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PL
This paper analyses three aspects (the chapter, the title and the introduction ) of prose by Julius Zeyer, a Czech poet. My explicit goal is to seek a relation between the specific forms of the text’s horizontal arrangement and its narrative rhythm as deduced from a comprehensive approach to the author’s works. The analysis relies on a presumption that in fiction, even the horizontal arrangement of a specific literary work is submitted to the function of aesthetic communication.
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Traduire les titres de la littérature de jeunesse

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EN
We propose in this work to map the theories on titles of literary works onto the translation of the latter by utilizing as corpus Stories or Tales from Times Past. Tales of Mother Goose by Charles Perrault and their Romanian version. We confine our analysis to the titles of the collection, not taking into consideration in this study the titles of the tales, this being a very complex subject that deserves a separate study. Translation of children's literature as well as translation of general literature considers the use of certain strategies and processes taking into account “the key of the vault of the translation process” (Pederzoli, 2012: 287), that is the target audience. And since translating titles of children's literature is not mere child’s play, the major focus in this contribution is on its complexity, as well as on the socio-cultural and linguistic constraints that are involved. The constraints of source languaculture are different from those of target languaculture with respect to translation of titles. As regards analysis of our corpus, it has yielded three trends: choosing a generic title, the preference for a single tale volume, or the mixed case where a story is accompanied by a generic indication. Changing the title from a translator to another or from one edition to another is related to the publishing market that puts in the foreground the need to seduce the target audience through the title device.
EN
While titles in scientific journals in general have attracted considerable interest, titles in medical research seem not to have been examined quite extensively. In these few studies, attention has been paid primarily to the form and length of titles as well as to their content. What is also emphasised is the need for discussion and further research on the topic in order to establish consistent guidelines regarding the formulation of clear and precise titles, which would aid journal editors, authors and readers. This paper constitutes an attempt to examine practices of formulating titles in medical case reports in Polish, following the study of F. Salager-Meyer et al. (2013a), in which title length, structure and content were considered as well.
EN
Titles of research articles in the humanities, including linguistics, tend to be more creative and less informative than corresponding titles in exact sciences or medicine. In linguistics, pragmatic studies are an area where reported discourse, i.e. direct speech in the form of a full speech act, occurs relatively frequently in titles of research papers. This paper analyses the metonymic and cataphoric relations between such titles and article texts on the background of the functions of text titles. It also presents the results of a survey conducted among graduate students and aimed at finding out whether titles containing reported discourse in the form of speech acts are easier to memorize and attract more attention among the articles' potential readers.
EN
An article entitled Words Mean. Words Look. Words Sell (Themselves) focuses on three issues: dominance of the use of English loanwords over attempts to create their Polish equivalents (as a result of which a product, a process, an event, or an artefact promoted by the English-speaking culture is adopted together with its name), a trend whereby words (and titles composed of words) become images (through a choice of font, a non-standard use of lowercase and uppercase letters, or an inclusion of non-letter characters, e.g. parentheses), and ascribing to words present in micro-acts a promotional function, advertising the entire product – a text. The trends discussed in the article are not new, but it is their intensity level that is new.
EN
In this paper the authors compare the two versions of the poetic dedication to P. A. Vyazemsky written by E. A. Boratynsky, the first one appeared in Pushkin’s “Sovremennik” magazine in 1836, the other one was published in Boratynsky’s book of verse “Sumerki” in 1842, and the untitled poem by V. V. Mayakovsky which appeared first in the book “Ya!” in 1913 and then in “Prostoe kak mychanie” in 1916. The transformations of the poems changed not only the meaning of the text but its function and played an important role in constructing of the artistic entity of the books. The authors pay attention not only to the minor changes of the text but also to the editorial and book printing details which are not less important for the meaning of the whole book.
