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Chopin and Polish FOLK

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PL
Although Chopin’s music is continually analysed within the context of its affinities with traditional folk music, no one has any doubt that these are two separate musical worlds, functioning in different contexts and with different participants, although similarly alien to the aesthetic of mass culture. For a present-day listener, used to the global beat, music from beyond popular circulation must be “translated” into a language he/she can understand; this applies to both authentic folk music and the music of the great composer. In the early nineties, when folk music was flourishing in Poland (I extend the term “folk” to all contemporary phenomena of popular music that refer to traditional music), one could hardly have predicted that it would help to revive seemingly doomed authentic traditional music, and especially that it would also turn to Chopin. It is mainly the mazurkas that are arranged. Their performance in a manner stylised on traditional performance practice is intended to prove their essentially “folk” character. The primary factor facilitating their relatively unproblematic transformation is their descendental triple-time rhythms. The celebrations of the bicentenary of the birth of Fryderyk Chopin, with its scholarly and cultural events of various weight geared towards the whole of society, gave rise to further attempts at transferring the great composer’s music from the domain of elite culture to popular culture, which brings one to reflect on the role that folk music might play in the transmission and assimilation of artistic and traditional genres.
XX
My article is based on the ethnographic fieldwork, which I conducted between 2011 and 2015 in Podhale region. Analysing my interlocutors’ statements and behaviours, I try to explain what, for modern Górale (people living in the Polish Tatra Mountains), makes up an intangible cultural heritage. My interviewees however would never use this term. Instead, they prefer to call it tradition. Nevertheless I try to indicate that Górale tradition has a lot in common with the institutional meaning of intangible heritage. There is no easy and clear answer to the question ‘what is tradition for the Górale today?’. One way to do so, however, is to combine three aspects which only seemingly are exclusive. The first facet refers to the requirements, which are made (in the opinion of the Górale) by ‘salvaging’ institutions, such as UNESCO or by juries at folklore competitions, etc. The second image of tradition is connected with the exploitation of Górale tradition, a crucial factor in the region, since tourism is the main source of the income. The third understanding of the tradition can be named the ‘local’ one. It is linked with the inner, everyday lives of the Górale community. In this article I present examples taken from the musical space of the modern Podhale region, but I am sure that my statements can be easily applied to any other components of the contemporary culture of the Górale. My conclusion is that these three understandings of Górale tradition are in everyday life strictly connected, and together they build up a coherent unity, which realizes and actualizes itself in common practices and actions.
EN
In the 1990’s a new term pärimusmuusika (~‘traditional music’, literally ‘inheritance music’) has emerged in Estonia. The term was invented to stand for English traditional music, but its content is also close to world music, ethnic music, roots music and of course, to an older term rahvamuusika (‘folk music’). In the present study the development of the term pärimusmuusika will be analysed on the basis scholarly writings, journalese and memories of the authors. The theoretical basis for this analyse constitutes an idea that a term reflects a conception, so the changing terms indicate changes in music and its conceptualising. The older term rahvamuusika ‘folk music’ emerged in the early 1900’s and stood for rural music texts developed in oral tradition. In the 1960–70’s under the influence of Anglo-American folk music revival started a “new folk music” style (called folkmuusika) in Estonia, it meant mainly songs with profound lyrics accompanied on acoustical instruments, firstly guitar. As there was lack of Estonian term for that music style, and also for English traditional, an Estonian composer and musicologist Valter Ojakäär offered the term pärimuslaul, -viis (~‘traditional song, melody’) in 1986. The term pärimusmuusika put into circulation firstly as the title of the Viljandi Folk Music Festival in 1994 Viljandi Pärimusmuusika Festival and spread with the growing popularity of the Festival. The term pärimusmuusika stands for both old rural music styles and their adaptations (folk-rock, art choir music, etc.) in Estonia, to emphasise the continuity of local ethnic music tradition. Those ethnic styles are not referred to as ‘popular music’ (populaarmuusika), because this term refers to the Western influences; nor as ‘folk music (adaptations)’ in order to distinguish them from oldfashioned styles of secondary folklore, including clichés of staged folklore performances, folklore as low vulgar pastime, ideological adaptations made according to Soviet ideology, etc. So the conception of ‘inheritance music’ reflects a little bit opposite tendency freshly to revive the old Estonian ethnic music tradition and to mix it with contemporary music styles. Instead of ‘external authenticity’, i.e. punctual imitation of old sound recordings (or transcriptions), musicians try to catch ‘internal authenticity’, i.e. intuitive (re)creation of ethnic music.
