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EN
The article is to demonstrate the existence in contemporary Polish of the metaphor that thought /thinking is a stream/torrent. The author has distinguished the following features of a stream or torrent: course, flow, current, liquid, meandering, broad, swift, turbid, shallow, rapid, rushing, surging, turbulent and murmuring. He has searched the Polish Internet resources (blogs, forums, articles, books), finding there examples of sentences from 2000–2014. The material collected by the author confirms that Poles today understand thought and thinking as a stream and torrent.
EN
This article belongs to the area of linguistic stud> ot folklore. The author considers the naturę o f folklore improvisation as integral linę of folksong creativity ffom the position of the linguistic structurization o f the orał text. As a result of the research, a conclusion is drawn on the existence o f constructive elements, which provide complete preservation and an improvisadonal reconstruction o f epic texts, text-shaped universal. Detailed classification of named units, including their exhaustive characteri nic, is also offered.
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DAS THEMA ALS METAPHER DES DENKENS

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EN
The paper entitled Das Thema als Metapher des Denkens (Theme as Metaphor of the Thought) aims at offering an overview of the main categories of themes, as presented in the book Sprache und Denken. Eine romanistische Perspektive (Language and Thinking. A Romanistic Perspective) by Professor Michael Metzeltin. Ph.D. Metzeltins’ views on the speech act, the cognitive processes and the wording of different themes are compared against various theses formulated by the Romanian linguist Ioan Oprea.
Studia Humana
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2016
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vol. 5
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issue 3
45-52
EN
Current research in affectivity is often dominated by perspectives on the feeling/thinking dichotomy. In the paper first I reconstruct Collingwood’s position on this point as it is presented in his Religion and Philosophy, The Principles of Art, and New Leviathan, and then compare it shortly with Bergson’s view. In total five of Collingwood’s different readings of the feeling/thought relation are brought to light. Finally, I opt for a view that takes feeling and thought to be complementary and inseparable, and I try to explain why and how they are better treated in this way.
EN
Research into the communist doctrine has had its tradition in Poland. Polish Soviet studies schools in the Second Republic were the first academic centres to study the state, law, government and culture under Bolshevik rule. Some of these schools tackled the problem of communism in its socio-economic aspect (e.g. Socio-Economic Institute in Warsaw headed by Ludwik Kulczycki), international aspect (Academic Research Institute of Eastern Europe in Vilnius founded by Prof. Stefan Ehrenkreutz and Eastern Institute in Warsaw organised by Włodzimierz Warkan) or national aspect (Nationalities Research Institute in Warsaw headed by Stanisław Thugutt). There were also academic centres studying communism in its ideological and political aspects. They include the Communism Research Institute in Warsaw headed by Rev. Antoni Kwiatkowski (pseudonym: Antoni Starodworski). The author of the article focuses on the political thought of one of the first commentators and analysts of Russian communism in the inter-war period, Rev. Antoni Kwiatkowski (1890–1970). In particular, he presents Rev. Kwiatkowski’s views on problems relating to socio-economic relations, religious persecution and propaganda of Bolshevik Russia. This last aspect was the most important in the research conducted by Rev. Kwiatkowski, who assumed that the Bolsheviks’ “book and press front” took the form of fully-fledged propaganda regarded by him as a“psychospheric” phenomenon, successfully influencing the masses. He claimed that the printed word in the Marxist ideology was aform of “psychospheric electron,” which was part of communism’s complete “psychosphere.” According to the present author, the research carried out by the pioneer of Polish Soviet studies had aconsiderable impact on the understanding of the essence of communism as well as political ideas promoted by its followers.
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Poznanie, omyl, myslenie: Friedrich Nietzsche

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EN
The text traces the motif of the re-evaluation of the sense of knowing and thinking based on the function of error consisting in the claim to ground/truth in knowledge. I interpret the problem in detail in the narrow confines of Nietzsche’s two texts, Human, All Too Human (the first heading “On First and Last Things”) and the The Gay Science (fifth chapter “We the Fearless”). An analysis of error issues in the re-evaluation of the sense of knowledge which, subsequently, we can distinguish into the positive and negative. Negative knowledge is understood as basic, having sense, but not sense-seeking, which does not have knowledge as the assumed aim, but whose sense consists in its activity. Positive knowledge is conceptual knowledge which, once one perceives its basic non-functionality in the area of truth, gains the function of orientation. Thought, when it stops being focused on a product by the directed activity of a demarcated section of time, is a part of living and moving in the world. This, in the second part, is deepened in analyses of consciousness and knowledge from The Gay Science, which stress the meaning of the unthematised in thinking and knowledge, especially the picture of consciousness as a mirror. Here knowledge is understood as a conceptual construction of the ground by which the unthematised experience is individually lived. The error here is the need to transform the unknown into the known on the basis of fear. That need points to the unknown as the agent that reveals the problem which is necessary for the maintenance of knowledge.