EN
Collection as a kind of a set and an object of bibliographical descriptionThe paper aims to define the notion of the collection as a notion of a particular set of elements and to formulate the guidelines concerning the bibliographical description of papers dealing with sets of elements (e.g., lexical units, morphological units) of this kind.In the first part, definitions of the collection are analysed, both in general language and in specialised language of logic, development psychology, information theory, cognitive science and theory of art. On the basis of these definitions, two types of collections are distinguished: the “functional” collection and the “attributive” one. The set of definitional features of the “attributive” collection is proposed, contrasting the notion with such notions as exemplar, collage, montage, repertoire, and class of abstraction. These definitional features are the following: (1) the elements of the collection are numerous, (2) they share (at least) one common feature, (3) not all the elements which share the common feature are included in the collection, (4) the composition of the collection is a result of a conscious selection, (5) the ordering of the collection elements gives an accurate picture of a whole set.In the second part, titles of the papers stored in the database iSybislaw are analysed in order to find out which definitional features of the collection they reveal. On this basis, the guidelines concerning the bibliographical description of papers dealing with the collection of language units are proposed in order to meet the needs both of a person who seeks the information about the elements of the collection and of a person who seeks the information about the elements of a superset of the collection. Kolekcja jako typ zbiorowości i przedmiot opisu bibliograficznegoCelem artykułu jest zdefiniowanie pojęcia kolekcji jako pojęcia oznaczającego pewien szczególny typ zbiorowości oraz sformułowanie wskazówek dotyczących opisu bibliograficznego prac poświęconych tego rodzaju zbiorowościom (np. zbiorowościom jednostek leksykalnych, morfologicznych itp.).Pierwsza część artykułu poświęcona jest analizie definicji kolekcji, zarówno w języku ogólnym, jak i w językach specjalistycznych: logiki, psychologii rozwojowej, teorii informacji, kognitywistyki oraz teorii dzieła sztuki. Analiza ta pozwoliła wyodrębnić dwa typy kolekcji: „funkcjonalną” oraz „atrybutywną”. Pozwoliła też wyróżnić cechy definicyjne kolekcji „atrybutywnej”, które odróżniają ją od takich pojęć, jak egzemplarz, collage, montaż, repertuar oraz klasa abstrakcji. Cechy te można ująć w sposób następujący: (1) kolekcja jest wieloelementowa, (2) elementy kolekcji charakteryzują się (przynajmniej) jedną wspólną cechą, (3) kolekcja nie obejmuje wszystkich elementów charakteryzujących się tą wspólną cechą, (4) skład kolekcji jest wynikiem świadomego doboru, (5) uporządkowanie kolekcji ma na celu wiernie odzwierciedlać cały zbiór, którego ta kolekcja jest podzbiorem.Druga część artykułu poświęcona jest analizie rekordów zgromadzonych w bibliograficznej bazie danych iSybislaw. Celem analizy jest stwierdzenie, jakie definicyjne cechy kolekcji znalazły odbicie w rekordach bibliograficznych. Analiza ta pozwoliła sformułować wskazówki dotyczące opisów bibliograficznych prac poświęconych zbiorowościom o charakterze kolekcji, tak aby opisy te służyły zarówno osobie, która poszukuje informacji o elementach kolekcji, jak i osobie, która poszukuje informacji o elementach zbioru, którego kolekcja jest podzbiorem.
EN
The paper aims to define the notion of the collection as a notion of a particular set of elements and to formulate the guidelines concerning the bibliographical description of papers dealing with sets of elements (e.g., lexical units, morphological units) of this kind. In the first part, definitions of the collection are analysed, both in general language and in specialised language of logic, development psychology, information theory, cognitive science and theory of art. On the basis of these definitions, two types of collections are distinguished: the “functional” collection and the “attributive” one. The set of definitional features of the “attributive” collection is proposed, contrasting the notion with such notions as exemplar, collage, montage, repertoire, and class of abstraction. These definitional features are the following: (1) the elements of the collection are numerous, (2) they share (at least) one common feature, (3) not all the elements which share the common feature are included in the collection, (4) the composition of the collection is a result of a conscious selection, (5) the ordering of the collection elements gives an accurate picture of a whole set. In the second part, titles of the papers stored in the database iSybislaw are analysed in order to find out which definitional features of the collection they reveal. On this basis, the guidelines concerning the bibliographical description of papers dealing with the collection of language units are proposed in order to meet the needs both of a person who seeks the information about the elements of the collection and of a person who seeks the information about the elements of a superset of the collection.