Mäetagused
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2022
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vol. 82
81-130
EN
The article analyses the life and activity of Estonian ethnomusicologist and folklorist Herbert Tampere (1909-1975), as well as the research history of Estonian folk songs until 1945, also paying attention to the influence of the Estonian Folklore Archives and its head Oskar Loorits. The historical background to Tampere’s activity is the establishment of independent statehood in Estonia (1919) after Estonians had existed as an ethic minority group subjected to the ruling classes of other nationalities for hundreds of years. The scientific and cultural background is constituted by the development of European folkloristics and ethnomusicology and the increasing prestige of folk music and non-western music in Europe, which contributed to the rise of the cultural self-awareness of Estonians as a nation with oral lore different from Indo-European culture. The approach is framed with the metaphor of life and death, which in Herderian way of thinking corresponded to the growth and fading of a nation and its creation. In the 1930s, Tampere brought into the discourse of the Estonian folk song, seemingly in opposition with the gradual fading of the living lore and complaining thereabout, a turn in writing about it, unexpectedly confirming that the folk song was alive. The older folk song started to disappear from public use in the 19th century, when people lost interest in its performance and the newer European folk music style spread more widely. At the same time, they tried to overcome the national inferiority complex that had developed due to existence as a lower class, as well as the oral culture considered as a sign of backwardness, creating on the basis of folklore a new national-language and valuable European literary culture. To accomplish this, the old, evolutionally lower traditional culture had to be abandoned. Writings about the dying folk song helped to encourage people to collect folklore and create distance with the past. In the 20th century, with the development of Estonian national self-awareness and literary culture and the rise of the nation’s self-esteem, and on the other hand the recession of Eurocentric and evolutionist way of thinking in the world of science, a new interest appeared in the structure and performance of the folk song, and it started to be increasingly appreciated and considered as living. Such changes in rhetoric indicate how reality is reflected subjectively, according to standpoints and circumstances. Considering the fact that in the 19th-century social evolution theory folklore and literary culture were attributed to different development stages of a nation, the nation with low self-esteem, striving for literary culture in the 19th century, could be satisfied with the dead folk song, yet in the 20th century, in the light of new culture concepts, it could be declared alive again. In summary it can be said that the following factors helped Tampere achieve a novel approach to folk songs in his research. 1. Tampere came from a talented and educated rural home, in which music and literature were appreciated and in whose neighbourhood different music styles were practised. His interests and skills were shaped by good education at schools with remarkable music teachers and an early contact with folklore collection at the Estonian Students’ Society. 2. Good philological education from the University of Tartu and work at the Estonian Folklore Archives, becoming familiar with folklore collections as well as other young folklorists and linguists, especially cooperation with Oskar Loorits, Karl Leichter, and Paul Ariste, added knowledge of newer research trends, such as ethnology and experimental phonetics. Maybe, paradoxically, the absence of higher music education, which would have directed the young man towards other music ideals, was positive in this respect. 3. The knowledge acquired of the methods and way of thinking in comparative music science provided a theoretical basis for understanding, valuing, and studying non-western music. Professional work was also supported by the development of sound recording and -analysis. 4. The immediate contact with living folk music already in his childhood and later on, when collecting folklore, elaboration of folk songs in the archives and compiling voluminous publications made this manner of expression more familiar. Tampere must have enjoyed the performance of at least some of the regilaul songs as he mentioned nice impressions and the need to delve deeper; also he recorded, studied, and introduced these songs to the public. 5. The heyday of national sciences and national ideals in the Republic of Estonia valued engagement in folklore as the basis of cultural identity. The first folk music reproductions appeared, such as folk dance movement and runic verse recitals at schools, which was why the issues of performance started to be noticed and studied. Oskar Loorits supervised the study and publication of the most Estonian-like (in his own opinion) folklore – folk songs – and it was probably also his influence that made Tampere study the problem of scansion, to systematize and study folk songs, and compile publications.