EN
The philosopher José Gaos said that in universal history the thought of Spanish language has its place and its historic location is presented with the attitude assumed by Spain to modernity, which makes the thought of the Renaissance and the reform have resulted in the grandeur of colonial thought and has had a creative participation in the Counter. However the thought of decadence and independence was born of contact with modern Renaissance science and the philosophy of the Enlightenment, positivism, krausismo and philosophies that represent the latest reactions against modernity. José Gaos was a great exponent of the philosophical doctrines, so that the best way to present the leading ideas of the methods of work of the Seminar for the Study of Thinking Countries Spanish Language was used to cull the fundamental ideas by the thinkers of Latin America and their assumptions, which are always relevant references to their texts.
Avant
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2012
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vol. 3
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issue T
115-146
EN
The objective of this article is to study a deeply pre-reflective dimension of our subjective experience. This dimension is gestural and rhythmic, has precise transmodal sensorial submodalities, and seems to play an essential role in the process of emergence of all thought and understanding. In the first part of the article, using examples, we try to draw the attention of the reader to this dimension in his subjective experience. In the second part, we attempt to explain the difficulties and describe the interior process of becoming aware of it. Then we describe the structural characteristics of this dimension, and the different types of “interior gestures” which enable us to connect ourselves with it. Finally, we formulate a genetic hypothesis about the role of this dimension in cognition, on the basis of which we suggest some research paths in the neuroscientific, educational and existential domains.
EN
This paper explores the question of what logic is not. It argues against the wide spread assumptions that logic is: a model of reason; a model of correct reason; the laws of thought, or indeed is related to reason at all such that the essential nature of the two are crucially or essentially coillustrative. I note that due to such assumptions, our current understanding of the nature of logic itself is thoroughly entangled with the nature of reason. I show that most arguments for the presence of any sort of essential relationship between logic and reason face intractable problems and demands, and fall well short of addressing them. These arguments include those for the notion that logic is normative for reason (or that logic and correct reason are in some way the same thing), that logic is some sort of description of correct reason and that logic is an abstracted or idealised version of correct reason. A strong version of logical realism is put forward as an alternative view, and is briefly explored.
Stylistyka
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2015
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vol. 24
357-366
EN
There paper deals with the author’s modality in Ukrainian fiction of the end of the 20th and the beginning of the 21st century. The author seems to be the creator of the individual idiolect and the specific mentality bearer. National cultural author’s modality in the analyzed case can be realized through the activation of the lexemes such as: person, politics, village, time, Ukraine, people etc.
EN
In addition to the occasional reminder of the character of Professor Adam Andrzejewski, the essential goal of the article is to document the usefulness of the Professor’s thoughts in today’s socio-economic realities. The professor’s thought allowed for especially today’s consideration of the importance of the housing stock and other elements of settlement infrastructure as an opportunity and the basic field of realizing the sustainable development of the inhabited space, as well as the entire living space in reference to the concept of sustainable development. The presented article confirms that housing and settlement policy are elements of social sciences and the area of knowledge in the field of which the developed research methods and practices work well in the long term, reaching the secular dimensions. This regularity is reflected in the small changes in the directions of housing and settlement policy research formulated by Professor Adam Andrzejewski.