PL
Celem artykułu jest zdefiniowanie pojęcia kolekcji jako pojęcia oznaczającego pewien szczególny typ zbiorowości oraz sformułowanie wskazówek dotyczących opisu bibliograficznego prac poświęconych tego rodzaju zbiorowościom (np. zbiorowościom jednostek leksykalnych, morfologicznych itp.). Pierwsza część artykułu poświęcona jest analizie definicji kolekcji, zarówno w języku ogólnym, jak i w językach specjalistycznych: logiki, psychologii rozwojowej, teorii informacji, kognitywistyki oraz teorii dzieła sztuki. Analiza ta pozwoliła wyodrębnić dwa typy kolekcji: „funkcjonalną” oraz „atrybutywną”. Pozwoliła też wyróżnić cechy definicyjne kolekcji „atrybutywnej”, które odróżniają ją od takich pojęć, jak egzemplarz, collage, montaż, repertuar oraz klasa abstrakcji. Cechy te można ująć w sposób następujący: (1) kolekcja jest wieloelementowa, (2) elementy kolekcji charakteryzują się (przynajmniej) jedną wspólną cechą, (3) kolekcja nie obejmuje wszystkich elementów charakteryzujących się tą wspólną cechą, (4) skład kolekcji jest wynikiem świadomego doboru, (5) uporządkowanie kolekcji ma na celu wiernie odzwierciedlać cały zbiór, którego ta kolekcja jest podzbiorem. Druga część artykułu poświęcona jest analizie rekordów zgromadzonych w bibliograficznej bazie danych iSybislaw. Celem analizy jest stwierdzenie, jakie definicyjne cechy kolekcji znalazły odbicie w rekordach bibliograficznych. Analiza ta pozwoliła sformułować wskazówki dotyczące opisów bibliograficznych prac poświęconych zbiorowościom o charakterze kolekcji, tak aby opisy te służyły zarówno osobie, która poszukuje informacji o elementach kolekcji, jak i osobie, która poszukuje informacji o elementach zbioru, którego kolekcja jest podzbiorem.
EN
The Old Kingdom tomb images have been frequently studied, especially on the basis of their orientation and content in relation to tomb architecture; and also theoretical and methodical aspects of their interpretation have been scrutinized. This paper aims to focus on the specific sociological perspective of the tomb reliefs, which has not yet been elaborated. The author of this study concentrates on the identified individuals in the tomb of Ptahshepses – a vizier from the time of Nyuserre and husband of his daughter, Khamerernebty. An analysis of the titles given to particular persons portrayed on the walls, as well as an examination of the social hierarchy reflected in the scenes, was undertaken in order to reconstruct the vizieral household/court and to present possible interpretations of its composition. The data from a large corpus of mason’s marks preserved herein, which includes personal names and titles, is also taken into account, enabling to record a more complex and precise image of the society at that time.
EN
This paper investigates the use of address forms among the academic staff of the Faculty of Arts and Islamic Studies at the Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria. The aim is to find out whether there is variation in the use of the terms between the members of academic staff of the Faculty which has six Departments (Arabic, English, History, Islamic Studies and Sharia, Nigerian Languages, Linguistics and Foreign Languages). An Ethnography research method and the Variationist Sociolinguistics Theory are used to collect and analyze the data. Following the findings, three address forms are presented in more detail, namely titles, nicknames, and kinship terms. Special attention is put to the title Malam, which originally referred to a teacher or a person versed in Islamic knowledge, but nowadays is used more commonly than any other type of address forms. The research shows that age, gender, social status, degree of intimacy, and context of communication determine the use of the address forms among academic staff. The findings reveal that the staff members of The Faculty favor traditional address terms which are used in Hausa society rather than the terms Corresponding to their professional rank. In addition, these address forms are culture specific and the dominant culture is Hausa.