EN
The situation of women-musicians in Poland – a case study from the beginning of the XX century to the present dayThe aim of this article is to identify the changes, based on the biographies of selected women-musicians, which affected traditional musical culture from the strict adherence to roles and functions for both genders to the total collapse of these barriers. There are no observations concerning women-musicians in the XIX century or in the centuries before, neither in Polish ethnography nor in the ethomusicological literature. Women probably played musical instruments, but only at home or while tending domestic animals, however there is a lack of any source confirmation of public performances of women musicians. On account of the rare literature on the topic of gender studies in the field of Polish traditional music and the lack of the gender-thread in the remaining ethnomusicological literature, information on the topic of the current position of women-musicians was gathered first of all during interviews with them and with their families. The analysis is related to the way they speak about their own activities, performances, experiences. The author refers to opinions of only some selected interviewees, the most characteristic of particular generations. The first generation is represented by women born near the end of the XIX century, the second by women born before World War II, the third by women born directly after World War II. Women born after the 50’s and 60’s of the XX century are part of the fourth generation, because at that time the differences in the gender situation had become less apparent. Sytuacja kobiet muzykantek w Polsce – studium przykładów od początku XX wieku do dziśCelem niniejszego artykułu jest scharakteryzowanie przebiegu zmian zachodzących w tradycyjnej kulturze muzycznej, na postawie życiorysów wybranych muzykantek, począwszy od ścisłego przestrzegania ról i funkcji obydwu płci, dochodząc do całkowitego rozluźnienia tego podziału. W polskiej literaturze etnograficznej lub etnomuzykologicznej nie ma żadnych adnotacji o kobietach muzykantkach w XIX wieku lub wiekach wcześniejszych. Prawdopodobnie kobiety grały na instrumentach muzycznych tylko w domu lub przy wypasie zwierząt, jednak brak jakichkolwiek potwierdzeń źródłowych publicznych występów kobiet muzykantek. Ze względu na szczupłość literatury dotyczącej zagadnień w obszarze gender studies z zakresu polskiej muzyki tradycyjnej oraz pomijanie wątku płciowego w pozostałej literaturze etnomuzykologicznej, informacje na temat aktualnej pozycji muzykantek zbierałam przede wszystkim podczas rozmów z nimi i z ich rodzinami. Starałam się, żeby kobiety mogły swobodnie opowiadać, wyrażać własny punkt widzenia. Skupiałam się nad tym, w jaki sposób mówią o swojej działalności, występach, przeżyciach, jakie tematy omijają i co podkreślają. W niniejszym artykule odwołuję się do opinii tylko kilku wybranych informatorek, które są najbardziej charakterystyczne dla poszczególnego pokolenia, przy czym pierwsze pokolenie reprezentują kobiety urodzone pod koniec XIX wieku, drugie – kobiety urodzone przed drugą wojną światową, trzecie – kobiety urodzone zaraz po drugiej wojnie światowej. Na przełomie lat 50. i 60. XX wieku różnice w sytuacji poszczególnych pokoleń zaczęły się zacierać, kobiety urodzone w tym okresie zaliczyłam do czwartego pokolenia.