PL
Poza przypomnieniem postaci Profesora Adama Andrzejewskiego zasadniczym celem artykułu jest wykazanie przydatności Jego myśli w dzisiejszych realiach społeczno-ekonomicznych. Myśl Profesora pozwoliła zwłaszcza na dzisiejsze rozpatrywanie znaczenia zasobu mieszkaniowego i innych elementów infrastruktury osadniczej jako szansy oraz podstawowego pola urzeczywistniania zrównoważonego rozwoju przestrzeni zamieszkanej, a także całej przestrzeni zamieszkiwania w nawiązaniu do koncepcji trwałego rozwoju. W artykule potwierdzono, że polityka mieszkaniowa i polityka osadnicza stanowią część nauk społecznych i obszar wiedzy, w zakresie których wypracowane metody badań i praktyki sprawdzają się w długim okresie sięgającym wymiaru sekularnego. Prawidłowość ta znajduje wyraz w niewielkich w sumie zmianach kierunków badań polityki mieszkaniowej i osadniczej sformułowanych przez Profesora Adama Andrzejewskiego.
Studia Semiotyczne
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2021
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vol. 35
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issue 1
73-94
EN
The format of mental representation is the way information is organized in the mind. The discussion surrounding the format of representation addresses the problem of what representational primitives are and the rules of information processing.In philosophy, the discussion is dominated by the distinction between analog and digital representational systems. It is thought that this distinction can bring us closer to an understanding of the nature of perceptual and discursive representations. I argue that the analog-digital distinction cannot meet that expectation. The analog-digital distinction is neither sufficient nor necessary to explain the distinction between perceptual and discursive representations (and perception and thinking, respectively). I propose an alternative interpretation of the concept of representational format which provides us a better understanding of the difference between iconic and discursive representations. I explain the differences between formats of representations in terms of differences in information processing. I demonstrate, how this alternative interpretation of the concept of the representational format can explain the constraints put on the contents of representational systems.
EN
The influence of microstructure of the method of mediate correctional management of development of junior schoolchildren on their attention, perception and thinking during realization of the first, second and third basic small stages of developing work on the pictorial art is considered in the article. As a result of realization of the first small stage of developing work on the pictorial art a pupil reveals a subsystem insufficiently well developed correct skills of the thematic drawing. In the issue of realization of the second small stage the pupil reveals a subsystem of highly developed correct skills of the drawing from nature and subsystem of highly developed correct skills of the drawing from memory, which are used during the thematic drawing. In consequence of realization of the third small stage of developing work on the pictorial art the pupil creates synesthetic image of himself with the higher level of development of subsystem of correct skills of the thematic drawing. The sinergetical methodological system of mediate correctional management of development of junior schoolchildren oppresses self-organization and stimulates self-destroy of psychological and social subsystems of the system «defect» and oppresses self-destroy and stimulates self-organization of psychological and social subsystems of the system «personality», realizing external management of activity of subsystems of attention, perception, thinking, skills of the thematic drawing, decision of simple tasks and drafting of simple tasks, and securing internal management of them, assisting in strengthening of new emergent’s qualities of psychological and social component of systems «personality» and «defect». The author of the article applies sinergistical methodology of research, theory of the functional systems of P. C. Anokhin, theory of L. S. Vygotskiy about the areas of development and compensational processes in the system «personality», principle of «tomorrow gladness» of A. S. Makarenko, gestalt psychology. Healthy pupils, pupils with bad eyesight and dull hearing, pupils with easy mental defectiveness and delay of psychical development, pupils with child’s cerebral paralysis can use this method. In future it is necessary to investigate the influence of microstructure of other methodological systems of the sinergetical technology of management of vertical processes in systems «personality» and «defect» on the subsystems of these systems of people with psychophysical disorders.
EN
According to instrumental realism (Don Ihde, Instrumental Realism, 1991) science comes about by virtue of instruments and within experimental situ¬ations. This is the idea of the technological embodiment of science in experi¬mentation. In its broader sense, instrumental realism: (a) emphasizes dyna¬mically-developing scientific praxis, giving a central role to instruments; (b) offers a critique of a purely propositional view of the character of analysis used in the philosophy of science; and (c) gives some degree of “reality-sta¬tus” to entities often taken (by the preceding philosophy of science) to be merely theoretical (Ihde, 98-114). However, one can ask what the nature of the instruments is? Do they constitute any specific kind of experience? In this paper I examine the problematic status of the instruments within the IR position developed by Ladislav Kvasz, and I go on to suggest how to defend the position that instruments are not only a part of scientific praxis, but also a key part of our everyday life and our ordinary language.
