Search results

1

Diversification of the dynamics of population size and the number of the employed in small and medium-sized Polish towns from 1995 to 2010

100%

Korzeniak G.

Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series

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2014

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vol. 24

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issue 24

105-115

EN

This paper presents partial outcomes of the project called ‘The Diversity of the Development Processes of Small and Medium-Sized Towns and its Influence on the Polycentric Development of Poland’. The research conducted within that project has been based on the identification of two basic groups of Polish towns, regarding their locations either within the functional area boundaries of the regional capital cities (functional areas of voivodship centre), or outside. The goal of our research is to determine whether small and medium-sized towns maintain their roles as stable elements of the settlement network and their development is diverse, depending on their neighbourhood in respect of the regional capitals. The population and the employment fluctuation rates constitute some of a dozen of development indicators under examination. The changes in those indicators’ values were identified in the period of 1995-2010, and additionally, two more subperiods were identified: 1995-2003 and 2003-2010. Our research discovered essential differences in the population rates of small and medium-sized towns located in the functional areas of regional capital cities (Group I) and outside (Group II). In 1995-2010, we observed an increase of population in Group I and it was the only Group of towns with growing population nationwide. In view of the generally non-beneficial changes in the number of the employed nationwide in 1995-2010, a better situation occurred in the towns belonging to Group I. In some of the Polish regions, we found an increase of the number of the employed in that group of towns. An essential national increase of the number of the employed, identified in the sub-period of 2003-2010, was larger in the towns of Group I than Group II.

2

Zróżnicowanie funkcjonalne miast województwa wielkopolskiego

89%

Konecka-Szydłowska B., Maćkowiak H.

Rozwój Regionalny i Polityka Regionalna

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2016

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issue 36

39-56

EN

This paper seeks to present functional changes taking place in the economies of towns of Wielkopolska voivodeship. The set of towns examined included 109 units, and the study period embraced the years 2009 and 2015. The examination of functional changes was conducted in terms of size classes of towns and by comparing towns of the Poznań agglomeration against the remaining towns of Wielkopolska voivodeship. The most important cognitive conclusions following from the study are as follows:1. In 1973 the towns of Wielkopolska voivodeship represented nine functional types, and in the years 2009 and 2015 only six types, including three with a smaller or greater share of services. The uniformisation of the functional structure of the towns is caused by the tertiarisation of their economies.2. The dynamics of the number of economic entities is the highest in the service sector, but differs in individual NACE sections. The highest rate of increase in the number of entities takes place in so-called modern services.3. An examination of differences in the functional structure of the Wielkopolska towns (conducted on the basis of employment in NACE sections) leads to the conclusion that with an increase in the population of a town the diversification of its functional structure grows too. In the study period 2009–2015, the highest increase in functional differences among the towns was recorded in the set of small towns with 5 to 10 thous. inhabitants.4. The conducted measurements of the economic base of the Wielkopolska towns showed that with an increase in a town’s population, specialisations in sections of the agricultural and then the industrial sector gave way to specialisations in sections connected with the service sector. Over the study period, there were no marked changes in the kind of exogenous functions performed by towns belonging to individual size classes.5. Apart from the size of towns, a significant factor affecting a town’s economy and the intensity of its functional changes proved to be its location in relation to (distance from) the central city of the voivodeship, i.e. Poznań. This was demonstrated by comparing the towns in the Poznań agglomeration against the remaining towns of the voivodeship. Changes in the economic structure of towns closely connected functionally with Poznań showed a higher dynamics and were more advanced than in the other towns of the voivodeship.

PL

Celem niniejszej pracy jest przedstawienie zmian funkcjonalnych dokonujących się w gospodarce miast województwa wielkopolskiego. Badany zbiór miast liczy 109 ośrodków. Zakres czasowy pracy obejmuje lata 2009 i 2015. Podstawę opracowania stanowią materiały zakupione w Urzędzie Statystycznym w Poznaniu. Są to dane dotyczące zarówno liczby pracujących, jak i liczby podmiotów gospodarczych zarejestrowanych w systemie REGON według sekcji i działów Polskiej Klasyfikacji Działalności z 2007 r. Badanie zmian funkcjonalnych przeprowadzono przy uwzględnieniu klas wielkościowych miast oraz w układzie: miasta aglomeracji poznańskiej–pozostałe miasta województwa wielkopolskiego.

3

Miasto na pieczęci. Wokół wizualności pieczęci miejskich z terenu Prus

88%

Hlebionek M.