Adeptus
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2014
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issue 4
65-75
EN
The aim of this article is to identify the changes, based on the biographies of selected women-musicians, which affected traditional musical culture from the strict adherence to roles and functions for both genders to the total collapse of these barriers. There are no observations concerning women-musicians in the XIX century or in the centuries before, neither in Polish ethnography nor in the ethomusicological literature. Women probably played musical instruments, but only at home or while tending domestic animals, however there is a lack of any source confirmation of public performances of women musicians. On account of the rare literature on the topic of gender studies in the field of Polish traditional music and the lack of the gender-thread in the remaining ethnomusicological literature, information on the topic of the current position of women-musicians was gathered first of all during interviews with them and with their families. The analysis is related to the way they speak about their own activities, performances, experiences. The author refers to opinions of only some selected interviewees, the most characteristic of particular generations. The first generation is represented by women born near the end of the XIX century, the second by women born before World War II, the third by women born directly after World War II. Women born after the 50’s and 60’s of the XX century are part of the fourth generation, because at that time the differences in the gender situation had become less apparent.
PL
Celem niniejszego artykułu jest scharakteryzowanie przebiegu zmian zachodzących w tradycyjnej kulturze muzycznej, na postawie życiorysów wybranych muzykantek, począwszy od ścisłego przestrzegania ról i funkcji obydwu płci, dochodząc do całkowitego rozluźnienia tego podziału. W polskiej literaturze etnograficznej lub etnomuzykologicznej nie ma żadnych adnotacji o kobietach muzykantkach w XIX wieku lub wiekach wcześniejszych. Prawdopodobnie kobiety grały na instrumentach muzycznych tylko w domu lub przy wypasie zwierząt, jednak brak jakichkolwiek potwierdzeń źródłowych publicznych występów kobiet muzykantek. Ze względu na szczupłość literatury dotyczącej zagadnień w obszarze gender studies z zakresu polskiej muzyki tradycyjnej oraz pomijanie wątku płciowego w pozostałej literaturze etnomuzykologicznej, informacje na temat aktualnej pozycji muzykantek zbierałam przede wszystkim podczas rozmów z nimi i z ich rodzinami. Starałam się, żeby kobiety mogły swobodnie opowiadać, wyrażać własny punkt widzenia. Skupiałam się nad tym, w jaki sposób mówią o swojej działalności, występach, przeżyciach, jakie tematy omijają i co podkreślają. W niniejszym artykule odwołuję się do opinii tylko kilku wybranych informatorek, które są najbardziej charakterystyczne dla poszczególnego pokolenia, przy czym pierwsze pokolenie reprezentują kobiety urodzone pod koniec XIX wieku, drugie – kobiety urodzone przed drugą wojną światową, trzecie – kobiety urodzone zaraz po drugiej wojnie światowej. Na przełomie lat 50. i 60. XX wieku różnice w sytuacji poszczególnych pokoleń zaczęły się zacierać, kobiety urodzone w tym okresie zaliczyłam do czwartego pokolenia.
EN
The text describes the activities of Traditional Music Laboratory of the Institute of Music and Dance, which was established on 17 June 2015 in Warsaw. The main objective of the Laboratory’s programs is to support traditional music transmission in a direct „master-apprentice” relationship and to facilitate an interdisciplinary, long-term collaboration between animators, researchers, scholars, artists, pedagogues and civil servants under subsidy of Polish Ministry of Culture and National Heritage. Ideas discussed in this paper arise from the content of the UNESCO Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage (2003) as well as the assumptions of applied ethnomusicology (the International Council for Traditional Music, Study Group on Applied Ethnomusicology). The question that needs to be asked in the context of the above-mentioned perspectives is how to describe the problem of the continuity of the traditional forms of musical practices in the context of new phenomena, such as the “revival”, “return”, “revitalization” or “reconstruction”, in Poland. The paper focuses on a brief overview of educational and cultural actions taken by chosen NGOs, foundations and associations organized in an informal initiative known as the Forum of Traditional Music.
