodu różnic religijnych. W czasie stworzenia większości słowiańskich tłumaczeń biblijnych chrześcijańska egzegetyka zasadniczo różniła się zarówno od starożytnego rozumienia świętych tekstów, jak i od interpretacji przyjętej w tradycji rabinicznej. Po trzecie, różnice intertekstualne mogą wynikać z różnic kulturowych, które nie mają nic wspólnego z systemem religijnym. Po czwarte, różnica między oryginałem a tłumaczeniem wynika z faktu, że nie wszyscy tłumacze byli równie utalentowanymi lingwistami, znali dobrze język oryginalny. Dlatego w strukturze tekstowej tłumaczenia możemy się spotkać z różnego rodzaju odchyleniami od treści i formy oryginału, aż po błędy językowe i merytoryczne.
RU
У артыкуле даецца агульнае ўяўленне пра біблейскія пераклады, створаныя ў XVI ст. на тэрыторыі Рэчы Паспалітай і Вялікага княства Лiтоўскага, а таксама на прыкладзе вершаў 1.5–7 з Кнігі Еклесіяста разглядаецца канкрэтная тэхніка перакладу і прычыны адрозненняў паміж арыгінальным і перакладным тэкстам. Для даследавання выкарыстоўваецца метад тэксталагічнага аналізу. Аўтар прыходзіць да наступных высноў. Па-першае, гэта можа быць сутыкненне розных моўных сістэм, паколькі мова арыгінала і мова біблейскага перакладу належаць не толькі да розных моўных групаў, але і да розных моўных сем’яў. Па-другое, моцным процідзеяннем на шляху да дакладнасці перакладу аказваецца рознае разуменне тэксту, абумоўленае адрозненнем у веравызнанні. У час стварэння большасці славянскіх перакладаў хрысціянская экзегетика каардынальна адрознівалася як ад старажытнага разумення святых тэкстаў, так і ад тлумачэння, прынятага ў раввнистической традыцыі. Па-трэцяе, міжтэкставые адрозненні могуць быць абумоўленыя адрозненнямі ў культуры, якія не маюць ніякага дачынення да сістэмы веравызнання. Па-чацвёртае, адрозненне арыгінала ад перакладу абумоўліваецца тым, што не ўсе перакладчыкі былі аднолькава адоранымі лінгвістамі, аднолькава добра ведалі мову арыгінала і прадмет, пра які ідзе гаворка. Таму ў тэкставай структуры перакладу мы можам сустрэцца з рознага роду адхіленнямі ад сутнасці і формы арыгінала, якiя прыводзяць да моўных і змястоўных памылак.
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