Zapiski Historyczne

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2019

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vol. 84

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issue 1

85-121

EN

The visuality of the seal, as expressed in the title of the article, should be understood as a collection of stamp elements received by means of wax. Consequently, they will include not only the image of the seal and the caption, but also the shape, size and colour of the wax in which the imprint was made. All those elements can transfer important information from the point of view of the owner, expressing their individuality. Two groups of factors have had an impact on the visuality of the seal: legal and cultural factors. The first group of factors defined the sigillographical system of the owner, but they could also indicate the circle of persons deciding on the shape of a particular seal, or they could directly refer to the form of imprints. The second groups of factors influenced the shape of the message on the seal recorded in both the verbal sphere, iconography and in the form of prints. Among the city seals from the area of Prussia, round seals prevail; their diameters range from 80 to 30 mm. They were usually imprinted in natural wax, green or, less often, black. Only Gdańsk and Toruń were allowed to use red wax under the special privileges granted by the monarchs. Captions included in the seal were usually formulated in Latin, although the names of towns were usually written in German despite the existence of their Latin counterparts. Imaginary ideas, in the context of the typology proposed by Toni Diederich, mostly represented the symbolic type, although a significant percentage of them constituted the canting arms and coats of arms. Other types appear less often. However, the complexity and ambiguity of messages written on the seal by means of images means that any attempt to include them in the typology framework results in the simplification of interpretation. That is why, the research of city seals based on the assumption that they represent the urban self-awareness – the sign of the center’s identity (Brigitte Miriam Bedos-Rezak) becomes more and more significant. In this context, information provided by the visual side of the seal can be reduced to three sets of messages: presenting the city as a topographic space, presenting the city as a social space and presenting the city’s relations with the surroundings. The name of the city determined the town’s definition as a settlement point, which we encounter in legends, but also the notions of canting arms frequently found in Prussia (e.g. Sepopol, Orneta, Allenburg). Seals with the images of walls and urban buildings (e.g. Malbork, Cynty, Toruń) showed the city as an organized space. Paradoxically, the images of wild animals, extremely popular in Prussia, which combined with the legend identifying the owner as a city, showed what the city was not. It is in the seal’s legends that we find the most frequent reference to the city as a social space. Determining the main seals as sigillum civitatis, burgensium, civium, Borger, indicates that the owner of the seal maker was the community of residents. The language of the caption indicates the cultural embedding of the commune. In turn, the size and material of the print inform about the real significance of the center, or about the aspirations of its inhabitants. In connection with the legend, it sometimes brings information about the place occupied by the seal in the urban sigillographic system, which is often derived from the structure of municipal authorities. The images shown on the seal, in turn, refer to the devotion of the commune (e.g. Brodnica), or professions of its residents (e.g. Pieniężno, Młynary, Elbląg, Gdańsk). Through the images representing the city walls or the arms, they finally illustrate the readiness of the inhabitants to defend themselves (e.g .Toruń, Malbork), or they indicate that the urban community had its defender (Chełmno, Pasłęk?). Many of the seal’s images from the Prussian region refer to the city’s relationship with the broadly understood surroundings. By showing the coats of arms (Bisztynek, Malbork), symbols (Toruń, Gardeja, Lidzbark Wamiński), or insignia or attributes (e.g. Reszel, Barczewo, Fischhausen) of a land master or his representative, the seal indicated the owner of the center. In this context, particularly interesting, but also poorly recognized are the links between the iconography of city seals and the images of the seals of the Teutonic officials (e.g. Święta Siekierka, Górowo Iławckie, Radzyń Chełmiński). Finally, the hagiographic seals indicate the relations of the urban community with the supernatural world (Frombork, Pieniężno, Sztum, Gierdawy, and Toruń). The example of the Frombork seal shows that all these meanings can interpenetrate, contributing the creation of a complex image of the city represented on the seal.

4

Miasto na pieczęci. Wokół wizualności pieczęci miejskich z terenu Prus

88%

Hlebionek M.