PL
Tekst dotyczy działalności Pracowni Muzyki Tradycyjnej, powołanej 17 czerwca 2015 roku przy Instytucie Muzyki i Tańca. Tłem inicjatyw podejmowanych w ramach Pracowni są idee wynikające z treści Konwencji UNESCO w sprawie ochrony niematerialnego dziedzictwa kulturowego z 2003 roku oraz koncepcje działań w duchu etnomuzykologii stosowanej. Tekst porusza problem kontynuacji tradycyjnych form praktyki muzycznej w kontekście nowych zjawisk określanych mianem revival, „powrotu”, „rewitalizacji” lub „rekonstrukcji”. Prezentuje skrótowy przegląd modelowych działań edukacyjno-kulturalnych, prowadzonych przez stowarzyszenia i fundacje skupione wokół nieformalnej organizacji pod nazwą Forum Muzyki Tradycyjnej. Działania te stanowią podstawę systemowych, długofalowych programów, koordynowanych przez Pracownię i subwencjonowanych ze środków budżetowych MKiDN. Istotą programów Pracowni jest wspieranie bezpośredniego przekazu tradycji muzycznych w relacji „mistrz – uczeń” oraz interdyscyplinarna współpraca animatorów, badaczy, uczonych, artystów, pedagogów oraz urzędników państwowych.
EN
The author discusses the issue of extreme socuio-cultural attitudes observable in the city milieus associated with traditional and folk music in Poland. He presents them in the context of two categories: those of “homeliness” and “multiculturalism”, pointing to the signs of a hermetic stance towards some universal values derived from the musical heritage, as well as to the ideologization of those values and an instrumental approach to them. He also discusses the problem of the superficial nature of the knowledge concerning the sources of both native and foreign musical traditions that constitute the inspiration and the basis for artistic practices. He also gives examples of “good practice” in the area of intercultural dialogue in the areas of traditional music and music inspired by it.
PL
Autorka podnosi problem skrajnych postaw społeczno-kulturowych obserwowanych w środowiskach miejskich związanych z muzyką tradycyjną i folkową w Polsce. Ukazuje je w kontekście dwóch kategorii: „swojskości” i „międzykulturowości”. Wskazuje na przejawy hermetyzacjipewnych wartości uniwersalnych, płynących z muzycznego dziedzictwa kulturowego, jak również na ideologizację oraz instrumentalne ich traktowanie. Porusza także problem powierzchowności wiedzy w zakresie źródeł tradycji muzycznych (rodzimych i obcych), stanowiących inspiracje i podstawy działalności artystycznej. Autor również przykłady „dobrych praktyk” w zakresie międzykulturowego dialogu w sferze muzyki tradycyjnej i nią inspirowanej.
Muzyka
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2022
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vol. 67
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issue 3
178-183
PL
Monografia Oleny Berehowej Dialoh kul’tur: obraz inshoho v muzychnomu universumi [Dialog kultur: obraz Innego w muzycznym wszechświecie] została napisana w ramach tematu badań podstawowych Instytutu Kulturoznawstwa Narodowej Akademii Sztuki Ukrainy „Dialog kultur w ponowoczesności: dynamika wyzwań samoorganizacji i globalizacji”. W książce, po raz pierwszy w kulturoznawstwie ukraińskim, podjęto próbę naukowego ujęcia dialogu kultur przez pryzmat podejścia imagologicznego. Materiałem analitycznym monografii była najnowsza twórczość kompozytorów ukraińskich, a także najlepsze przykłady zagranicznej muzyki współczesnej, które dają panoramę głównych gatunków  muzycznych (opera, balet, symfonia, śpiew i chór, muzyka kameralna) i tworzą szeroki kontekst intertekstualny. W monografii, na przykładzie konkretnych przypadków dzieł, wykazano, że podejście imagologiczne umożliwia badanie obrazów artystycznych zobiektywizowanych w dziełach sztuki, ujawniając specyfikę figuratywnego postrzegania „Innych” przez różne kultury, ujawniając idee dialogu kulturowego.