EN
The purpose of this article is to analyze the quantitative and qualitative indicators of teaching staff of higher educational establishments in Sumy region in the second half of the 40-s and early 50-s of the XX-th century. The research methods are the following: analysis, synthesis, comparison, generalization. The results of the study are the defining the quantitative and qualitative indicators of teaching staff of higher educational institutions in Sumy region. The practical significance lies in discovering the opportunities for creative use of historical and pedagogical information about the quantitative and quality indicators of teaching staff of higher educational establishments in Sumy region at the present stage. The conclusions of this research are that in the first years after the resumption of the pedagogical higher education institutions in Sumy region there was a lack of the qualified specialists. The shortage of teachers made it impossible to establish a full-fledged system of training of teaching staff. In order to solve this problem return of the educators from the ranks of the Soviet army was accelerated. In addition school teachers were involved to work in pedagogical universities. At the beginning of the 1950-s the restoration of the quantitative composition of teaching staff took place. All higher educational institutions of Sumy region were staffed according to the staff schedule. The teacher was elected by competition, the number of part-time workers was negligible. With the aim of improving the quality of the teachers’ staff in the first years after the resumption of work of pedagogical universities the people who had not completed higher education were dismissed. At the same time the question about ensuring of pedagogical higher education institutions with highly qualified staff was urgent. The teaching staff of higher educational institutions of the Sumy region in the context of academic qualifications was different. The best situation was in Sumy pedagogical Institute, which had a staff of the highest number of the associate professors, candidates of Sciences. The increase in the percentage of the teachers with scientific degrees and academic ranks was carried out in two ways: either through the implementation of fulltime dissertation research or through the involvement of the experts from other cities. Overall, the level of scientific qualification of the teachers during the research period increased very slowly, which negatively affected the quality of the training of the students. In the postwar years ideological education of the teaching staff was intensified. The work of the directorates of the institutes was focused on the control over the ideological direction of the educational process, the Marxist-Leninist education, institutional strengthening and revitalization of the party and Komsomol organizations of educational institutions. Further investigation needs the issue of the national teaching staff of pedagogical universities of the Sumy area of the study period.
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EN
Iwona Mikołajczyk’s article The title pragmatism and Polish adherents of “formism” creativeness is another attempt at defining the function of the titles used in the plastic practice. Considering the problem from the psychophysiology and adherents’ of “formism” work perception point of view, the author distinguishes the group relating to the plastic sign. Within that group there are the works whose names show the receiver the composition mode: a subject, an object, a scene (a theme) and an aesthetic aspect. The second group includes the titles fulfilling the role of the complement for the plastic sign. The third group includes the works whose names provoke the receiver to (re)construct the plastic sign. The presented classification not only characterizes the process of creation, but what is more important, shows the title rank in the work of art reception process.
PL
Praca dotyczy wykładników komponentu strukturalnego noweli w perspektywie ewolucji gatunku pojmowanego jako fenomen nie tylko literacki, ale także jako element komunikacji społecznej, osadzony w kontekście kulturowym i antropologicznym. Forma generyczna rozumiana jest jako składnik konstelacji gatunkowej, w skład której wchodzi np. anegdota, facecja, opowiadanie. W wypadku prototypowej noweli, czyli gatunku prozatorskiego o krótkich bądź stosunkowo krótkich rozmiarach można mówić o tendencji do zauważalnej stabilności, jako że stan staropolski i dziewiętnastowieczny charakteryzuje się względnym podobieństwem: w obu wypadkach obserwujemy trójdzielny model, choć różna bywa jego aktualizacja. Z czasem rozbudowaniu ulega segment centralny, niemniej wciąż można wskazać trzy podstawowe ogniwa kompozycyjne. Wyraźny jest tu związek z innymi gatunkami spokrewnionymi, przede wszystkim facecją i anegdotą, które – począwszy od czasów antycznych – wykazują silne związki strukturalne z nowelą. Zmianie ulega także rola puenty, która w staropolszczyźnie stanowiła znaczący element struktury gatunku, nawet gdy nie była wyrażona expressis verbis. Nowela pozytywistyczna z uwagi na fakt zmiany tematyki, a tym samym funkcji w uniwersum komunikacyjnym, rezygnuje z puenty na rzecz bardziej skomplikowanego przesłania, leżącego prawie zawsze po stronie odbiorcy tekstu. Kluczem do stabilności strukturalnej noweli wydaje się jej krótka forma, związana z genetycznym dziedzictwem anegdoty jako krótkiej, zwięzłej narracji codziennej, oralnej u swej podstawy.