|

EN

The visuality of the seal, as expressed in the title of the article, should be understood as a collection of stamp elements received by means of wax. Consequently, they will include not only the image of the seal and the caption, but also the shape, size and colour of the wax in which the imprint was made. All those elements can transfer important information from the point of view of the owner, expressing their individuality. Two groups of factors have had an impact on the visuality of the seal: legal and cultural factors. The first group of factors defined the sigillographical system of the owner, but they could also indicate the circle of persons deciding on the shape of a particular seal, or they could directly refer to the form of imprints. The second groups of factors influenced the shape of the message on the seal recorded in both the verbal sphere, iconography and in the form of prints. Among the city seals from the area of Prussia, round seals prevail; their diameters range from 80 to 30 mm. They were usually imprinted in natural wax, green or, less often, black. Only Gdańsk and Toruń were allowed to use red wax under the special privileges granted by the monarchs. Captions included in the seal were usually formulated in Latin, although the names of towns were usually written in German despite the existence of their Latin counterparts. Imaginary ideas, in the context of the typology proposed by Toni Diederich, mostly represented the symbolic type, although a significant percentage of them constituted the canting arms and coats of arms. Other types appear less often. However, the complexity and ambiguity of messages written on the seal by means of images means that any attempt to include them in the typology framework results in the simplification of interpretation. That is why, the research of city seals based on the assumption that they represent the urban self-awareness – the sign of the center’s identity (Brigitte Miriam Bedos-Rezak) becomes more and more significant. In this context, information provided by the visual side of the seal can be reduced to three sets of messages: presenting the city as a topographic space, presenting the city as a social space and presenting the city’s relations with the surroundings. The name of the city determined the town’s definition as a settlement point, which we encounter in legends, but also the notions of canting arms frequently found in Prussia (e.g. Sepopol, Orneta, Allenburg). Seals with the images of walls and urban buildings (e.g. Malbork, Cynty, Toruń) showed the city as an organized space. Paradoxically, the images of wild animals, extremely popular in Prussia, which combined with the legend identifying the owner as a city, showed what the city was not. It is in the seal’s legends that we find the most frequent reference to the city as a social space. Determining the main seals as sigillum civitatis, burgensium, civium, Borger, indicates that the owner of the seal maker was the community of residents. The language of the caption indicates the cultural embedding of the commune. In turn, the size and material of the print inform about the real significance of the center, or about the aspirations of its inhabitants. In connection with the legend, it sometimes brings information about the place occupied by the seal in the urban sigillographic system, which is often derived from the structure of municipal authorities. The images shown on the seal, in turn, refer to the devotion of the commune (e.g. Brodnica), or professions of its residents (e.g. Pieniężno, Młynary, Elbląg, Gdańsk). Through the images representing the city walls or the arms, they finally illustrate the readiness of the inhabitants to defend themselves (e.g .Toruń, Malbork), or they indicate that the urban community had its defender (Chełmno, Pasłęk?). Many of the seal’s images from the Prussian region refer to the city’s relationship with the broadly understood surroundings. By showing the coats of arms (Bisztynek, Malbork), symbols (Toruń, Gardeja, Lidzbark Wamiński), or insignia or attributes (e.g. Reszel, Barczewo, Fischhausen) of a land master or his representative, the seal indicated the owner of the center. In this context, particularly interesting, but also poorly recognized are the links between the iconography of city seals and the images of the seals of the Teutonic officials (e.g. Święta Siekierka, Górowo Iławckie, Radzyń Chełmiński). Finally, the hagiographic seals indicate the relations of the urban community with the supernatural world (Frombork, Pieniężno, Sztum, Gierdawy, and Toruń). The example of the Frombork seal shows that all these meanings can interpenetrate, contributing the creation of a complex image of the city represented on the seal.

5

Czy warto ufać innym? Wybrane funkcje zaufania społecznego na przykładzie zbiorowości miejskich

75%

Mularska-Kucharek M.

Studia Miejskie

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2016

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vol. 21

101-116

PL

Zważywszy na użyteczność zaufania społecznego w wielu kontekstach oraz na poziomie mikro-, mezo- i makrospołecznym eksplorowanie potencjalnych korzyści z okazywania zaufania społecznego stano- wić powinno istotny aspekt badań i dociekań. Próbą odpowiedzi na owe zapotrzebowania jest prezentowany artykuł, który stanowi głos w dyskusji nad funkcjonalnością zaufania społecznego w wielu aspektach życia społecznego. Podstawę empiryczną prezentowanych rozważań stanowią cztery reprezentatywne badania ilościowe przeprowadzone wśród mieszkańców miast województwa łódzkiego. Z badań wynika, iż zaufanie społeczne pozytywnie wpływa na aktywność społeczną i polityczną, jakość życia, przedsiębiorczość, a także chęć współpracy z innymi. A zatem zaufanie społeczne to istotny zasób, który może być niezwykle użyteczny w kontekście realizacji celów jednostkowych, grupowych, jak również na poziomie zbiorowości.

EN

Considering the usefulness of social trust in numerous contexts on the micro-, meso- and macrosocial level, exploring the potential benefits of expressions of social trust should form a crucial aspect of academic research and studies. This article is an attempt to meet these demands and a voice in the discussion on the usefulness of social trust in various aspects of social life. The empirical basis for the analyses presented here is provided by four representative quantitative studies conducted among the residents of the Lodzkie voivodship. The research proves the positive influence of social trust on social and political activity, quality of life, entrepreneurship and willingness to cooperate with others. Therefore, social trust is a vital resource, which may turn out to be exceptionally useful in achieving the goals of individuals, groups and communities.

