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Lithuania's Participation in the Reconstruction Process of Afghanistan: A Case of a Small State's Engagement in the International Arena

100%

Kuokštytė R.

Baltic Journal of Law & Politics

2011

vol. 4

issue 1

202-242

Because the international arena is too focused on the interests of big states as structuring international interactions, small states continue to appear merely as objects (versus subjects) in the eyes of a large number of researchers, sometimes unconsciously following the (neo)realist tradition of International Relations (IR). Consequently, small states appear to be devoid of any analytical interest. In fact, such a trend in the field of IR neglects the significance of ever increasing interactions between states. Moreover, these interactions need not reflect incompatible interests of different states. The article argues that the case of the reconstruction process of Afghanistan, implemented by the international community, presents a positive-sum logic. In other words, the efforts of the coalition in the Afghan territory allow the engaged states, be they big or small, to pursue their own interests. The degree of their contributions corresponds to the benefits their engagement might provide. As the analysis of the Lithuanian case demonstrates, a small state need not be a passive object trapped in the interactions of powerful states and can arrange itself in order to proceed with actively pursuing its own foreign policy.

Religia, feminizm i imperium: nowe ambasadorki islamofobii

94%

Mahmood S.

Praktyka Teoretyczna

2017

vol. 26

issue 4

The article describes the complicity of certain currents of feminism in reproducing Islamophobic discourse. It presents writers and politicians such as Azar Nafisi, Irshad Manji, or Ayaan Hirsi Ali, who depict Islam as essentially violent and oppressive to women. Such a vision is particularly convenient to conservatives; it also serves as a support for Western imperialist projects, like the war on terrorism or interventions carried out in the Middle East under the guise of establishing democracy. This support, however, remains, invisible to some Western feminists, such as Margaret Atwood or Susan Sontag, who accept this discourse uncritically. Indeed, the aforementioned writers and activists function as “ambassadors of Islamophobia,” which they seek to legitimize as “feminist” and “progressive.”

Tekst omawia zjawisko uwikłania niektórych nurtów współczesnego feminizmu w odtwarzanie dyskursu islamofobicznego. Autorka prezentuje postaci takie jak Azar Nafisi, Irshad Manji czy Ayaan Hirsi Ali – publicystki i działaczki przedstawiające skrajnie negatywny obraz islamu jako religii ze swojej istoty nakłaniającej do przemocy i uciskającej kobiety. Taka wizja islamu jest bliska ideologii konserwatywnej i świetnie wpisuje się w zachodnie projekty imperialistyczne, takie jak wojna z terroryzmem czy interwencje na Bliskim Wschodzie dokonywane pod pretekstem „wprowadzania demokracji”. Jak pokazuje autorka, część zachodnich feministek, np. Margaret Atwood czy Susan Sontag, nie dostrzega tego faktu i bezkrytycznie przyjmuje dyskurs wspomnianych krytyczek islamu. Postaci te odgrywają więc rolę „ambasadorek islamofobii”, legitymizując swoje stanowisko jako „feministyczne” i „postępowe”.

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1 Baltic Journal of Law & Politics

1 Praktyka Teoretyczna

1 Kuokštytė R.

1 Mahmood S.

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Lithuania's Participation in the Reconstruction Process of Afghanistan: A Case of a Small State's Engagement in the International Arena

Religia, feminizm i imperium: nowe ambasadorki islamofobii