EN
This article discusses the exponents of the structural component of the novella, as seen from the perspective of the evolution of this genre - understood not only as a literary phenomenon, but also a case of social communication, embedded in its cultural and anthropological environment. The generic form is understood as a component of the genre constellation, comprising such text types as anecdote, joke or story. In the case of a prototypical novella, that is a genre that relies on the form of a short or relatively short prose text, one can observe a tendency towards its noticeable stability, since the Old Polish and the 19th-century status of this genre is largely comparable. In both époques, one can observe the prevalent tri-partite pattern, yet the way in which it was practically realized could differ at times. With time, the central segment of the novella tended to be expanded, yet the three main structural components were easily recognizable. This structural organization betrays a clear link with other related genres, like the joke and the anecdote. These three text types remained in a close structural correlation since antiquity. The role of the story punch line also changed. In Old Polish, it constituted a vital structural component of the genre, even though it was not always overtly expressed. The Positivist novella resigns from its reliance on the punch line, which is owing to the changes in the subject matter and, hence, its role in the communication universe. The punch line is substituted with a more complex message that is almost always placed on the side of the text recipient. The constrained length of the novella seems to be paramount in ensuring its structural stability. This shortness is anchored genetically in the heritage of the anecdote - short and concise, daily life, oral narrative.
EN
The paper is devoted to tickers concerning the strikes of transport employees in France. The analysis of the choice of words which were used to describe various aspects of the events in four TV channels proves that after familiarising oneself with a short announcement of a particular piece of reporter’s material, the same facts could be interpreted in different ways, depending on the author. This function of tickers is additionally strengthened by the use of stylistic devices, especially metaphors. Investigating the corpora has also revealed that one of the channels has consciously created a coherent message and selected particular keyewords.
PL
Artykuł poświęcony został paskom tytułującym informacje telewizyjne dotyczące strajków pracowników transportu we Francji. Analiza doboru słów, którymi opisywano różne aspekty przedstawianych wydarzeń w czterech stacjach telewizyjnych, dowodzi, że po zapoznaniu się z kilkuwyrazową zapowiedzią materiału reporterskiego te same fakty mogą zostać zinterpretowane w zależny od autora sposób. Taka funkcja pasków jest dodatkowo wzmacniana poprzez użycie środków stylistycznych, a zwłaszcza metafory. Dzięki zbadaniu korpusów dowiedziono również, że w przypadku jednej ze stacji można mówić o świadomym zabiegu tworzenia spójnego przekazu i doborze słów kluczowych.
EN
‘Lesser  mythology’  played  an  important  role  in  the  worldview  notions  of  the  Carpathian Ukrainians (Hutsuls, Boykos and Lemkos) during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. It combines notions  about  various  demonic  figures,  which  may  be  divided  into  three  types: figures  of unearthly  origin;  transformed  human  souls;  people  in  possession  of  secret knowledge and supernatural qualities. The terms used to define the representatives of lesser mythology  varied from region  to  region.  A  range  of  euphemisms  was  also  used.  The coexistence between the living and the undead gave rise to many taboos relating to magic. 
EN
The article presents flyers informing about a cultural event as a written form of communication between the organizer of the event and the potential audience. The aim of the flyer is just to inform about cultural events and encourage the potential audience to come to see it. It represents various branches of culture, such as theatre, music, film and art, reflecting the cultural life of a big city. The process of communication is realized with a number of linguistic means, which are the subject of presented analysis. Precise research shows that a cultural flyer apart from its pure informative function has a strong emotional impact as it contains a lot of linguistic means that create certain units with strong emotional function. The author chose examples out of 500 cultural events advertised in flyers from Munich to show lexical means typical for a cultural flyer and its possible future development. The research helped to discover an emotional function of the flyer. This has been achieved by the use of certain linguistic means. The detailed analysis of this form of communication can deepen our knowledge of other cultures and their senses.