6

Od latiny k němčině. Slezská města jako vydavatel i příjemce německých a latinských písemností ve 14. století

75%

Velička T.

Historie – Otázky – Problémy (History, Issues, Problems)

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2015

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vol. 7

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issue 1

113-129

EN

The core of this article deals with the use of language in the diplomatic texts written in Silesia throughout the 14th century. Main focus is on the administrative offices of the territorial lord and their produce directed towards the towns, as well as the resources based in town’s offices and the language in which these are written. Individual towns are dealt with individually as well as from the viewpoint of belonging to a certain duchy and region, where the practice in terms of using a certain language may have been different.

7

Funkcje gospodarcze miast dorzecza Wieprzy i Grabowej i ich zaplecze rynkowe w drugiej połowie XVIII wieku

75%

Kallaur K.

Przegląd Zachodniopomorski

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2013

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issue 2

5-46

EN

The area chosen for the analysis encompasses the Sławieński (Schlawe) County within its limits from 1725, with its varied economic structure, with its diversifi ed legal status of land estate (royal, municipal, gentry). The main objective of the paper is the analysis of the economic functions of four towns situated in the County: Darłowo, Sławno, Sianów, Polanów (Rügenwalde, Schlawe, Zanow, Pollnow), and the market relations in the second half of the 18th century. When the economic relations were stable, the number of the population of the Sławieński County was increasing steadily. On the eve of the Seven Years’ War in 1756 the County had 23,500 inhabitants, and in 1798 already over 33,000, of which 42% lived in gentry’s estates, 35% in the Darłowo domain, 17% in towns, and 6% in the municipal estates of Darłowo and Sławno. There were attempts to solve the problem of how to accommodate the steadily growing population by increasing the density of housing within the town’s walls, which consisted in fi lling on all the urban empty spaces in a different layout, at the same time following the new building and fi re regulations. An important feature of the urban changes was transferring farm buildings outside the town’s walls. Darłowo, Sławno and Sianów, as independent legal and organisational units, came under the state authority, and Polanów was a gentry’s town. Darłowo was a town where for the majority of the inhabitants agriculture and cattle breeding was the main occupation and income source, but crafts and commerce and other services played an important role too. Sławno – the County capital – with its social structure and its every-day life looked like an agricultural village, and the local crafts and commerce based on the guild system only supplemented the inhabitants’ income sources. In Polanów and Sianów, which were towns only legally and not in the socio-economic sense, agriculture and animal breeding were the main occupation of the inhabitants and their main income source. In the local turnover, in addition to agricultural produce, a signifi cant role was played by products of the local crafts, and the commerce of agricultural produce, of building, ship and fi rewood, of forest products, and services. The production thereof satisfi ed the local market demand and was sold at the local fairs. The biggest share in the market sale constituted beer and liquor, cloth (also wool cloth and linen), leather and blacksmith’s ware. Darłowo derived signifi cant profi ts from port duties, from marine commerce and from shipbuilding. The rate of socio-economic growth of the towns situated in Sławno County and their market background in the second half of the 18th century, in comparison to the period between the Thirty Years’ War and the Seven Years’ War, was caused by several reforms carried out in towns, state and municipal estates and by the revival of commodity and monetary exchange on the local, regional and international markets, which was accompanied by a demographic growth. All these factors contributed to the growth of wealth of the people who lived in the drainage basin of the Wieprza (Wipper) and Grabowa (Grabow) rivers at the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries.

8

Města a vojáci v oblasti Opolska za třicetileté války

75%

Kilián J.

Śląski Kwartalnik Historyczny Sobótka

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2018

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vol. 73

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issue 3

37-72

EN

The article will focus on various aspects of the coexistence of urban residents from selected Silesian cities (in the area of today’s Opole) with soldiers of domestic and enemy armies during the Thirty Years’ War. Particularly, it will concentrate on the injustices and violence perpetrated, but also on the duties of the townspeople towards soldiers. However, it will also try to investigate the extent to which the experience of the cities was only negative or to trace the basis of possible cooperation between the cities, or further convergence. It also outlines the standard defence mechanisms cities developed over the long years of war to face the military burden.

9

Rezidence, Stolice, rezidenční město : příspěvek k reprezentaci Nového Města pražského v pozdním středověku

75%

Čapský M.

Mediaevalia Historica Bohemica

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2018

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vol. 21

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issue 2

59-89

EN

The study deals with the representation of Prague’s New Town in the Late Middle Ages. The intellectuals connected with the municipal office derived the identity of the town from the person of its founder – Emperor Charles IV. The town scribes and preachers called Prague’s New Town the “residential town of Emperor Charles”. The study’s author progressively handles several questions. He first deals with the term stolice (stool – residential town) and its use in medieval Czech. In the second part of the study, examples are mentioned of the relations between the royal residence and the town. The third part of the study deals with the royal representation in the urban milieu and the political communication of Prague’s New Town, which had to defend its economic, legal and power independence from Prague’s Old Town.