EN
The aim of the paper is to present the achievements of selected Polish statisticians, including the precursors of the Polish statistical thought, who significantly contributed to the development of statistics as a scientific discipline with versatile applications to many fields of research. The authors’ intention was to emphasize the value of this input, its significance for science and its considerable impact on the development of the applications of statistical methods to other disciplines. The article is structured around three theses, which concern, respectively: the role of statistics as a key discipline in the processes of the interdisciplinarisation of empirical sciences, diverse conditions in which the Polish statistical thought has developed (e.g. the partitions of Poland), and its influence on the shape of modern statistics.
PL
Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie dorobku wybranych przedstawicieli polskiej statystyki, w tym jej prekursorów, którzy wnieśli znaczący wkład w rozwój statystyki jako dyscypliny naukowej o wszechstronnych zastosowaniach w wielu dziedzinach badań. Intencją autorów jest podkreślenie wartości tego dorobku w przekonaniu o jego doniosłym znaczeniu naukowym oraz silnym oddziaływaniu na rozwój zastosowań metod statystycznych w innych dyscyplinach. Artykuł opiera się na trzech tezach, dotyczących: po pierwsze, roli statystyki jako koronnej dyscypliny w procesach interdyscyplinaryzacji nauk empirycznych, po drugie, zróżnicowania warunków, w jakich rozwijała się polska myśl statystyczna (m.in. pod zaborami), i po trzecie, wpływu tej myśli na kształt współczesnej statystyki
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EN
This article interprets Plato’s so-called myth of the cave in the wider context of the discussion of education presented in Books 2–6 of The Republic. The cave is understood here as a depiction of the fact that humans in general are situated in the world of language. The situation of the “prisoners” in the cave is a reflection of the fact that our understanding of the world is not formed by the “world”, by nature, or by things themselves, but it is wholly grounded on uncritically adopted attitudes and cultural contents, whose creators and bearers are at the same time people like ourselves. The statues in the cave, carried above the wall, thus present our cultural traditions – i.e. that which is carried “behind our backs” and forms, unobserved and by various means, our opinions (doxa). The description of these is presented in the relevant parts of The Republic. The picture of philosophy as one of a journey to the light of truth and the return that follows, and of a government in the community, is thus, at the same time, an expression of Plato’s conviction about the human ability to step beyond this cultural conditioning, and arrive at “real being” – and by this insight to bring, when possible, a radical transformation of culture as a whole.
DE
Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird Platons Höhlengleichnis im breiteren Kontext der Diskussion über die Erziehung interpretiert, die in den Büchern II.–VI. der Politeia vorgestellt wird. Die Höhle wird in unserem Beitrag als Bild der allgemein menschlichen Situation in der Welt der Sprache verstanden. Die Situation der „Gefangenen“ in der Höhle spiegelt die Tatsache wider, dass unser Verständnis der Welt nicht von der „Welt“ geformt wird, d. h. von der Natur oder den Dingen selbst, sondern dass es auf unkritisch übernommenen Einstellungen und Kulturinhalten gründet, deren Schöpfer und Träger zugleich Menschen wie wir sind. Die über der Mauer in der Höhle getragenen Nachbildungen stellen unsere kulturelle Tradition dar: Das, was „hinter unserem Rücken“ getragen wird und unsere Meinung (Doxa) auf unterschiedliche Art und Weise unerkannt formt und deren Beschreibung die entsprechenden Teile der Politeia gewidmet sind. Das Bild der Philosophie als Weg zum Licht der Wahrheit und der anschließenden Rückkehr und der Herrschaft in der Gemeinde ist zugleich Ausdruck von Platons Überzeugung von der Fähigkeit des Menschen, diese kulturelle Bedingtheit zu überwinden und zum „wahren Seienden“ zu gelangen – und mit dieser Einsicht gegebenenfalls eine radikale Transformation der Kultur insgesamt zu gestalten.
Studia Gilsoniana
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2020
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vol. 9
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issue 3
467-492
EN
As the saying goes, imitation is the most sincere form of flattery, yet very few assume imitation to be equivalence. An original masterpiece may be worth millions while a copy, no matter how exact the resemblance, would yield just a fraction of the price. I propose that there is more to thought than a machine will ever be capable of. The imitation game, while reproducing an imitation that is something like human thinking and interaction, will never achieve that same unique mode of thinking we experience as human species. This presentation aims to outline some of the hidden assumptions in the Turing Test for the computational theory of mind, explain some of the most popular arguments against the computational model of thought today, provide some original thought experiments, and finally discuss briefly the unique aspects of human thought that may never be able to be replicated in a machine.