RU
В статье представлен интерпретативный анализ особенностей заглавия рассказа В.В. Набокова Весна в Фиальте сквозь призму игровой поэтики. Заглавие определяется как сильная текстовая позиция, знак, дающий не только пред- но и после понимание текста читателем. Заглавие Весна в Фиальте рассматривается как ключевой элемент игровой поэтики произведения. Фонетические, лексические, семантические компоненты заглавия участвуют в построении определенной ассо-циативной цепи, дающей возможность разгадать авторский замысел. Отдельному анализу в статье подвергается авторский топоним Фиальта, рассматриваемый в пространственном ключе. Центральным звеном анализа является сопоставление ассоциативных рядов, связанных с образами Нины и фиалки. Важное место в игровой поэтике произведения занимает прием кумуляции. Данные, полученные в ходе нтер-претационного анализа, могут дополнить результаты исследований русскоязычного периода творчества В.В. Набокова, специфики игровой поэтики его произведений
EN
The article examines the features of the title of the story Spring in Fialtaby V.V. Nabokov through the prism of game poetics. The title is defined as a strong text position, a sign that gives not only pre- but also post-understanding of the text by the reader. It is proved that in Spring in Fialta the title is the key to decoding the game poetics of the work. Phonetic, lexical, and semantic components of the title are involved in the construction of a certain associative chain that makes it possible to unravel the author’s idea. Nabokov’s toponym Fialta, considered in a spatial way, is analyzed separately in the article. The title units form an associative network that unfolds in the text: spring-youth-love-happiness-Par-adise. The Central element of the analysis of the title in the game poetics of the story is the comparison of associative series associated with the images of Nina and violets. Violet in Spring in Fialta – is a metaphorical image of Nina confirmed by the postscriptum of the story. The structure of the title is characterized as cumulative, which implies accumula-tion, stringing of elements, emories, images. For example, the playful poetics Manifests itself through a peculiar geometric shape, where a circle each circle contains a circle of smaller diameter, and in the center of this text space forms the image of Nina. The title in the game poetics of V.V. Nabokov’s works is considered as an architectural design: the reader needs to unravel the relationship of its components (sounds, words, and meanings). Created by purely linguistic means, a kind of universal header construction is the key to decoding the text by the reader.
Path of Science
|
2017
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vol. 3
|
issue 11
1001-1008
UK
Статтю присвячено дослідженню феномену заголовка фольклорних і літературних українських творів з огляду на зміни його характеристик у часі. Акцентовано увагу на основних формальних і семантичних особливостях заголовків фольклорних творів, творів давньої української літератури, літератури кінця XVIII–XI ст., літератури XX ст., творів періоду сучасної незалежної України. Досліджено динаміку та виокремлено основні тенденції номінування творів в історичному ракурсі.
EN
The article is devoted to the study of the phenomenon of the title of folklore and literary Ukrainian works while taking into account changes in its characteristics with time. The emphasis is on the main formal and semantic features of the headings of folklore works, works of ancient Ukrainian literature, the literature of the end of the XVIII-XI centuries, the literature of the XX century, works of the period of modern independent Ukraine. The dynamics are studied and the main tendencies of the nomination of works in the historical perspective are singled out.
PL
Celem artykułu było ukazanie, jakie cechy anglojęzycznych tytułów gier komputerowych sprzyjają ich odmianie w polskich tekstach. Zbadano użycia tytułów w sześciu portalach internetowych poświęconych grom i w jednym czasopiśmie papierowym. Analizy wykazały, że częściej odmieniane są tytuły, które cechuje: nominalność, zakończenie w wymowie na spółgłoskę lub samogłoskę „a”, jednowyrazowość oraz znaczne rozpowszechnienie.
EN
In the article the author presents some characteristics of English titles of computer games which make adding their inflectional endings in Polish easier. The use of computer games titles was examined in six web portals and one printed journal. The analysis showed that one word titles, nominal titles, ones that are widely in use, and these whose pronunciation ends in a consonant or vowel “a” are inflected more often.
EN
This article examines the possible contribution of discourse analysis to the field of Bible translation. Drawing upon some developments in translation studies regarding discourse, this article proposes that attention to discourse considerations can help Bible translation move beyond the usual opposition of formal and dynamic equivalence.
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