10

Stan badań nad kobietami w miastach późnośredniowiecznych na ziemiach polskich

75%

Łozowski P.

Przeszłość Demograficzna Polski

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2015

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vol. 37

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issue 1

71-91

EN

The article contains a review of Polish scientific literature concerning the history of women in the towns in Polish lands in the late Middle Ages. The article fulfils two main objectives: to present the state of development and directions of the analyses, and to outline new research possibilities, especially the ones offered by urban judicial records. The present scientific output of Polish medievalists proves that they are not too much interested in the role of women in the urban communities. In addition to just a few articles that deal with that problem seriously (briefly presenting many spheres of how women functioned in towns), there is a group of studies that treat the subject in a more sophisticated way. At present, the question best analysed is the legal situation of female inhabitants of towns and the problems taking place in the marital relations; the two things are closely related. The question of the professional life of women in the form of their participation in the guilds and retail trade has also been touched on. A lot of space has been devoted to the religious life of townswomen expressed in numerous pilgrimages and donations to ecclesiastical institutions. Undoubtedly, the least investigated sphere is the economic activities of women such as their participation in the credit market, the real estate turnover and commerce. The basic statistical analyses of the material that has been available in the judicial books of Warsaw, Cracow and Wąwolnica has proved their enormous research value. The urban sources (depending on the size of the town in question) offer to researchers hundreds or even thousands of mentions and records that are testimony of women’s participation in various spheres of urban life. Therefore, it is becoming possible to get an insight not only into the women’s activities in credit and real estate markets, but also into the meanders of their family life (inheritance and the like), lawsuits concerning unpaid debts and links with the criminal world. Regrettably, the urban books are still rarely explored and in most cases the quantitative methods are not used.

11

Układy wielkościowe największych ośrodków miejskich w państwach położonych na pomoście bałtycko-czarnomorskim

71%

Żółtowska J. E.

Środkowoeuropejskie Studia Polityczne

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2018

|

issue 1

23-42

EN

The purpose of this study was to compare the distributions of large urban centers in twelve countries: Belarus, Bulgaria, Czechia, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldavia, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, and Ukraine. In order to analyze the research problem identified, two study methods were applied: Zipf’s rank-frequency rule and an analysis of the degree of concentration using the Lorentz curve. Firstly, the pape presents the issues related to the demographic development of the capital cities in the selected countries considered at five moments in time (1900, 1930, 1960, 2000, and around 2015). Then, based on the methodology adopted, a quantified assessment of the role of the biggest city was carried out and presented, along with the relations in magnitude existing between this city and the remaining settlement units analyzed.Countries were divided into those characterized by monocentric and polycentric patterns. The ultimate results of the statistical analysis demonstrated the usefulness of the methodology applied in the study of the distribution and magnitudes of various kindsof settlement units on an arbitrarily defined territory.

PL

Zamierzeniem badawczym opracowania było porównanie rozkładuwielkościowego ośrodków miejskich w dwunastu państwach: Białorusi, Bułgarii, Republice Czeskiej, Estonii, Litwie, Łotwie, Mołdawii, Polsce, Rumunii, Słowacji, naUkrainie i Węgrzech.W celu wyjaśnienia postawionego problemu poznawczego wykorzystano dwie metody badawcze: tzw. regułę kolejności i wielkości G. K. Zipfa oraz analizę stopnia koncentracji M.O. Lorentza. Przed podjęciem zasadniczego tematu przedstawionoproblematykę rozwoju demograficznego miast stołecznych w wybranych państwach w pięciu przekrojach czasowych (w latach: 1900, 1930, 1960, 2000 i około 2015 r.). Następnie na podstawie przyjętej metody przeprowadzono skwantyfikowaną ocenę roli największego miasta, jak i zależności wielkościowych, jakie występują między nim a pozostałymi analizowanymi jednostkami osadniczymi. Wydzielono kraje odznaczające się monocentryzmem i policentryzmem. Ostatecznie wyniki analizy statystycznej ujawniły przydatność zastosowanej metody do badań nad problematyką odniesioną do rozmieszczenia i wielkości różnych typów jednostek osadniczych na dowolnie wybranym terytorium.

12

Zagadnienie organizacji państwa i społeczeństwa polskiego w epoce piastowskiej w dorobku naukowym Aleksandra Gieysztora oraz Gerarda Labudy

63%

Górczak Z.