EN
Olena Berehova’s monograph Dialoh kul’tur: obraz inshoho v muzychnomu universumi [Dialogue of Cultures: The Image of the Other in the Musical Universe] was written within the theme of basic research of the Institute of Cultural Studies of the National Academy of Arts of Ukraine 'Dialogue of Cultures in Postmodernity: Dynamics of Self-Organization and Globalization Challenges'. In the book, for the first time in Ukrainian culturology, an attempt is made to scientifically comprehend the dialogue of cultures through the prism of an imagological approach. The analytical material of the monograph was the latest Ukrainian composers’ creativity, as well as the best examples of contemporary world music, which are panoramic in the main musical genres (opera, ballet, symphony, vocal and choral, chamber music) and create a broad intertextual and dialogical context. In the monograph on the example of specific art cases it is proved that the imagological approach makes possible the study of artistic images objectified in works of art, revealing the specifics of figurative perception of 'Other' by different cultures, revealing the ideas of cultural dialogue about each other.
PL
Północno-indyjska tradycja gry na bębnach dhol-tasha została rozpowszechniona na całym świecie dzięki brytyjskiemu systemowi umów, który rozpoczął się w latach 30. XIX wieku, kiedy to miliony mężczyzn, kobiet i dzieci zostały wysłane do pracy w rolniczych i przemysłowych koloniach na całym świecie. W wielu miejscach, w których osiedlili się robotnicy kontraktowi, pojawiły się odrębne warianty dhol-tasha. Najbardziej żywym z nich jest bęben tassa w południowo-karaibskim Trynidadzie i Tobago. Utrzymując oczywiste i wymierne związki z indyjskimi przodkami, bęben tassa przeszedł znaczące przemiany w konstrukcji instrumentów, repertuarze i praktyce wykonawczej. Takie innowacje sugerują, że tassa nie jest zwykłym przykładem formą kulturowego przetrwania, ale dynamiczną formą sztuki, opartą na odrębnej indyjskiej estetyce, a jednocześnie całkowicie karaibskiej w swojej diasporycznej kreatywności.
EN
The North Indian dhol-tasha drumming tradition was spread globally by the British indentureship system, which began in the 1830s and sent millions of men, women, and children to work in agricultural and industrial colonies around the world. While distinct dhol-tasha variants emerged in many places where indentured laborers settled, the most vibrant of these is tassa drumming in the southern Caribbean country of Trinidad and Tobago. While maintaining obvious and measurable links with its Indian forebears, tassa has undergone significant transformations in instrument construction, repertoire and performance practice. The essay concludes by arguing that such innovations suggest tassa is not a mere example of cultural survival, but a dynamic art form grounded in a distinct Indian aesthetic yet also thoroughly Caribbean in its diasporic creativity.
EN
The author presents in the article his own project Lodz City Melodies. The project concerns musicians and music connected, above all, with the disappearing traditional folklore that can be found in the city of Lodz. The priority of the project is to find Lodz musicians (related to any disappearing musical traditions) and to promote their playing. In the article, the author discusses theoretical assumptions and the method of work, stages of project implementation and the effects (acceptance of the project by traditional music community).
PL
Autor przedstawia w artykule własny projekt Melodie Miasta Łodzi. Projekt dotyczy muzykantów i muzyki, związanych przede wszystkim z zanikającym folklorem różnych tradycji, który można znaleźć w mieście Łodzi. Priorytetem dla przedsięwzięcia jest odnalezienie łódzkich muzykantów (związanych z dowolnymi zanikającymi tradycjami muzycznymi) oraz promocja ich gry. W artykule autor omawia założenia teoretyczne i metodę pracy, etapy realizacji projektu i jego efekty (akceptacja przez środowisko muzyki tradycyjnej).
13
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Hudba a rituál

51%
EN
Study of rituals can rarely do without the examination of music which constitutes an important non-verbal part of their structure. The process of rituals correlates with music which determines the rhythm of changes. The study is based on field research of the annual spring ritual cycles in Bohemia, Slovakia and Basel, Switzerland, which are compared. Music in rituals can be applied in two forms: as protocolar (becoming the identifi er of the ritual) or arbitrary. The processes of the Shrovetide rituals are interpreted according to Gennepov classifi cation of transitional rituals with the key feature of the liminal (threshold) phase; in the same way Victor Turner’s terms such as communitas and anti-structure are applied.
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