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Un Maestro come modello di vita e di pensiero

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IT
L’articolo intende metter a fuoco aspetti pedagogici che si possono individuare in alcune conversazioni e scritti di Chiara Lubich. Tra questi vengono qui discusse tre fondamentali questioni riguardanti la primarietà della relazione come elemento costitutivo dell’educazione stessa; l’importanza del modello educativo, inteso come necessità di un Maestro Ideale, ispiratore di vita; il senso del conoscere e del pensare come servizio, per amore del mondo. Nel quadro delle questioni presentate si cerca di suscitare alcuni orizzonti di discussione per un modello fondante il senso dell’educare, del pensare e dell’agire come servizio fraterno.
XX
The present article focuses on pedagogical aspects emerging from Chiara Lubich’s written work and oral conversations. Here, three major points are elaborated: the importance of the relationship as a fundamental element of education; the importance of the educational model, conceptualised as the need of an Ideal Teacher source of life inspiration; the concept of thought and knowledge as a service of love to the world. Points of conversation were fostered within the framework of these aspects to develop a model upon which education, thought and action are built as means of fraternal service.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono ścieżkę rozwoju zasady względności językowej sformułowanej w latach 40. ubiegłego stulecia przez językoznawcę antropologa Benjamina Lee Whorfa. Zasada, znana również pod nazwą hipotezy Sapira-Whorfa, traktuje o istnieniu związku przyczynowego pomiędzy kategoriami języka naturalnego a funkcjonowaniem aparatu poznawczego człowieka. Obecnie pogląd ten przeżywa renesans związany z szybkim rozwojem technologii badawczych umożliwiających jego weryfikację. Ponieważ w miarę postępujących badań pojawiły się głosy krytyki, że hipoteza w swej aktualnej postaci nie odzwierciedla poglądów jej autorów lub czyni to w sposób powierzchowny, autorka odnosi się do tych zastrzeżeń, omawiając trzy czynniki, które Whorf uważał za bezpośrednio związane z problemem, a więc myśl, język i zachowanie, oraz konfrontuje je z przyjętymi rozwiązaniami naukowymi. Najogólniej rzecz ujmując, postęp badawczy wymagał przeformułowania podstawowych postulatów Whorfa i nadania im postaci weryfikowalnych hipotez. Konieczne było również uwzględnienie innych obszarów języka, nie tylko gramatyki, na której koncentrował się Whorf. Kolejne etapy badań, wskutek pojawienia się nowych możliwości technologicznych, stopniowo ograniczały udział obserwowalnych zmiennych behawioralnych do nieświadomych reakcji neurofizjologicznych. Ponieważ najbardziej kluczowe odkrycia miały miejsce w warunkach laboratoryjnych, co znacznie ogranicza ich zasięg, powstała potrzeba weryfikacji uzyskanych zależności w kontekście społeczno-kulturowym, co oznacza zwrot w stronę filozofii i metodologii Sapira i Whorfa.
EN
This article presents the evolution of the principle of linguistic relativity, developed in the 1940s by the anthropological linguist Benjamin Lee Whorf. The principle, also known as the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, postulates the existence of a causal relationship between the categories of natural language and the functioning of human cognition. Currently, the hypothesis is experiencing a renaissance, facilitated by a rapid development of research technologies that enable its verification. Since it has been argued that the hypothesis’ current form does not reflect the views of its authors or does so only superficially, the article addresses these concerns by discussing the three factors that Whorf considered to be directly related to the problem, namely thought, language, and behavior, and confronts them with the accepted scientific solutions.Generally speaking, in order to advance research, it was necessary to reformulate Whorf’s postulates as verifiable hypotheses and extend the research to include other areas of language, beyond his main focus on grammar. As new technological possibilities emerged, research gradually confined the number of tested behavioral variables to unconscious neurophysiological reactions. Since the most crucial discoveries took place in laboratory conditions, which significantly limited their scope, the need arose to (re)examine the data thus obtained in socio-cultural contexts. This signals a U-turn back to the philosophy and methodology of the authors of the relativity principle.
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