Historia Slavorum Occidentis

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2021

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issue 3 (30)

116-130

EN

The main theses of the authors concerned the mutual relation between social changes and the formation of state organisation, the militarisation of the Early Piast State (G. Labuda) and the question of the native, pre-foundation beginnings of urban life in Poland. In their research, A. Gieysztor and G. Labuda often used the methods of retrogression and comparison; in addition, G. Labuda appreciated the importance of archaeological findings.

13

The potential of cultural heritage of national minorities in small towns – the case of Brzeziny

63%

Leśniewska-Napierała K.

Space – Society – Economy

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2017

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issue 19

105-120

PL

Małe miasta rozumiane są jako ośrodki posiadające prawa miejskie i liczące do 20 tys. mieszkańców. W województwie łódzkim funkcjonuje 28 takich ośrodków, zamieszkanych przez niespełna 210 tys. osób. Celem podjętych rozważań jest analiza potencjału dziedzictwa mniejszości narodowych w małych miastach regionu łódzkiego. Jako szczegółowy przykład rozważań wybrano Brzeziny, w których w przeszłości mniejszości narodowe odgrywały niezwykle istotną rolę w rozwoju przestrzennym.

EN

Small towns are understood here as settlements with municipal rights having up to 20,000 inhabitants. In Łódź Voivodeship (a unit of Poland’s administrative division) there are 28 such settlements inhabited by almost 210,000 people. The aim of the study is to analyse the potential of the heritage of national minorities in the towns of Łódź Voivodeship. The town of Brzeziny was selected for the study as national minorities played a prominent role in its land development in the past.

14

Zróżnicowanie poziomu przedsiębiorczości obszarów wiejskich województwa zachodniopomorskiego w zależności od położenia wobec miast

63%

Luiza O.

Journal of Agribusiness and Rural Development

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2015

|

issue 4(38)

811-820

EN

The aim of this article was to discuss the dependence between entrepreneurship level and location to the towns in rural areas of the Zachodniopomorskie voivodeship. Entrepreneurship level and location to the towns were determined using the synthetic index. Based on the results of the analyses it can be concluded that proximity to towns infl uences positively the entrepreneurship level in rural areas of the Zachodniopomorskie voivodeship.

PL

Celem artykułu jest omówienie zależności między poziomem przedsiębiorczości a położeniem obszarów wiejskich wobec miast w województwie zachodniopomorskim. Poziom przedsiębiorczości oraz wskaźnik położenia wobec sieci miejskiej wyznaczono za pomocą cechy syntetycznej. Z przeprowadzonych analiz wynika, że zgodnie z głównym założeniem bliskość miast pozytywnie wpływa na poziom przedsiębiorczości na obszarach wiejskich województwa zachodniopomorskiego.

15

Dewocjonalia w mieszczańskich inwentarzach pośmiertnych z terenu Małopolski (XVI–XVIII wiek)

63%

Justyniarska-Chojak K.

Saeculum Christianum. Pismo Historyczne

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2021

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vol. 28

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issue 1

62-75

EN

In posthumous inventories, which constitute a kind of material summary of life, one can find various kinds of movables, arranged according to specific categories. Among them there were also devotional items, which, however, constitute a part of the legacy that escapes easy classification. Some of them may have been used as elements of interior decoration (paintings, sculptures, crucifixes). On the other hand, religious symbols in the form of crosses, Agnus Deis or rosaries, indicated certain spiritual needs of their wearers and at the same time testified to their wealth. Despite the fact that the number of posthumous inventories containing devotional items was not particularly impressive, even in such a modest juxtaposition we can see which artefacts enjoyed greater popularity during the analysed centuries. Most frequently mentioned were crosses and rosaries, and in the 17th century, additionally, Agnus Deis.

PL

W inwentarzach pośmiertnych, stanowiących pewnego rodzaju materialne podsumowanie życia, odnaleźć można różnego rodzaju ruchomości, uporządkowane według określonych kategorii. Wśród nich znajdowały się również dewocjonalia, stanowiące jednak część spuścizny umykającą łatwym klasyfikacjom. Niektóre z nich mogły stanowić element wyposażenia wnętrz (obrazy, rzeźby, krucyfiksy). Natomiast symbole religijne w postaci krzyżyków, agnusków czy różańców, wskazywały na pewne potrzeby natury duchowej noszących je osób, a jednocześnie świadczyły o ich zamożności. Mimo, że liczba inwentarzy pośmiertnych, w których notowano dewocjonalia nie była szczególnie imponująca, to nawet w tak skromnym zestawieniu widać, jakie artefakty na przestrzeni analizowanych stuleci, cieszyły się większą popularnością. Najczęściej wymieniano bowiem krzyżyki i różańce, a w XVII wieku dodatkowo agnuski.

16

Delegaci miasta Kowna na sejmach Rzeczypospolitej w drugiej połowie XVIII wieku

63%

Glemža L.

Rocznik Lituanistyczny

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2017

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vol. 3

PL

W okresie panowania Stanisława Augusta magistrat miasta Kowna wysyłał swoich delegatów na sejmy aż osiem razy: od sejmu elekcyjnego 1764 r. do ostatniego grodzieńskiego w 1793 r. Najprawdopodobniej do czasu reform Sejmu Czteroletniego zainteresowanie kownian było ograniczone do spraw lokalnych ich miasta. W 1789 r. pod wpływem Wiadomości o pierwiastkowej miast zasadzie w Polszcze Michała Swinarskiego w kowieńskiej instrukcji znalazły się pierwsze żądania o treści politycznej, dotyczące całej Rzeczypospolitej – aby delegaci miast mieli prawo głosu na każdym sejmie. Z drugiej strony Kowno zawsze orientowało się na największe miasta Wielkiego Księstwa – Wilno i Grodno. W prośbach do sejmu kownianie skupiali uwagę na handlu, rzemiośle, komunikacji miasta, ale dążąc do swoich celów, starali się wykorzystać zmiany zachodzące w całym państwie. Na podstawie kowieńskiego przykładu można zaryzykować tezę, że aktywność polityczna mieszczan litewskich była większa niż dotychczas sądzono w historiografii. During the reign of King Stanislaus Augustus, the burghers of Kowno (Kaunas) sent their delegates to the Sejm of the Commonwealth as many as eight times, starting from the Election Sejm of 1764 to the last, Grodno (Hrodna) Sejm, in 1793. But, most probably, until the reforms of the Four-Year Sejm (1788–1792), their interests focused on local problems and matters concerning their city. In 1789, under the influence of Michał Swinarski’s text Wiadomości o pierwiastkowej miast zasadzie w Polsce (Knowledge of the Primary Principle of Cities in Poland), the instruction of the Kowno sejmik included the first political demands applying to the whole Commonwealth – that representatives of townsmen should participate, with voting rights, in every sejm. On the other hand, Kaunas had always been oriented toward the largest cities of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania – Wilno (Vilnius) and Grodno. In their requests to the Sejm, the burghers focused mainly on local affairs: commerce, crafts, city’s transport, but – in pursuing their objectives – they tried to build on changes within the whole Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The example of Kowno allows us to presume that Lithuanian townsmen were more active politically than previously thought in the literature on the subject.

17

Aktywność polityczna mieszczaństwa Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego w latach 1789–1792

63%

Glemža L.

Zapiski Historyczne

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2021

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vol. 86

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issue 1

57-84

EN

The reforms in the second half of the eighteenth century affected the cities and towns of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in various ways. After the reform of 1776, the majority of small towns in the Grand Duchy were deprived of the Magdeburg Law, while they retained the right to acquire landed estates. Apart from private towns, only 11 towns managed by territorial administrators – starosts – and belonging to the royal estates retained their privileged status. During the sessions of the Great Sejm (1788–1792), the discussions on the situation of Lithuanian towns were resumed. Representatives of towns that retained the Magdeburg Law, those which had lost it, and those striving for new rights and liberties were invited by the municipal authorities of the Old Town of Warsaw in order to submit their demands in the Sejm together with all the towns. The new town laws of 1791 laid the foundations for modern urban administration and prepared the grounds for burghers to fight for their rights and liberties, which was influenced by the municipal self-government institutions established under these laws. The question of the number of small Lithuanian towns which took advantage of this opportunity during one year (1791/1792) has already been considered in Lithuanian and Polish historiography. Until now, however, historians have usually limited themselves to indicating the number of issued self-government privileges (74), but this figure does not provide a full picture of the political activity of the Lithuanian bourgeoisie. The article identifies 130 small Lithuanian towns (excluding 11 towns which retained the Magdeburg Law) which actively participated in the political movement of the bourgeoisie in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, and analyses the composition of this group of urban settlements.

18

Czy u schyłku XVIII wieku miasta leżące w najdalej na wschód wysuniętej części Galicji rzeczywiście były miastami?

63%

Ślusarek K.

Kwartalnik Historyczny

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2022

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vol. 129

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issue 3

659-675

EN

The last quarter of the eighteenth century was a time of substantial reforms of the political system in Galicia. The most important of these concerned, among other matters, the legal position of the peasantry, nobility and clergy, the organisation of the administrative and fiscal apparatus, and, above all, the tax collection system. These reforms initiated a process of more profound changes that covered many areas of social, political, and economic life. They also impacted towns which, after several decades, reduced the number of settlements officially recognised as cities or towns.

PL

Ostatnie ćwierćwiecze XVIII w. to w dziejach Galicji czas intensywnych reform ustrojowych. Najważniejsze z nich dotyczyły m.in. prawnego położenia ludności chłopskiej, szlachty i duchowieństwa, organizacji aparatu administracyjnego i skarbowego, a przede wszystkim systemu poboru podatków. Reformy te zapoczątkowały proces głębszych zmian, które objęły wiele dziedzin życia społecznego, politycznego i gospodarczego. Wpłynęły one także na miasta, co po kilkudziesięciu latach doprowadziło do ograniczenia liczby miejscowości oficjalnie uznawanych za miasta lub miasteczka.

19

Próby ożywienia aktywności społeczno-politycznej mieszkańców miast w dobie autonomii galicyjskiej (na przykładzie „Mieszczanina”)

63%

Rejman S.

Roczniki Dziejów Społecznych i Gospodarczych

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2019

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vol. 80

PL

Wiek XIX to czas zastępowania feudalnej struktury społecznej nowym porządkiem kapitalistycznym. Zmianom towarzyszyło powstawanie partii politycznych reprezentujących ruchy społeczno-polityczne. „Mieszczanin” – pismo wydawane w latach 1894–1908 (z przerwami) w Nowym Sączu – za cel postawiło sobie aktywizację polityczną i społeczną mieszczaństwa oraz utworzenie stronnictwa mieszczańskiego, które reprezentowałoby interesy tej grupy społecznej. Artykuł ma odpowiedzieć na pytanie, w jakim stopniu zamierzenie to udało się zrealizować.

EN

The nineteenth century saw the transformation of the societal structure from the feudal model to capitalism. These changes were accompanied by the formation of political parties representing various socio-political movements. The Mieszczanin, a magazine published in Nowy Sącz in the years 1894–1908 (with interruptions), sought to spark political and social activation of the bourgeoise and to form a bourgeois party which would represent the interests of this particular social group. The article aims to analyze the extent to which the goal of the magazine was achieved.

20

ATRAKCYJNOŚĆ TURYSTYCZNA MIAST W OPINII TURYSTÓW

63%

ZIELIŃSKI A., DZIARMAGA D.

Zeszyty Naukowe. Turystyka i Rekreacja

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2017

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issue 2(20)

131-139

PL

W 2016 r. w Zespole Pałacowym w Kurozwękach, który jest jedną z ważniejszych atrakcji turystycznych w regionie świętokrzyskim, przeprowadzono badania kwestionariuszowe, którymi objęto 2863 osoby. Celem studiów było uzyskanie opinii turystów na temat atrakcyjności turystycznej miast. Wyniki prac badawczych wskazują, że turyści za najbardziej atrakcyjne miasta w skali europejskiej uważają: Paryż, Rzym, Barcelonę, Londyn, Pragę oraz Wenecję. W skali Polski za najbardziej atrakcyjne turystycznie miasta badani uznali: Kraków, Warszawę, Wrocław, Gdańsk i Zakopane, natomiast w województwie świętokrzyskim: Kielce, Sandomierz, Chęciny, Busko-Zdrój i Opatów. Interesujące jest, że turyści wskazali, iż spośród polskich miast najchętniej chcieliby odwiedzić Wrocław i Gdańsk.

EN

In 2016, at the Kurozwęki Palace Complex, which is one of the most important tourist attractions in the Świętokrzyskie Region, a questionnaire survey was conducted on 2863 tourists. The aim of the study was to obtain tourists’ opinions on the tourist attractiveness of European, Polish and local cities. The research results show that, according to tourists, the most attractive cities on a European scale are: Paris, Rome, Barcelona, London, Prague and Venice. In Poland, the most attractive tourist destinations are Kraków, Warsaw, Wrocław, Gdańsk and Zakopane. However, in the Świętokrzyskie Region these are: Kielce, Sandomierz, Chęciny, Busko-Zdrój and Opatów. It is interesting that the surveyed tourists would like to visit Polish cities the most are: Wrocław and Gdańsk.

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Dewocjonalia w mieszczańskich inwentarzach pośmiertnych z terenu Małopolski (XVI–XVIII wiek)

Delegaci miasta Kowna na sejmach Rzeczypospolitej w drugiej połowie XVIII wieku

Aktywność polityczna mieszczaństwa Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego w latach 1789–1792

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Próby ożywienia aktywności społeczno-politycznej mieszkańców miast w dobie autonomii galicyjskiej (na przykładzie „Mieszczanina”)

ATRAKCYJNOŚĆ TURYSTYCZNA MIAST W OPINII TURYSTÓW